Assessing Environmental Inequality in the Autonomous Community of , Background Map 4. Environmental Inequality Analysis Results Several US researchers have looked at the re- The combined data on socioeconomic and en- lationship between communities’ socioeconomic vironmental factors on the final map (Map 4) il- characteristics and exposure to environmental lustrates a range of inequality throughout the hazards, documenting that low socioeconomic . The map shows that the populations tend to reside in areas that have majority of advantaged and moderately disadvan- higher levels of environmental pollutants. This taged municipalities are closer to the center of the type of research has transcended the US geopolit- community of Madrid, to the northwest of the city ical borders into other parts of the world includ- of Madrid. The municipalities that had no disad- ing Canada, New Zealand and the European Un- vantage included: , Pozuelo de Alar- ion. cón, Villaviciosa de Odón and Boadilla del Mon- Due to differences in social and political te. structures, countries like Germany and France have incorporated different yet similar socioeco- The majority of the disadvantaged and highly nomic and environmental indicators when look- disadvantaged areas are located on the southeast ing at environmental inequality. These factors in- region, as well as near the periphery of the com- clude availability of green space, air quality, munity. The municipalities that are highly disad- household of migration backgrounds, low- vantaged include: , San income households, unemployment, exposure to Fernando de Henares, El Molar, Lozoyuela- Na- 1, 2 noise, and particulate matter . vas-Sieteglesias, El Vellón, , Pelayos de While some European countries have studied la Presa, , Villamanrique de the topic of environmental inequality, countries Tajo, Estremera, Valdilecha, Fuente el Saz de Ja- such as Spain, have not fully assessed the burden rama, Horjacuelo de la Sierra, and San Martín de of environmental pollutants on certain socioeco- la Vega. nomic groups. The aim of this environmental in- equality analysis is to look at environmental health hazards and socioeconomic factors to Limitations identify which municipalities in the autonomous community of Madrid are advantaged and which This analysis was not did not encompass all are highly disadvantaged. the possible indicators such as air quality, unem- ployment and exposure to noise. Further research should include these factors as well as additional Methodology indicators that can produce a comprehensive anal- ysis to inform local or country wide environmen- Selecting from factors based on previous en- tal policies. In addition, the topography of the vironmental vulnerability studies, six factors were community of Madrid was not accounted for as used to identify areas with high environmental certain parts are mountainous, which could affect vulnerability: environmental health hazards the number of hectares of public service green (dumping sites, toxic waste dumps and scrap yards), income, immigrant population and public space. service green space. Tabular data and shape files from the Instituto References de Estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid were used to create six layers (Map 1-3). These layers 1. Padilla, C. M., Kihal-Talantikite, W., Vieira, V. M., Ros- were then transformed into raster data sets, reclas- sello, P., Le Nir, G., Zmirou-Navier, D., & Deguen, S. (2014). Air quality and social deprivation in four French sified, overlaid, and then summed together with metropolitan areas—A localized spatio-temporal environ- the raster calculator to create the environmental mental inequality analysis. Environmental research, 134, 315 vulnerability analysis map (Map 4). -324. The analysis was based on a point system; 2. Geißler, G., Kleinschmit, B., Ahrberg, R., Erdenetsogt, B., Municipalities that contained dumping sites, were Heimann, Y., Heinsch, L., ... & given one point if they had one or more dumping Wisniewski,B. Environmental Justice in Berlin: GIS-based sites. The same amounts of points were awarded if method determining an aggregated index for urban the municipalities had toxic waste dumps and planning. na. scrap yards. Municipalities that had the largest amount of green space, highest level of income Jacqueline Ochoa| PH 262 | 5-6-15 and lowest percentage of immigrant population were awarded one point for each factor. While Data Source: Instituto de Estadística de la Co- those that the least amount of green space, lowest munidad de Madrid level of income, and highest percentage of immi- Projection: grant population were awarded 5 points for each ED_1950_UTM_Zone30N factor.

Map 1. Immigrant Population Map 2. Public Service Green Space Map 3. Annual Income