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ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY LIMITS in FACE PROCESSING: INTERFERENCE and REPETITION PRIMING from IRRELEVANT FACES Dissertation Zur Erlan

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ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY LIMITS in FACE PROCESSING: INTERFERENCE and REPETITION PRIMING from IRRELEVANT FACES Dissertation Zur Erlan ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY LIMITS IN FACE PROCESSING: INTERFERENCE AND REPETITION PRIMING FROM IRRELEVANT FACES Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Dipl.-Psych. Markus F. Neumann geboren am 08.12.1976 in Gifhorn Gutachter 1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________ ___________________________________ Tag des Kolloquiums: _________________ i Table of contents 1. Preface ..................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction............................................................................................................3 2.1. Attention..................................................................................................................3 2.1.1. Filter accounts of selective attention..................................................................3 2.1.2. A Capacity account: Perceptual Load Theory....................................................4 2.2. Attention in Face Perception...................................................................................5 2.2.1. Perceptual selectivity .........................................................................................6 2.2.2. Attentional selectivity .........................................................................................7 2.2.3. Attention orientation to faces .............................................................................8 2.2.4. Automatic face processing...............................................................................10 2.2.5. A Channel account in face processing: Evidence from Attentional Blink.........12 2.2.6. Capacity limits of face processing....................................................................14 2.3. Repetition Priming by faces ..................................................................................16 2.3.1. Repetition priming in an interactive activation model of face recognition ........17 2.3.2. Event-related potential correlates of repetition priming in face perception ......19 2.4. Neural correlates of attention in face repetition priming .......................................22 2.5. Rationale of the current thesis ..............................................................................25 2.6. Empirical evidence................................................................................................26 2.6.1. Research strand 1............................................................................................26 2.6.2. Research strand 2............................................................................................27 3. Event-related potential correlates of repetition priming for ignored faces ...........29 4. N250r and N400 ERP correlates of immediate famous face repetition are independent of perceptual load ...........................................................................39 5. N250r ERP Repetition Effects from Distractor Faces when Attending to another Face under Load: Evidence for a Face Attention Resource................................60 6. General discussion..............................................................................................88 6.1. Long-term repetition effects from unattended faces .............................................88 6.2. Immediate repetition effects from unattended faces.............................................93 6.3. The role of eccentricity for distractor processing ..................................................96 6.4. ERP modulations by repetition and attention to faces ..........................................98 6.4.1. P100.................................................................................................................98 6.4.2. N170 ..............................................................................................................100 6.4.3. N250r .............................................................................................................101 ii 6.4.4. N400 ..............................................................................................................102 6.5. Alternative perspectives on processing ignored faces........................................103 6.5.1. Automaticity account......................................................................................103 6.5.2. General resource account..............................................................................106 6.6. Faces in the Perceptual Load Theory.................................................................107 6.6.1. Familiarity.......................................................................................................108 6.6.2. Salience .........................................................................................................108 6.6.3. Revising the Perceptual Load Theory............................................................110 7. Outlook ..............................................................................................................112 8. References ........................................................................................................114 Summary .................................................................................................................130 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................131 List of abbreviations.................................................................................................132 Contributions to publications....................................................................................133 Curriculum vitae.......................................................................................................134 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung.........................................................................................135 Preface 1 1. Preface The way we experience our environment depends to a large extent on what we attend to. Selective attention describes the mechanisms that enable us to choose to process one stream of information rather than another. A matter of great debate over decades in the field of selective attention is how the ignored information is handled by the perceptual system, and whether this irrelevant information as a consequence is lost for subsequent analysis. The human face is of outstanding social relevance, and it appears plausible to believe that faces may be treated in a special way by our perceptual system. The idea that faces are “special” objects was inspired by clinical (Bodamer, 1947) and experimental (Yin, 1969) evidence. More recently, brain regions were identified that are activated preferably by faces (e.g., Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997). Moreover, some recent research has suggested that faces may have a special capa- bility in attracting attention and in being processed despite massively reduced avail- ability of attentional resources. Although both face perception and selective attention have long separate re- search traditions, the interaction of these aspects has only recently started to be examined, and specifically the respective underlying neural mechanisms are far from being entirely understood. Accordingly, this thesis aims to provide evidence for the influence of attention on face perception, and specifically focuses on the neural sub- strates underlying these processes. I am much obliged to all the people who supported me while I worked on this the- sis. First and foremost, I would like to thank Stefan Schweinberger for his superb supervision, guidance, and advice during the last years. His infectious enthusiasm has been a great inspiration for my work on this project. Also, he generously gave me the opportunity to present my work to other researchers on national and international conferences. I would also like to thank Mike Burton for agreeing to co-supervise this thesis, and for his input that helped me starting off with my empirical work in Jena. Special thanks goes to Holger Wiese for being a great support inside and outside the university. By involving me in setting up the EEG lab he provided me with an ex- perience that allowed me to understand the EEG routines in much more depth than I Preface 2 could have learned otherwise. His door was open whenever something had to be discussed or explained, and I am very grateful for his comments on this manuscript. Also, since I met Holger at our first day of work in Jena, he became a very good friend, and I would like to thank him for his continuous private support. Further, I would like to express my gratitude to Nadine Kloth. Working with her is simply a pleasure, and I am deeply grateful for her friendship and her immense pri- vate support, especially during the last months. I would also like to thank David Robertson for his comments on the summary section and all the other members of our team, which I enjoy being a part of. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my sister Nicola, and Martin for their continuous support. Introduction 3 2. Introduction 2.1. Attention Attention is a central aspect of cognition due to its role in maintaining a vigilant or alert state, in orienting to sensory events, and in detecting events for focal (con- scious) processing (Posner & Petersen, 1990). In the current thesis, the focus will be on selective attention. The two main questions, and matter
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