DOCSLIB.ORG

Geomorphology and General Systems Theory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geomorphology and General Systems Theory Geomorphology and o toO General Systems Theory 1 O GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 500-B =o I H iw Geomorphology and General Systems Theory By RICHARD J. CHORLEY THEORETICAL PAPERS IN THE HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC SCIENCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 500-B UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract_ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bl Geomorphology and general systems theory__--_-__-__..-_.______________________________________________________ 1 Acknowledgments__ _-_--------_--__-__--__-_---_.._______--_________________________-________-_________-_-- 9 Eef erences._--_-__-____-----------_--_-------_-_-_.._--____-_____-_________-_--______---____-_____-__-_-__ -- 9 in 648952 62 THEORETICAL PAPERS IN THE HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC SCIENCES GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY By EICHARD J. CHORLET "[Nature] * * * creates ever new forms; what exists has nover ex­ Finally, seven advantages are suggested as accruing from isted before, what has existed returns not again everything Is new attempts to treat landforms within an open system framework: and yet always old * * *. There is an eternal life, a coming into being and a movement in her; and yet she goesi not forward." (Goethe: 1. The focusing of attention on the possible relationships be­ Essay on Nature).1 tween form and process. ABSTRACT 2. The recognition of the multivariate character of most geo­ morphic phenomena. An appreciation of the value of operating within an appro­ priate general systematic model has emerged from the recogni­ 3. The acceptance of a more liberal view of changes of form tion that the interpretation of a given body of information through time than was fostered by Davisian thinking. depends as much upon the character of the model adopted as 4. The liberalizing of attitudes toward the aims and methods of upon any inherent quality of the data itself. Fluvial geomor- geomorphology. phic phenomena are examined within the two systematic models 5. The directing of attention to the whole landscape assemblage, which have been found especially useful in physics and biology rather than to the often minute elements having supposed closed and open systems, for which simple analogies arei given. historical significance. Certain qualities of classic closed systems, namely the progres­ 6. The encouragement of geomorphic studies in those many sive increase in entropy, the irreversible character of operation, areas where unambiguous evidence for a previous pro­ the importance of the initial system conditions, the absence of tracted erosional history is lacking. intermediate equilibrium states and the historical bias, permit 7. The introduction into geography, via geomorphology, of the comparisons to be made with the Davisian concept of cyclic open systematic model which may prove of especial rele­ erosion. The restrictions which were inherently imposed upon vance to students of human geography. Davis' interpretation of landforms thus become more obvious. It is recognized, however, that no single theoretical model can GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY adequately encompass the whole of a natural complex, and that the open system model is imperfect in that, while embracing the During the past decade several valuable attempts concept of grade, the progressive reduction of relief cannot be have been made, notably by Strahler (1950,1952A, and conveniently included within it. The open system characteris­ tic of a tendency toward a steady state by self-regulation is 1952B), by Culling (1957, p. 259-261), and by Hack equated with the geomorphic concepts of grade and dynamic (1960, p. 81,85-86; Hack and Goodlett, 1960), to apply equilibrium which were developed by Gilbert and later "dy­ general systems theory to the study of geomorphology, namic" workers and, despite continued relief reduction, it is with a view to examining in detail the fundamental suggested that certain features of landscape geometry, as well basis of the subject, its aims and its methods. They as certain phases of landscape development, can be viewed prof­ itably as partially or completely time-independent adjustments. come at a time when the conventional approach is in In this latter respect the ratios forming the bases of the laws of danger of subsiding into an uncritical series of condi­ morphometry, the hypsometric integral, drainage density, and tioned reflexes, and when the more imaginative modern valley-side slopes can be so considered. The relative values of work in geomorphology often seems to be sacrificing the closed and open systematic frameworks of reference are breadth of vision for focus on details. In both ap­ recognized to depend upon the rapidity with which landscape features can become adjusted to changing energy flow, and a proaches it is a common trend for workers to be in­ contrast is made between Schumm's (1956) essentially open creasingly critical of operating within general frame­ system treatment of weak clay badlands and the historical ap­ works of thought, particularly with the examples of the proach which seems most profitable in treating the apparently Davis and Penck geormorphic systems before them, and ancient landscapes of the dry tropics. "classical" geomorphologists have retreated into re­ 1 Goethe, Fragment liber die Natur (1781-82) : Translated from stricted historical studies of regional form elements, Goethe's samtllche Werke, Jubilaumsausgabe, Stuttgart and Berlin, v. 39, p. 3-4, undated. whereas, similarly, quantitative workers have often Bl B2 THEORETICAL PAPERS IN THE HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC SCIENCE® withdrawn into restricted empirical and theoretical maximum "entropy" (Von Bertalanffy, 1951, p. 161- studies based on process. 162). Entropy is an expression for the degree to which It is wrong, however, to confuse the restrictions energy has become unable to perform work. The in­ which are rightly associated with preconceived notions crease of entropy implies a trend toward minimum free in geomorphology with the advantages of operating energy (Von Bertalanffy, 1956, p. 3). Hence, in a within an appropriate general systematic framework. closed system there is a tendency for leveling down of Tho first lead to the closing of vistas and the decrease existing differentiation within the system; or, accord­ of opportunity; the second, however, may increase the ing to Lord Kelvin's expression, for progressive degra­ scope of the study, make possible correlations and asso­ dation of energy into its lowest form, i.e. heat as un­ ciations which would otherwise be impossible, generally directed molecular movement (Von Bertalanffy, 1956, liberalize the whole approach to the subject and, in p. 4). This is expressed by the second law of thermo­ addition, allow an integration into a wider general con­ dynamics (Denbigh, 1955) which, in its classic form, is ceptual framework. Essentially, it is not possible to formulated for closed systems. In such systems, there­ enter into a study of the physical world without such a fore, the change of entropy is always positive, associ­ fundamental basis for the investigation, and even the ated with a decrease in the amount of free energy, or, to most qualitative approaches to the subject show very state this another way, with a tendency toward progres­ strong evidence of operations of thought within a logi­ sive destruction of existing order or differentiation. cal general framework, albeit a framework of thought Thus, one can see that Davis' view of landscape devel­ which is in a sense unconscious. Hack (1960), for ex­ opment contains certain elements of closed system ample, has pointed to the essential difference between thinking including, for example, the idea that uplift the approaches to geomorphology of Gilbert and Davis, provides initially a given amount of potential energy and in this respect the fundamental value of the adop­ and that, as degradation proceeds, the energy of the sys­ tion of a suitable general framework of investigation tem decreases until at the stage of peneplanation there based on general systems theory becomes readily is a minimum amount of free energy as a result of the apparent. leveling down of topographic differences. The Dav- Following the terminology used by Von Bertalanffy isian peneplain, therefore, may be considered as logi­ (1950 and 1960), it is possible to recognize in general cally homologous to the condition of maximum entropy, two separate systematic frameworks wherein one may general energy properties being more or less uniformly view the natural occurrence of physical phenomena; distributed throughout the system and with a potential the closed system and the open system (Strahler, 1950, energy approaching zero. The positive change of p. 6T5-676, and 1952A, p. 934-935). Hall and Fagan entropy, and connected negative change of free energy, (1956, p. 18) have defined a system as "* * * a set of implies the irreversibility of events within closed sys­ objects together with relationships between the objects tems. This again bears striking similarities to the and between their attributes." In the light of this defi­ general operation of the geomorphic cycle of Davis. nition, it is very significant that one of the fundamental The belief in the sequential development
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
    9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.5.3 the Use of Erosion Pins in Geomorphology
    © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 4.0 License. ISSN 2047 - 0371 3.5.3 The use of erosion pins in geomorphology John Boardman1,2 and David Favis-Mortlock1 1Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK ([email protected]) 2Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa ABSTRACT: Erosion pins have been widely used in geomorphology since the 1950s to estimate rates of change (erosion and – less commonly – accumulation) in land surfaces. They may be used for short- and long-term surveys and are quick and easy to install and measure. Erosion pins are particularly suited to bare, undisturbed environments such as badlands and sand dunes. Our recommendations for their use follow those of Haigh (1977) and Lawler (1993) but we also discuss the need for researchers to be aware of issues which arise from of measurement error, particularly for short-term studies and analytical methods which rely on few pin measurements. There is also a not inconsiderable challenge involved in extrapolating results derived from erosion pin measurements to larger areas. KEYWORDS: badlands, erosion pins, erosion rates, measurement errors erosion pins is not necessary: useful data can Introduction be collected with occasional visits. The basic idea behind the use of erosion pins However, this simplicity is deceptive. to quantify land-surface change is very Considerations of pin siting, measurement straightforward. A rod is firmly fixed into the error, and interpretation of results rapidly ground (or other substrate), and a note made introduce additional complexity. Thus, any of the length of rod which remains exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Geomorphology☆ John Menzies, Brock University, St
    Glacial Geomorphology☆ John Menzies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This is an update of H. French and J. Harbor, 8.1 The Development and History of Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology, In Treatise on Geomorphology, edited by John F. Shroder, Academic Press, San Diego, 2013. Introduction 1 Glacial Landscapes 3 Advances and Paradigm Shifts 3 Glacial Erosion—Processes 7 Glacial Transport—Processes 10 Glacial Deposition—Processes 10 “Linkages” Within Glacial Geomorphology 10 Future Prospects 11 References 11 Further Reading 16 Introduction The scientific study of glacial processes and landforms formed in front of, beneath and along the margins of valley glaciers, ice sheets and other ice masses on the Earth’s surface, both on land and in ocean basins, constitutes glacial geomorphology. The processes include understanding how ice masses move, erode, transport and deposit sediment. The landforms, developed and shaped by glaciation, supply topographic, morphologic and sedimentologic knowledge regarding these glacial processes. Likewise, glacial geomorphology studies all aspects of the mapped and interpreted effects of glaciation both modern and past on the Earth’s landscapes. The influence of glaciations is only too visible in those landscapes of the world only recently glaciated in the recent past and during the Quaternary. The impact on people living and working in those once glaciated environments is enormous in terms, for example, of groundwater resources, building materials and agriculture. The cities of Glasgow and Boston, their distinctive street patterns and numerable small hills (drumlins) attest to the effect of Quaternary glaciations on urban development and planning. It is problematic to precisely determine when the concept of glaciation first developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Geoscience: Applications of Geology, Geomorphology and Geophysics to Criminal Investigations
    Forensic Geoscience: applications of geology, geomorphology and geophysics to criminal investigations Ruffell, A., & McKinley, J. (2005). Forensic Geoscience: applications of geology, geomorphology and geophysics to criminal investigations. Earth-Science Reviews, 69(3-4)(3-4), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.08.002 Published in: Earth-Science Reviews Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:26. Sep. 2021 Earth-Science Reviews 69 (2005) 235–247 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Forensic geoscience: applications of geology, geomorphology and geophysics to criminal investigations Alastair Ruffell*, Jennifer McKinley School of Geography, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, N. Ireland Received 12 January 2004; accepted 24 August 2004 Abstract One hundred years ago Georg Popp became the first scientist to present in court a case where the geological makeup of soils was used to secure a criminal conviction.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Observation in Geomorphology
    2 Observation in Geomorphology Bruce L. Rhoads and Colin E. Thorn Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ABSTRACT Observation traditionally has occupied a central position in geomorphologic research. The prevailing, tacit attitude of geomorphologists toward observation appears to be consistent with radical empiricism. This attitude stems from a strong historical emphasis on the value of fieldwork in geomorphology, which has cultivated an aesthetic for letting the data speak for themselves, and from cursory and exclusive exposure of many geomorphologists to empiricist philosophical doctrines, especially logical positivism. It is, by and large, also an unexamined point of view. This chapter provides a review of contemporary philosophical perspectives on scientific observation. This discussion is then used as a filter or lens through which to view the epistemic character and role of observation in geomorphology. Analysis reveals that whereas G.K. Gilbert's theory-laden approach to observation preserved scientific objectivity, the extreme theory-ladenness of W.M. Davis's observational procedures often resulted in considerable subjectivity. Contemporary approaches to observation in geomorphology are shown to conform broadly with the model provided by Gilbert. The hallmark of objectivity in geomorphology is the assurance of data reliability through the introduction of fixed rule-based procedures for obtaining information. INTRODUCTION Geomorphologists traditionally have assigned great virtue to observation. The venerated status of observation can be traced to the origin of geomorphology as a field science in the late 1800s. Exploration of sparsely vegetated landscapes in the American West by New- berry, Powell, Hayden, Gilbert, and others inspired perceptive insights about landscape dynamics that provided a foundation for the discipline (Baker and Twidale 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • 4-Year Phd Fellow Position in Geomorphology/Paleoclimatology
    4-year PhD fellow position in Geomorphology/Paleoclimatology (2017-2021) Contrato predoctoral (4 años) para la formación de doctores en Geomorfología/Paleoclimatología FluvPaleoRisk Project. 3000 years of flooding in mountain catchments: connectivity, synchronization or teleconnection? (CGL2016-75475-R) The variation of surface hydrological conditions that determine the pattern of river systems, affects significantly environmental and socioeconomic systems and flood risk. The project develops a multidisciplinary approach that contributes to the generation of long series of paleofloods in the Eastern Betic Range and Western Alps, that record also low-frequency extreme events. The approach analyzes fluvial sedimentary and lichenometric proxies, as well as instrumental data and documentary sources by applying geostatistical methods, climate modeling and remote sensing. The control mechanisms and forcings (orbital, solar, climate, volcanic, land use changes, geomorphological and hydrological dynamics) involved in fluvial processes of basins with diferent features (altitude, surface) will be analyzed. The study aims to determine whether paleofloods can be attributed to warm or cool climate periods, higher or lower humidity, and to regional-scale synoptic situations. Furthermore, it investigates whether there is a synchronous or asynchronous response between basins such as differences of catchment connectivity, and if the altitude is a key factor because of the snow melt. The analysis of atmospheric circulation modes that have produced periods
    [Show full text]
  • A Geomorphic Classification System
    A Geomorphic Classification System U.S.D.A. Forest Service Geomorphology Working Group Haskins, Donald M.1, Correll, Cynthia S.2, Foster, Richard A.3, Chatoian, John M.4, Fincher, James M.5, Strenger, Steven 6, Keys, James E. Jr.7, Maxwell, James R.8 and King, Thomas 9 February 1998 Version 1.4 1 Forest Geologist, Shasta-Trinity National Forests, Pacific Southwest Region, Redding, CA; 2 Soil Scientist, Range Staff, Washington Office, Prineville, OR; 3 Area Soil Scientist, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Region, Sitka, AK; 4 Regional Geologist, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA; 5 Integrated Resource Inventory Program Manager, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK; 6 Supervisory Soil Scientist, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, NM; 7 Interagency Liaison for Washington Office ECOMAP Group, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA; 8 Water Program Leader, Rocky Mountain Region, Golden, CO; and 9 Geology Program Manager, Washington Office, Washington, DC. A Geomorphic Classification System 1 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 6 History of Classification Efforts in the Forest Service ............................................................... 6 History of Development .............................................................................................................. 7 Goals
    [Show full text]
  • Precambrian Plate Tectonics: Criteria and Evidence
    VOL.. 16,16, No.No. 77 A PublicAtioN of the GeoloGicicAl Society of America JulyJuly 20062006 Precambrian Plate Tectonics: Criteria and Evidence Inside: 2006 Medal and Award Recipients, p. 12 2006 GSA Fellows Elected, p. 13 2006 GSA Research Grant Recipients, p. 18 Call for Geological Papers, 2007 Section Meetings, p. 30 Volume 16, Number 7 July 2006 cover: Magnetic anomaly map of part of Western Australia, showing crustal blocks of different age and distinct structural trends, juxtaposed against one another across major structural deformation zones. All of the features on this map are GSA TODAY publishes news and information for more than Precambrian in age and demonstrate that plate tectonics 20,000 GSA members and subscribing libraries. GSA Today was in operation in the Precambrian. Image copyright the lead science articles should present the results of exciting new government of Western Australia. Compiled by Geoscience research or summarize and synthesize important problems Australia, image processing by J. Watt, 2006, Geological or issues, and they must be understandable to all in the earth science community. Submit manuscripts to science Survey of Western Australia. See “Precambrian plate tectonics: editors Keith A. Howard, [email protected], or Gerald M. Criteria and evidence” by Peter A. Cawood, Alfred Kröner, Ross, [email protected]. and Sergei Pisarevsky, p. 4–11. GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) is published 11 times per year, monthly, with a combined April/May issue, by The Geological Society of America, Inc., with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphology
    GEOMORPHOLOGY AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS XXX . • Description p.1 • Audience p.1 • Impact Factor p.1 • Abstracting and Indexing p.2 • Editorial Board p.2 • Guide for Authors p.4 ISSN: 0169-555X DESCRIPTION . Geomorphology publishes peer-reviewed works across the full spectrum of the discipline from fundamental theory and science to applied research of relevance to sustainable management of the environment. Our journal's scope includes geomorphic themes of: tectonics and regional structure; glacial processes and landforms; fluvial sequences, Quaternary environmental change and dating; fluvial processes and landforms; mass movement, slopes and periglacial processes; hillslopes and soil erosion; weathering, karst and soils; aeolian processes and landforms, coastal dunes and arid environments; coastal and marine processes, estuaries and lakes; modelling, theoretical and quantitative geomorphology; DEM, GIS and remote sensing methods and applications; hazards, applied and planetary geomorphology; and volcanics. Benefits to authors We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services. Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our Support Center AUDIENCE . Geomorphologists, Physical Geographers, Engineering Geologists and Exploration Geologists. IMPACT FACTOR . 2020: 4.139 © Clarivate Analytics
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciology and Glacio-Geomorphology in Victoria Landand Queen Maud Mountains Paul Andrew Mayewski University of Maine, [email protected]
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Earth Science Faculty Scholarship Earth Sciences 1979 Glaciology and Glacio-geomorphology in Victoria Landand Queen Maud Mountains Paul Andrew Mayewski University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ers_facpub Part of the Geomorphology Commons, Glaciology Commons, and the Hydrology Commons Repository Citation Mayewski, Paul Andrew, "Glaciology and Glacio-geomorphology in Victoria Landand Queen Maud Mountains" (1979). Earth Science Faculty Scholarship. 219. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ers_facpub/219 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth Science Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The source of these clasts has not yet been deter- tact delta at the eastern end of Lake Vida, as well as mined. However, given the broad distribution of vol- algae from within the delta. When subjected to radio- canic clasts and the apparent lack of volcanic vents (as carbon analysis, these samples should indicate the age determined by the field partys reconnaissance of ex- of one of the several terminal positions of the Victoria posed bedrock areas, especially those adjacent to and Lower Glacier, assuming that the age of the samples lies east of the Victoria Lower Glacier), the clasts were most within the range of the dating method. probably derived from the Ross Sea floor to the east and This research was supported by National Science then transported into the valley by glacier ice moving Foundation grant DPP 76-23460.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geomorphology of the Makran Trench in the Context of the Geological and Geophysical Settings of the Arabian Sea Polina Lemenkova
    The geomorphology of the Makran Trench in the context of the geological and geophysical settings of the Arabian Sea Polina Lemenkova To cite this version: Polina Lemenkova. The geomorphology of the Makran Trench in the context of the geological and geophysical settings of the Arabian Sea. Geology, Geophysics & Environment, 2020, 46 (3), pp.205- 222. 10.7494/geol.2020.46.3.205. hal-02999997 HAL Id: hal-02999997 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02999997 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License 2020, vol. 46 (3): 205–222 The geomorphology of the Makran Trench in the context of the geological and geophysical settings of the Arabian Sea Polina Lemenkova Analytical Center; Moscow, 115035, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected]; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5759-1089 © 2020 Author. This is an open access publication, which can be used, distributed and reproduced in any medium according to the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License requiring that the original work has been properly cited. Received: 10 June 2020; accepted: 1 October 2020; first published online: 27 October 2020 Abstract: The study focuses on the Makran Trench in the Arabian Sea basin, in the north Indian Ocean.
    [Show full text]