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Networks (ISDN): Implications for Future Global Communications

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Networks (ISDN): Implications for Future Global Communications NTIA Report 83.. 138 p'..:..: r·'·I·m'-'·.'··· e/-~·-·,~. 'r' 0'''· n"~' n··<···t·e- g"--- r"'a'< ·t··e/~~ S'--- e''''···r'~V''I~c·-···e-··~s:':''~,,-,.O.·-.• ~t"··a··~~··.I" A: .. I' . -"-: ..<-d···· --" . ·I' g_.•-.".':, I '. Networks (ISDN): Implications for Future Global Communications ITS S'taff ...,,-'O'C'G , , Mj+~, , \\nuI \ ~'~ •...........•.*......•.....<.•.•..•:.. x.'.• ' 6.. \ :A '" .,. ,_. ". .. ..•If} '-''-'.10' f U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary David J. Markey, Assistant Secretary for Oommunlcatlonss,nd Information September 1983 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PREFACE This report describes the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) concepts and issues in terms understandable to persons not working directly in this technical area. It has been prepared by staff members from the Systems and Networks Division of the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences. These persons have been working directly in the field by conducting studies on ISDN and by contributing to organizations engaged in developing ISDN standards. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ACRONYMS viii 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHY AN ISDN? 4 2.1 Merging of Two Technologies 4 2.2 Technology Advancements 6 2.3 Market Size 9 2.4 Users of Communications Services 11 3. TELECOMMUNICATIONS PRIMER 12 3.1 Basic Communication Concepts 14 3.2 Communication Systenl Elements 23 4. THE ISDN 36 4.1 CCITT View 37 4.2 Capabilities 40 4.3 Standards 43 5. ISSUES AND ACTIONS 47 5.1 Basic Premises 48 5.2 Issues Summary 52 5.3 International Policy Issues 54 5.4 International Technical Issues 55 5.5 National Policy Issues 57 5.6 National Technical Issues 58 5.7 Actions 60 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 63 7. REFERENCES 64 A,PPENDIX A: CCITT AND ISDN 67 APPENDIX B: QUESTION 1, STUDY GROUP XVIII, 1981-1984 74 APPENDIX C: OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION 78 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Fi gure 1. Potential ISDN configuration. 2 Figure 2. Growth of data communications industry. 5 Figure 3. Changing composition of u.S. workforce. 6 Figure 4. Basic structure for large computers and microcomputers. 7 Figure 5. Trends for increasing density of components and decreasing cost of memory. 9 ~ Figure 6. Value of U.S. production and consumption of all integrated circuits. 10 Figure 7. A telecommunications network. 13 Fi gure 8. The three components needed for a communication. 14 Figure 9. Operator interface with communications network. 15 Figure 10. Fully-interconnected and switch-connected users. 16 Fi gure 11 . Placement of call by telephone switch control. 16 Figure 12. Analog signal on a phone line. 18 Figure 13. Conversion of signals for transmission. 19 Figure 14. Eliminating modems and telephone lines through multiplexing. 21 Figure 15. Interconnection between a terminal and modem through an interface. 22 Fi gure 16. Digital transmission of voice for one channel. 26 Figure 17 . A separate network for control of the telephone system. 29 Figure 18. Telecommunication network elements and facilities (afte~ Skrzypczak et al~, 1981). 30 Figure 19. Public and private networks can use similar technology. 31 Figure 20. Circuit, message, and packet switching. 32 Figure 21 . Basic LAN network physical patterns or topologies. 35 Figure 22. A minimum number of user/network interfaces are planned for the ISDN. 38 vi LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) Page Figure 23. Interim interconnection of dedicated networks and ISDN(s) via interfaces. 39 Figure 24. Range of message 'lengths, density, and transmission rates for ISDN planning (after Skrzypczak et a1., 1981). 40 Figure 25. ISDN approach in the United States (after Dorros, 1983). 41 Figure 26. Comparison of user/network channel access arrangements for ISDN. 45 Figure 27. Classification of issues relating to ISDN. 48 Figure A-l. The International Telecommunication Union. 68 Figure A-2. The structure of the U.S. CCITT and chairmen for 1981-1984. 71 Figure A-3. Approval chain for "U.S." contributions. to the CCITT. 72 Figure A-4. Approval chain for "individual member" contributions to the CCITT. 73 Figure C-l. Functional layering of the OSI reference model. 78 Figure C-2. Structured message flow (Folts, 1981). 80 Figure C-3. Frame construction (Folts, 1981). 80 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS A,CD ~ automatic call distribution ANSI - American National Standards Institute ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange AT&T - American Telephone and Telegraph AID - analog-to-d1gital BIT - binary digit BOC - Bell Opera,ti ng Company b/s - bits per second CATV - cable television CEPT - European Conference of Posts and Telecommunication Adm; n; $,trations eCIS - common channel interoffice signaling CCIR - International Radio Consultative Committee CeITT - International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee CPE - customer premises equipment CPU - central processing unit CRT - cathode ray tube CSDC - Circuit Switched Digital Capability CSDN - ci feu; t-swi tched da ta netwo,rt< DCE - Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment DTE - Data Termi'nal Equipment CiA - digital-to-analog EBCDIC .. Extende,d Bi;nary t,nded Decimal lntercha,nge Co,de, EFT elect.ro,nic funds tr'&nsf'er EIA Electronic Industries Association ENIAC - Electronic Numerical lntegrato;f and Cal'culator ESS - e1ec,t.r'oni c swi t.c.hi ng sys tern FAX .. facsimile FCC - Federal Communications Commission F'DM .. frequency' division multiplex, FTSC .' F'e1deral Telec:ommunications Standar·ds Committee HI·,QVIS -, high int,er!act~iv'e-,opt.ica.l! visua,l int,era.ctive syst.em lA,N .. Integra,ted Analo;g Network LIST OF ACRONYMS (cant.) IC - integrated circuit ION - Integrated Digital Network IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IFIP International Federation for Information Processing IFRB - International Frequency Registration Board ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ITS Institute for Telecommunication Sciences ITU - International Telecommunication Union I/O input/output JWP - Joint Working Party LADT - Local Area Data Transport LAN - Local Area Network LSI - large scale integration MSI - medium scale integration NTIA - National Telecommunications and Information Administration PABX - private automatic branch exchange PBX - private branch exchange PC - personal computer PCM - pulse code modulation PSDN - packet switched data network -PSTN - public switched telephone network PTT - Post, Telegraph, and Telephone organization RAM - random access memory RPOA - recognized private operating agency R-O - read-only SPC - stored-program control SSI - small scale integration STP - signal transfer point TCM - time compression multiplex TOM - time division multiplex TWX - Teletypewriter Exchange Service ix LIST OF ACRONYMS (cont.) Tl - multiplex of 24 voice channels North American T1C - multiplex of 48 voice channels Standards T2 - multiplex of 96 voice channels VAN - value-added network VOT - video display terminal VLSI - very large scale integration VSF - voice store-and-forward WATS - wide area telephone service x A PRIMER ON INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS (ISDN): IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS ITS Staff* The report is a primer on Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN's). The ISDN concept is believed by many to be the communica­ tion means for the future information age. A number of national ISDN's interconnected together can provide a high-performance, multi­ service, digital network for global communications. This primer on ISDN is for persons unfamiliar with telecommuni­ cations but who wish to know about this important concept. The re­ port explains the developments in telecommunications technology--from analog to digital--that make possible the efficiencies and economies of an ISDN or ISDN's. Also addressed are technical and policy con­ siderations: Why is an ISDN needed? How is it expected to evolve? What problems will it cause? Who is working on them? Key words: data communication; digital communication; integrated services digital network; ISDN; telecommunications 1. INTRODUCTION A need to move information is growing worldwide. Increasingly, the informa­ tion transfer must be rapid and inexpensive, between points near or far. In response, a global effort is underway to establish a digital network that will transport voice and non-voice information as needed. This network is called the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). An ISDN, or a number of ISDN's, might evolve in each country from existing network(s). In the United States, several ISDN's could emerge from existing telecommunications systems. This report dis­ cusses why pl~ns for an ISDN(s) are being formulated~ what an ISDN is, and some issues that require resolutio~. Digital technology makes the ISDN concept feasible. Telephone systems in the United States and abroad are using digital technology to improve and expand capabilities. Traditionally analog non-voice information, such as facsimile and television, is becoming more dependent on digital transmission. New services such as videotex and teletex already use digital transmission techniques. *Contributors are with the Systems and Networks Division of the Institute for Tele­ communication Sciences, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO 80303. The marriage of digital technology and information transfer is important to multibillion dollar industries such as banking, product distribution, insurance, manufacturing, medicine, and travel reservations. Industries such as these have their own extensive private telecommunication networks. Office automation, de­ pendent on digital systems, is integral to them. A potential ISDN configuration may consist of the concept illustrated in Figure 1. The U.S. ISDN(s) may interconnect to non-U.S. ISDN's, International Record Carriers (IRC's), value-added networks (VAN·s), and private networks, -in­ cluding local area networks (LAN's). Initially, the u.S. ISDN will use in-place equipment to handle digital bit-streams. As the network and services evolve, the ISDN will include communication equipment that permits integration of voice and non-voice services.
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