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The French-Canadian Horse

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The French-Canadian Horse Joanna Dean History of the Carleton University Learning in Almonte January 16, 2020 Horse in Canada Lecture Two: Horse Power Evolution Eohippus 50 million years ago Genus Equus 2 million years ago Extinct in N America c10,000 years ago Domesticated in Ukraine c 6000 years ago Ridden c 4000 years ago stirrup, collar, horseshoe….. Lascaux Caves, 15,000 years ago Defining our terms Family Equidae Species Equus A group of animals that can actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Subspecies Equus ferus caballus Domesticated horse Breed Clydesdale or Shetland Pony Group of domestic animals that look alike, act alike and/or have other characteristics that distinguish them from other members of the same species. Defining our terms Landrace Canadien A local breed improved by tradi3onal agricultural methods Local: Isolated from other popula3ons of species. Tradi3onal: Adapted over 3me to natural and cultural environment Purebred Thoroughbred ( Canadien) A modern breed defined by breed registry, pedigree or stud book. Just to confuse us: Review Species Equus A group of animals that can actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Family Equidae Horse: 64 chromosones Donkey: 62 chromosones Hybrid Vigor Donkey father/ horse mother Mule: 63 chromosones (Or Hinny if parentage reversed) Charles Darwin: "The mule always appears to me a most surprising animal. That a hybrid should possess more reason, memory, obstinacy, social affection, powers of muscular endurance, and length of life, than either of its parents, seems to indicate that art has here outdone nature." Just to confuse us: Review Species Equus A group of animals that can actually or poten:ally interbreed in nature and produce fer:le offspring. Family Equidae Horse: 64 chromosones Przewalski : 66 chromosones Equus Ferus Przewalski Breeding the Thoroughbred in Britain Clarification: the word thoroughbred is often used for a purebred. Here the word refers to a specific breed of horse. Arab horses to England From 1121 Three founding horses c1700 The Byerly Turk imported c1689 by John Wootton; The Darley Arabian imported c1707 by John Wooten; The Gololphin Arabian imported c1729 by George Stubbs. National Identity British empire absorbs Arab vigor Eclipse: “best race horse of all time” George Stubbs (1724-1806) : Eclipse. At New Market With Groom; Pumpkin with Stable Lad Purebred: A modern breed defined by breed registry, pedigree or stud book. Thoroughbred defined by the General Stud Book in England 1791 Inbred, best to best, father to daughter 95% of thoroughbreds trace to Darley Arabian The Canadian/ Canadien The Toll Gate, Cornelius Kreighoff, 1859 Jones, Robert Leslie. “The Old French Canadian Horse: Its History in Canada and the United States.” Canadian Historical Review 28, no. 2 (June 1947): 125–55. Langelier, Gus, and Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada). The French-Canadian Horse. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series = CIHM/ICMH Collection de Microfiches, no. 85547. Ottawa: T. Mulvey, 1920. Available on Canadiana.org Anas Khanshour, Rytis Juras, Rick Blackburn, E. Gus Cothran, The Legend of the Canadian Horse: Genetic Diversity and Breed Origin, Journal of Heredity, Volume 106, Issue 1, January-February 2015, Pages 37–44. Lacroix, Laurier. “Le cheval Canadien et les voitures hippomobiles d’hiver vus par Cornelius Kreighoff.” Les Cahiers des dix, no. 69 (2015): 281–301. Moore-Colyer RJ .2000. Aspects of the trade in British pedigree draught horses with the United States and Canada, c1850-1920. Agric. Hist. Rev. 48:42–59. The Canadian/ Canadien 1665 2 stallions, 12 mares arrive in New France Breton, Norman stock 1667 14 more horses 1670 1 stallion, 11 mares (no record of others But….) 1681 96 (half owned By peasants) 1692 400 1698 684 1706 1872 (one per family) 1763 14,000 horses 1784 30,000 horses A classic landrace: A local Breed improved By traditional agricultural methods Local: Isolated from other populations of species. Traditional: Adapted over time to natural and cultural environment The Canadien: “the li.le iron Henry. W. Herbert 1857: horse” "The Canadian is generally low-sized, rarely exceeding fi8een hands, and o8ener falling short of it... His fetlocks are shaggy, his mane voluminous and massive, not seldom, if untrained, falling on both sides of his neck, and his tail abundant, both having a peculiar "crimpled" wave, if I may so express myself, the like of which I never saw in any horse which had not some strain of this blood. He cannot be called a speedy horse in his pure state; but he is emphatically a quick one, an indefatigable undaunted traveller, with The Canadien: “the little iron the greatest endurance, day horse” in and day out, allowing him to go at his own pace, say from six to eight miles the hour, with a horse's load behind him, of any animal I have ever driven. He is extremely hardy, will thrive on any thing, or almost nothing; is docile, though high spirited, remarkably sure-footed on the worst ground, and has fine, high action, bending his knee roundly and setting his foot squarely on the ground. As a farm-horse and ordinary farmer's roadster, there is no honester or better animal; The Harrower Hora%o Walker “les qualités du cheval viennent à définir également les traits de caractère de leur propriétaire, les Canadiens français. Ténacité, endurance, robustesse, rapidité à la course, mais également adresse et docilité traduisent le comportement du peAt « cheval de fer » en symbiose avec son propriétaire et guide.” Lacroix, 2015 the qualiAes of the horse also define the character traits of their owner, French Canadians. Tenacity, endurance, robustness, speed in the race, but also skill and docility translate the behavior of the liOle "iron horse" in symbiosis with its owner and guide. Habitants with Sleigh, Krieghoff The Canadien The Canadien 1780 Bri0sh conquest Imports cross bred and alter the Canadien The Canadian Pacer, the Frencher, the St Lawrence Exports of the best stock to West Indies, New England to Canadian and American West "the French Canadian pony, and the Morgan, for all prac0cal purposes, are the best horses ever developed in America." Frederick Remington, Horses of the Plains (1889) Image: Jus0n Morgan. Was he mainly a Canadian? Horsepower Horsepower: Clydesdale The Harrower, Horatio Walker, 1930 Turning the Harrow, HorationWalker The Canadien becomes a Purebred Dr. J.A. Couture creates registry 1889 Export forbidden 1895 La Société des Eleveurs de Chevaux Canadiens New registry recreated by Canadian govt in 1909 Breeding Program at Cap Rouge Experimental Station Copy of page 187 of the old Volume 1 of the geneaological record of “La Race Chevaline Canadienne,” showing the horses' new registration numbers in the new book above the old Further emphasis on horse power: The crea(on of a prepotent stallion (note the emphasis on power): Note the emphasis on power: Wisconsin Historical Society , 1900 Note the emphasis on power: Wisconsin Historical Society , 1900 Albert’s prepotency: The Canadien National Horse of Canada 2002 Why? But is it the same horse? Numbers now declining again: 2456 in 2015. The Canadien “there is a terrible fear the Morgan horse would be found to have some French blood in him.” H. Bexon, Vermont, The Na'onal Live-stock Journal (1881) “[the Canadian is] the foundaFon bloodstock to many American breeds like the American Saddlebred, Standardbred, (possibly) Appaloosa, Northern Plains Mustang, and the Morgan.” DNA study (2015) Clydesdale, Shire, Suffolk Punch Belgian, Percheron Clydesdale Stud Book 1886 Canadian Shire Horse Stud Book 1901 Government and industry bring in stallions “the early phases of the trade were not without a modicum of skulduggery and sharp pracFce on both sides” Provincial Archives of Alberta the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Peak horse popula-on in Canada in 1921 at 3.6 million McGregor", Clydesdale stallion owned By Felix McHugh. Date: [ca. 1895] the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) McGregor", Clydesdale stallion owned by Felix McHugh. Date: [ca. 1895] ] Title: John Clark with team of Clydesdale horses near Gleichen, Alberta. Date: [ca. 1910s] John emigrated from Argyllshire, Scotland in 1881 first seJling at Lachute, Quebec, then near Gleichen in 1883. the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) McGregor", Clydesdale stallion owned by Felix McHugh. Date: [ca. 1895] itle: Judging Clydesdale horses, Dominion exhibition, Calgary, Alberta. Date: June 29 - July 9, 1908 the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Title: William Marcellus and Percheron stallion, Pincher Creek, Alberta.Date: [ca. 1900] Title: "Perlaet", Percheron stallion, Calgary, Alberta.Date: n.d. the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Business card of William H. DeVine, horse dealer, Calgary, Alberta.Date: [ca. 1915] Title: DeVine horse ranch, near Nanton, Alberta.Date: 1910 the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Title: Dygert's percheron and belgian horses, Edmonton, Alberta. Date: 1919 the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Title: Anthieran's Belgian horse, Edmonton, Alberta. Date: 1916 Title: Poster advertising Belgian stallion, Standard, Alberta. Date: 1921 Remarks: Named "Prince A". Owned by J. Rasmussen the main breeds in 1921 were Clydesdale (30,735), Percheron (8711), Belgian (2083), Standard Bred (1480), French Canadian (1055), and Shire (741) Title: "Valen'ne D", stallion, owned by Mr.
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