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Cuamba Municipality, the Capital of Water?

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Cuamba Municipality, the Capital of Water? Peace and development Cuamba municipality, the capital of water? A case study of the inclusion of female interests in water governance in Cuamba municipality, Mozambique. Authors: Elisa Gyllin & Therese Abrahamsson Supervisor: Chris High Examiner: Jonas Ewald Semester: VT16 Course Code: 2FU32E Date: 2016-08-18 Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine if female interests have been included in different levels of water governance in Cuamba municipality, Mozambique in order to understand if gender equality and women empowerment is being addressed at the grassroots level. In Sub- Saharan Africa women generally have the responsibility of fetching water and are therefore directly affected by the quality and accessibility of water and sanitation services. Though gender mainstreaming and policies addressing gender equality has been adopted in Mozambique, the actual difference that these measures have made to the lives of women in Mozambique is questionable. A qualitative single case study has been conducted, by interviewing government institutions, the private sector and civil society actors at district and municipality level in Cuamba. The findings reveal that it is the municipality government, FIPAG and the traditional leaders that are the main actors with the power over the distribution of water in Cuamba and through a joint effort the water situation has improved a lot in recent years. The interest in water among women was mainly focused to having a water source while the main interests among men was to have a shorter distance as well as shorter queues to the water source. An abductive method of the analytical framework consisting of four dimensions of water governance and rethinking em(power)ment, gender and development has been used to guide the analysis of the findings in a more comprehensive manner thus investigating the power structures in each dimension of water governance with a focus on women empowerment. The result indicates that women living in the urban areas were more empowered in all notions of power due to better access to information and education thus giving them more time and individual knowledge to collectively and individually demand power over the distribution of water. Due to lack of empowerment among women living in the rural areas, these women demanded less regarding the distribution of water and had less individual understanding of water governance. Furthermore the interests among women living in the rural areas were mostly included in the decision-making processes as it generally concerned having access to a clean water source. As the women in the urban areas demanded more and had more interests in water governance it became clear that the female interests in the urban areas were not included in decision-making. By including more women in decision- making bodies in water governance and putting more emphasis on education for women these issues could be addressed. Key Words: Water governance, water source, women’s empowerment, female interests, four dimensions of water governance, Cuamba municipality, Mozambique. 2 Acknowledgments The fieldstudy in April 2016 was an invaluable and unforgettable experience for both our studies and personally. There are some people we would like to give our gratitude for making our research possible. First and foremost we would like to thank all the respondents for taking your time to share your knowledge and experience and for your great hospitality. We would like to give our greatest thanks to Kajsa Johansson for guiding us both during the fieldwork and thesis writing. Thank you for organizing the fieldstudy, for translating all the interviews, for all your support during this process and for your great company. We had such an amazing time and it would not have been possible without you. Thank you Gunilla Åkesson, Anders Nilsson and the master students we met up with in Lichinga for the great time we spent with you. We would also like to give our thanks to Chris High, our supervisor, for taking your time to read and giving us valuable feedback for improving our thesis. Lastly we would like to thank STINT (Stiftelsen för Internationalisering av Högre Utbildning och Forskning) for funding our fieldwork and making it possible for us to do this research. Thank you! Therese Abrahamsson & Elisa Gyllin 2016-08-17 3 Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. 4 List of tables and figures ............................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................................... 5 Portuguese words ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Research topic ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Relevance .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Objective ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Research questions ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................................... 10 2. Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Type of research .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Limitations and delimitations .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Ethical considerations ..................................................................................................................... 14 3. Analytical framework ............................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Conceptual considerations .............................................................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Water governance ................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Female interest ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Four dimensions of water governance ............................................................................................ 16 3.3 RethinKing em(power)ment, gender and development ................................................................. 18 3.4 A combined frameworK ................................................................................................................... 20 4. Presentation of findings ........................................................................................................ 20 4.1 Levels of decision-maKing ............................................................................................................... 21 4.2 BacKground on the water situation in Cuamba municipality .......................................................... 21 4.3 The landscape of women’s participation and influence ................................................................. 23 4.4 Participation and influence in water governance in Cuamba ......................................................... 24 4.5 The division of labour in the household .......................................................................................... 26 4.6 Interests in water ............................................................................................................................ 27 4.7 Who is (responsible for) the change ............................................................................................... 29 5. Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 31 5.1 Power within ................................................................................................................................... 31 5.2 Power with ...................................................................................................................................... 33 5.3 Power to .......................................................................................................................................... 35 5.4 Power over .....................................................................................................................................
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