DOCSLIB.ORG

RICHARD PETERS'(C. 1704-1776): PROVINCIAL' SECRETARY of PENNSYLVANIA by Joseph Harrison Fairbanks, Jr. . a Dissertation Submitte

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RICHARD PETERS'(C. 1704-1776): PROVINCIAL' SECRETARY of PENNSYLVANIA by Joseph Harrison Fairbanks, Jr. . a Dissertation Submitte Richard Peters (c. 1704-1776): Provincial Secretary of Pennsylvania Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Fairbanks, Joseph Harrison, 1931- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 11:18:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565257 RICHARD PETERS'(c. 1704-1776): PROVINCIAL' SECRETARY OF PENNSYLVANIA by Joseph Harrison Fairbanks, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Joseph Harrison Fairbanks, Jr._____________ entitled RICHARD PETERS (c. 1704-1776): PROVINCIAL SECRETARY OF PENNSYLVANIA be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _______ DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY _______________________ .ssertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* / y./?73- f 5_S This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. © 1972 JOSEPH HARRISON FAIRBANKS, JR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ill ) ■ ... To my Mother and Father iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to a number of people who aided me in the preparation of this dissertation. I wish to thank Dr. Jack D. Marietta, my director, whose unfailing good humor and keen critical eye contributed greatly to this project. I owe special thanks to another member of my doctoral committee, Dr. Herman E. Bateman, who has been a constant source of encouragement and inspiration throughout my graduate career. I also wish to express my gratitude to Drs. Roger L. Nichols, Richard A. Cosgrove, and Walter W. Davis, all of whom contributed considerable time and effort in my behalf.' My research for this dissertation was aided immeasurably by the generous Pre-Doctoral Dissertation ; Fellowship awarded me by The University of Arizona. In addition, I owe thanks to the friendly and efficient staffs at The University of Arizona Library, The University of Pennsylvania Library, The Historical Society of Pennsyl­ vania, The American Philosophical Society, and the Library of Congress. Finally, I wish most of all to thank my family. The patience and understanding shown by my wife and daughters not only made this project possible, but worthwhile. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ■ ^^33 ST 33^^CT - e ® ®-'o ® ® e o . o ' ® o o e o o e o o- o o © © V r 3- 3 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION © © © © ■© © 1 II© RICHARD PETERS „ © ©' -. © ©' .......... 10 III® . APPRENTICESHIP ©.©©.„©. ©©..©.. © 37 IV® PROPRIETARY SECRETARY © . © ©©...©. 61 V© PROVINCIAL SECRETARY , © . © © © © . © © © .©. © © . 79 VI© INDIAN AGENT © „ © .; © . © © © © © . © © © ©• © 107 VII. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 130 VIII. GOVERNOR WILLIAM DENNY ..©.©©.©©.„. 160 IX© THE EASTON CONFERENCE OF 1758 „....©©.. 189 X© WAR SECRETARY © © © © © © © © . 210 XI© RETURN TO THE CLERGY © © © © © © © © © © © © © 234 REFERENCES © © © © © © ©■ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 2 54 vi ABSTRACT Richard Peters was one of the most versatile and influential men in provincial Pennsylvania in the middle of the eighteenth century. An Anglican priest, he fled from England to Pennsylvania in 1735 to escape an inadvertent bigamous marriage. After a brief and unsuccessful stint as a clergyman in Philadelphia, in 1737 he accepted appointment as Proprietary Secretary of Pennsylvania, a post offered to him by his friend, Proprietor Thomas Penn. In this posi­ tion, which he held until 1760, he managed the Penn family's land holdings in Pennsylvania and. New Jersey, supervised the provincial Land Office, and directed the leasing of Pro­ prietary lands. Moreover, he represented the Penns on three separate occasions as a commissioner for running the dis­ puted boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Peters served the Proprietary family in other ways. He was their chief adviser and primary source of information about provincial affairs. After Thomas Penn left the colony in 1741, the Proprietors managed their huge holdings in North America through a variety of officials and agents. From 1741 to 1763, Peters was their most trusted agent in Pennsylvania. Lacking him, or an equally reliable official, probably Penn would have been forced to live in Pennsylvania in order to administer his family's affairs. vii In 1743, Governor George Thomas appointed Peters to his second important office in Pennsylvania. In his new post, as Provincial Secretary and Clerk of the Provincial Council, Peters participated in Council meetings, served as the Governor's secretary, and became more directly involved in the political struggles that divided the Proprietors' representatives' and the Provincial Assembly, dominated by the Quaker Party. Peters became a "member" of the informal group known,as the Proprietary party, but, particularly after 1748, did not play a leading role in this group, nor did he endorse all of its political goals. Rather, he attempted to mediate between the divisive political factions in the province, and arranged some significant compromises. A further aspect of Peters' career in Pennsylvania public life was his supervision of Indian diplomacy. Tutored by James Logan, Conrad Weiser, and George Croghan, he attended many of the more important Indian conferences held in North America during this period. These meetings included the Lancaster Conferences of 1748 and 1762, the Albany Congress of 1754, and the Easton Conferences of 1756, 1757, and 1758. He managed both Proprietary and provincial Indian affairs, and supervised the purchase of several huge tracts of Indian land for the Penn family^ After 1748, when Governor James Hamilton appointed Peters to the Provincial ■Council, the Secretary frequently represented thi-s body in official negotiations with the Six Nations and other tribes. ■ ' ■ ' ■ ix The climax of Peters' public career occurred during the French and Indian War. Because of the lack of ability of two of the Penns' deputy-Governors, in particular the erratic William Denny (1756-1759), Peters assumed many of the duties performed normally by the chief executive of the province, and helped to stabilize' the faction-torn govern­ ment of Pennsylvania. When Denny sold, out to the Provincial Assembly and passed a large body of legislation in violation of his instructions from the Proprietors, Peters, held the . government together and prevented the coalition of the Governor and Assembly from destroying the Penns' influence in the province. Later, Peters' evidence against Denny enabled Thomas Penn to secure the disallowance by the Privy Council of most of the Governor's legislation. In 1760, Peters began to resign his various secular appointments, and in 1763 he resumed his former career in the clergy as the rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, Phila­ delphia. He died on July 10, 1776. A. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 1825, The Reverend Richard Peters' nephew wrote that "to give an account of his [uncle's] transactions whilst he held [his] Offices; would be .to give the History of Pennsylvania during that period." Even after making allowances for familial pride,, when Peters! life is examined, this evaluation proves essentially correct. For twenty-five years, from 1737 to 1763, Peters was one of the most influential figures in Pennsylvania, holding during that period the positions of Proprietary Secretary, . Provincial Secretary, and Clerk and member of the Provincial Council. Moreover, he served the province as its chief negotiator with the Indians during much of this time, which encompassed the French and Indian War. These multiple offices placed manifold responsibilities in Peters' hands, and there were few significant events that took place in Pennsylvania during that time in which he did not take part^ Peters' influence extended beyond Pennsylvania, because he was the principal advisor and major source of information on provincial affairs for the Proprietary family. The Penns made many of their decisions based upon Peters' counsel and information. Moreover, occasionally ■ 1 ; ' ■ ■ - 2 Penn transmitted his Secretary's information and suggestions to such high officials as Prime Minister William Pitt, and Lord Halifax, the President of the Board of Trade. If, as has been said, a man's status can be deter­ mined by the company he keeps, Peters
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Pennsylvania Assembly's Conflict with the Penns, 1754-1768
    Liberty University “The Jaws of Proprietary Slavery”: The Pennsylvania Assembly’s Conflict With the Penns, 1754-1768 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the History Department in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in History by Steven Deyerle Lynchburg, Virginia March, 2013 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Liberty or Security: Outbreak of Conflict Between the Assembly and Proprietors ......9 Chapter 2: Bribes, Repeals, and Riots: Steps Toward a Petition for Royal Government ..............33 Chapter 3: Securing Privilege: The Debates and Election of 1764 ...............................................63 Chapter 4: The Greater Threat: Proprietors or Parliament? ...........................................................90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................113 1 Introduction In late 1755, the vituperative Reverend William Smith reported to his proprietor Thomas Penn that there was “a most wicked Scheme on Foot to run things into Destruction and involve you in the ruins.” 1 The culprits were the members of the colony’s unicameral legislative body, the Pennsylvania Assembly (also called the House of Representatives). The representatives held a different opinion of the conflict, believing that the proprietors were the ones scheming, in order to “erect their desired Superstructure of despotic Power, and reduce to
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting the University of Pennsylvania's Connection to Slavery
    Documenting the University of Pennsylvania’s Connection to Slavery Clay Scott Graubard The University of Pennsylvania, Class of 2019 April 19, 2018 © 2018 CLAY SCOTT GRAUBARD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 OVERVIEW 3 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION 4 PRIMER ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 5 EBENEZER KINNERSLEY (1711 – 1778) 7 ROBERT SMITH (1722 – 1777) 9 THOMAS LEECH (1685 – 1762) 11 BENJAMIN LOXLEY (1720 – 1801) 13 JOHN COATS (FL. 1719) 13 OTHERS 13 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION CONCLUSION 15 FINANCIAL ASPECTS 17 WEST INDIES FUNDRAISING 18 SOUTH CAROLINA FUNDRAISING 25 TRUSTEES OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 31 WILLIAM ALLEN (1704 – 1780) AND JOSEPH TURNER (1701 – 1783): FOUNDERS AND TRUSTEES 31 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 – 1790): FOUNDER, PRESIDENT, AND TRUSTEE 32 EDWARD SHIPPEN (1729 – 1806): TREASURER OF THE TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE 33 BENJAMIN CHEW SR. (1722 – 1810): TRUSTEE 34 WILLIAM SHIPPEN (1712 – 1801): FOUNDER AND TRUSTEE 35 JAMES TILGHMAN (1716 – 1793): TRUSTEE 35 NOTE REGARDING THE TRUSTEES 36 FINANCIAL ASPECTS CONCLUSION 37 CONCLUSION 39 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 40 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 2 INTRODUCTION DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 3 Overview The goal of this paper is to present the facts regarding the University of Pennsylvania’s (then the College and Academy of Philadelphia) significant connections to slavery and the slave trade. The first section of the paper will cover the construction and operation of the College and Academy in the early years. As slavery was integral to the economy of British North America, to fully understand the University’s connection to slavery the second section will cover the financial aspects of the College and Academy, its Trustees, and its fundraising.
    [Show full text]
  • Now Have Taken up the Hatchet Against Them”: Braddock’S Defeat and the Martial Liberation of the Western Delawares
    We “Now Have Taken up the Hatchet against Them”: Braddock’s Defeat and the Martial Liberation of the Western Delawares N 1755 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA became the setting for a series of transforming events that resonated throughout the colonial world of INorth America. On July 9, on the banks of the Monongahela River— seven miles from the French stronghold of Fort Duquesne—two regi- ments of the British army, together with over five companies of colonial militia, suffered a historic mauling at the hands of a smaller force of French marines, Canadian militia, and Great Lakes Indians. With nearly one thousand casualties, the defeat of General Edward Braddock’s com- mand signified the breakdown of British presence on the northern Appalachian frontier. This rout of British-American forces also had an immense effect on the future of Indians in the Ohio Country, particularly the peoples of western Pennsylvania referred to as the Delawares. I would like to thank the anonymous readers and my teachers and trusted colleagues, Dr. Holly Mayer of Duquesne University and Dr. Mary Lou Lustig, emeritus West Virginia University, for their constructive criticisms and helpful suggestions as I worked through the revision process for this article. THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Vol. CXXXVII, No. 3 ( July 2013) 228 RICHARD S. GRIMES July From late October 1755 through the spring of 1756, Delaware war parties departing from their principal western Pennsylvania town of Kittanning and from the east in the Susquehanna region converged on the American backcountry. There they inflicted tremendous loss of life and cataclysmic destruction of property on the settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH Highland AVENUE
    NORTH hIGhLAND AVENUE study December, 1999 North Highland Avenue Transportation and Parking Study Prepared by the City of Atlanta Department of Planning, Development and Neighborhood Conservation Bureau of Planning In conjunction with the North Highland Avenue Transportation and Parking Task Force December 1999 North Highland Avenue Transportation and Parking Task Force Members Mike Brown Morningside-Lenox Park Civic Association Warren Bruno Virginia Highlands Business Association Winnie Curry Virginia Highlands Civic Association Peter Hand Virginia Highlands Business Association Stuart Meddin Virginia Highlands Business Association Ruthie Penn-David Virginia Highlands Civic Association Martha Porter-Hall Morningside-Lenox Park Civic Association Jeff Raider Virginia Highlands Civic Association Scott Riley Virginia Highlands Business Association Bill Russell Virginia Highlands Civic Association Amy Waterman Virginia Highlands Civic Association Cathy Woolard City Council – District 6 Julia Emmons City Council Post 2 – At Large CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VISION STATEMENT Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1:1 Purpose 1:1 Action 1:1 Location 1:3 History 1:3 The Future 1:5 Chapter 2 TRANSPORTATION OPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES 2:1 Introduction 2:1 Motorized Traffic 2:2 Public Transportation 2:6 Bicycles 2:10 Chapter 3 PEDESTRIAN ENVIRONMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES 3:1 Sidewalks and Crosswalks 3:1 Public Areas and Gateways 3:5 Chapter 4 PARKING OPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES 4:1 On Street Parking 4:1 Off Street Parking 4:4 Chapter 5 VIRGINIA AVENUE OPPORTUNITIES
    [Show full text]
  • Justice John Paul Stevens Retires from the Bench
    VOLUME XXXII NUMBER 2, 2010 JUSTICE JOHN PAUL STEVENS RETIRES FROM THE BENCH On Monday, June 29, 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens Justice Stevens was raised in Chicago by an influential sat in a formal session of Court for the last time as an active family that operated the Stevens Hotel. At the time, that hotel member of the Supreme Court of the United States. He an- was the largest in the world, boasting 3,000 rooms. nounced on April 9, 2010 his intention to resign in a letter Justice Stevens attended the University of Chicago and to the President. Justice Stevens wrote: “Having concluded then the Northwestern University School of Law. As with that it would be in the best interests of the Court to have my many of his generation, his education was interrupted by successor appointed and confirmed well in advance of the service in the Navy during World War II. When speaking of commencement of the Court’s Photo credit—Photo by Steve Petteway his military experience, Ste- Next Term, I shall retire from vens is fond of reporting that regular active service as an he joined the Navy on Dec. Associate Justice . effec- 6, 1941. “I’m sure you know tive the next day after the how the enemy responded Court rises for the summer the following day,” he quips, recess this year.” His resigna- alluding to the attack at Pearl tion had been anticipated for Harbor that took place on some time following unof- December 7, 1941. Like his ficial comments he made and previous colleague Lewis F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protocols of Indian Treaties As Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Religious Studies) Department of Religious Studies 9-2015 How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society Anthony F C Wallace University of Pennsylvania Timothy B. Powell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Religion Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wallace, Anthony F C and Powell, Timothy B., "How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society" (2015). Departmental Papers (Religious Studies). 15. https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers/15 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers/15 For more information, please contact [email protected]. How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society Abstract In 1743, when Benjamin Franklin announced the formation of an American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, it was important for the citizens of Pennsylvania to know more about their American Indian neighbors. Beyond a slice of land around Philadelphia, three quarters of the province were still occupied by the Delaware and several other Indian tribes, loosely gathered under the wing of an Indian confederacy known as the Six Nations. Relations with the Six Nations and their allies were being peacefully conducted in a series of so-called “Indian Treaties” that dealt with the fur trade, threats of war with France, settlement of grievances, and the purchase of land.
    [Show full text]
  • The ^Penn Collection
    The ^Penn Collection A young man, William Penn fell heir to the papers of his distinguished father, Admiral Sir William Penn. This collec- A tion, the foundation of the family archives, Penn carefully preserved. To it he added records of his own, which, with the passage of time, constituted a large accumulation. Just before his second visit to his colony, Penn sought to put the most pertinent of his American papers in order. James Logan, his new secretary, and Mark Swanner, a clerk, assisted in the prepara- tion of an index entitled "An Alphabetical Catalogue of Pennsylvania Letters, Papers and Affairs, 1699." Opposite a letter and a number in this index was entered the identifying endorsement docketed on the original manuscript, and, to correspond with this entry, the letter and number in the index was added to the endorsement on the origi- nal document. When completed, the index filled a volume of about one hundred pages.1 Although this effort showed order and neatness, William Penn's papers were carelessly kept in the years that followed. The Penn family made a number of moves; Penn was incapacitated and died after a long illness; from time to time, business agents pawed through the collection. Very likely, many manuscripts were taken away for special purposes and never returned. During this period, the papers were in the custody of Penn's wife; after her death in 1726, they passed to her eldest son, John Penn, the principal proprietor of Pennsylvania. In Philadelphia, there was another collection of Penn deeds, real estate maps, political papers, and correspondence.
    [Show full text]
  • Conrad Weiser Papers 0700 Finding Aid Prepared by Sarah Newhouse and Anna Baechtold Georgi
    Conrad Weiser papers 0700 Finding aid prepared by Sarah Newhouse and Anna Baechtold Georgi. Last updated on November 09, 2018. Historical Society of Pennsylvania November 2011 Conrad Weiser papers Table of Contents Summary Information....................................................................................................................................3 Administrative Information........................................................................................................................... 4 Related Materials........................................................................................................................................... 5 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................6 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................8 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 9 - Page 2 - Conrad Weiser papers Summary Information Repository Historical Society of Pennsylvania Creator Weiser, Conrad, 1696-1760. Creator Weiser, Samuel, 1735-1794. Title Conrad Weiser papers Call number 0700 Date [inclusive] 1741-1783 Extent 1.33 linear feet (2 boxes, 4 volumes) Language English Language of Materials note Materials are in English and German. Mixed materials (00006990)1 [Volume] Mixed materials
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730--1795
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2005 The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795 Richard S. Grimes West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Grimes, Richard S., "The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795" (2005). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4150. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4150 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730-1795 Richard S. Grimes Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Mary Lou Lustig, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth A.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881-1940 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gn7b51j Author Myers, Eric Dennis Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881 - 1940 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Eric Dennis Myers 2013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881 - 1940 by Eric Dennis Myers Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Joan Waugh, Chair The dissertation is a historical biography of Smedley Darlington Butler (1881-1940), a decorated soldier and critic of war profiteering during the 1930s. A two-time Congressional Medal of Honor winner and son of a powerful congressman, Butler was one of the most prominent military figures of his era. He witnessed firsthand the American expansionism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, participating in all of the major conflicts and most of the minor ones. Following his retirement in 1931, Butler became an outspoken critic of American intervention, arguing in speeches and writings against war profiteering and the injustices of expansionism. His critiques represented a wide swath of public opinion at the time – the majority of Americans supported anti-interventionist policies through 1939. Yet unlike other members of the movement, Butler based his theories not on abstract principles, but on experiences culled from decades of soldiering: the terrors and wasted resources of the battlefield, ! ""! ! the use of the American military to bolster corrupt foreign governments, and the influence of powerful, domestic moneyed interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Collection 1454
    Collection 1454 Cadwalader Family Papers 1623-1962, bulk 1776-1880 606 boxes, 233 vols., 242.4 lin. feet Contact: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 Phone: (215) 732-6200 FAX: (215) 732-2680 http://www.hsp.org Original Processing by: Brett M. Reigh Original Processing Completed: July 1999 Additional Processing by: Joanne Danifo, Tory Kline, Jeff Knowles, Cary Majewicz, Rachel Moskowitz Additional Processing Completed: January 2007 Sponsor for Additional Processing: Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Trust Restrictions: None Related Collections at HSP: See page 18 © 2007 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. All rights reserved. Cadwalader Family papers Collection 1454 Cadwalader Family Papers Collection 1454 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Background note 1 Scope & content 5 Overview of arrangement 8 Series descriptions 9 Separation report 18 Related materials 18 Bibliography 18 Languages represented 18 Subjects 19 Administrative information 21 Box and folder listings 22 Series 1: Miscellaneous deeds and correspondence 22 Series 2: General John Cadwalader papers 22 Series 3: General Thomas Cadwalader papers 31 Series 4: George Croghan papers 81 Series 5: Phineas Bond papers 84 Series 6: Judge John Cadwalader papers 96 Series 7: General George Cadwalader papers 132 Series 8: Charles E. Cadwalader papers 159 Series 9: J. Francis Fisher papers 167 Series 10: Peter McCall papers 171 Series 11: Later additions to the collection 179 Series 12: Maps 183 Appendix A: Cadwalader family tree 187 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Cadwalader Family papers Collection 1454 Cadwalader Family Papers, 1623-1962 (bulk 1776-1880) 606 boxes, 233 vols., 242.4 lin. feet Collection 1454 Abstract The Cadwalader family papers document the Cadwalader family through four generations in America.
    [Show full text]
  • 400-36 S 3RD ST, AKA 301-17 LOMBARD ST Proposal: Construct Parish Hall Review Requested: Final Approval Owner: St
    ADDRESS: 400-36 S 3RD ST, AKA 301-17 LOMBARD ST Proposal: Construct parish hall Review Requested: Final Approval Owner: St. Peter's Church Applicant: David Ade, SMP Architects History: 1758; St. Peter's Church and Yard Individual Designation: 4/30/1957 District Designation: Society Hill Historic District, Significant, 3/10/1999 Staff Contact: Laura DiPasquale, [email protected] BACKGROUND: The property in question, 400-36 S. 3rd Street, is a large parcel that occupies much of the block bounded by Pine, S. 3rd, Lombard, and S. 4th Streets. St. Peter’s Church stands at the northeast corner of the site. St. Peter’s Cemetery occupies much of the northern half of the site. The southwest corner of the site, a surface parking lot, is being subdivided from 400-36 S. 3rd Street as 301-17 Lombard Street. St. Peter’s Church proposes to build a parish hall on the site. The overall property, 400-36 S. 3rd Street, was individually designated in 1957 and was included in the Society Hill Historic District as a Significant resource in 1999. Although part of the larger tax parcel at 400-36 S. 3rd Street at the time of designation, the surface parking lot at 301-17 Lombard Street is separately classified as Contributing for its archaeological potential, but not for any aboveground resources. The Historical Commission reviewed and approved a design for the parish hall in 2019, with the requirement that the property owner conduct an archaeological investigation. Since that time, the archaeological investigation has been completed and a new architect has taken over and revised the design of the parish hall.
    [Show full text]