Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 1 from the Director

CEED: A centre of Excellence 2013–2023 nual Repo Basic research relevant to society and industry An rt or Earth Evoluti tre f on an Cen d D he yn T am 2016 ics

The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics University of Oslo Front cover: Dynamically self-consistent global model of mantle convection with single-sided subduction (dark red) recycling plates from the surface (black) into the mantle and hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary (yellow) in form of mantle plumes back to the surface. Model and image by Dr. Fabio Crameri, CEED.

07 Media 03-17 Index

From the Director...... 2 Highlights from the first four years...... 4 Organisation chart of the centre...... 6 The centre board...... 7 Scientific Advisory Committee...... 8 Research groups...... 10 Short descriptions of CEED research groups...... 12 Researcher training...... 14 Research collaboration across research groups in the centre...... 16 International collaboration...... 20 Dissemination and communication...... 22 Publication list...... 24 Full list of personnel at the centre...... 34 Major scientific results and research projects...... 36 I. Lost continents...... 37 II. Tales from two continental margins – a Wilson cycle apart...... 43 III. Large igneous provinces and paleoclimates...... 45 IV. Linking surface tectonics and volcanism to the deep Earth...... 47 V. The structure and dynamics of the D”-zone in the deep Earth...... 53 VI. Plate tectonics in the late Paleozoic...... 55

PB CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 1 From the Director

Being part of the fourth revolution in Earth Sciences Life and work at CEED is intense and extremely rewarding. For the last four years we have advanced our knowledge of the deep Earth and its connections to the sur- Contributors to the face, proposing that the large-scale structure above the core-mantle boundary has The road towards establishing a centre of excellence in Norway, as elsewhere, is 2016 CEED report barely changed, at least for the last 540 million years; we have discovered a “lost long and laborious, but the journey is worthwhile. On a sunny summer day in are: continent” – Mauritia; have detected continental crust under one of the largest February 2005 I left Sydney, Australia, and headed 16000 km north, changing M. Mansour volcanic islands: Iceland; and have drilled in Svalbard to uncover the causes for the hemispheres and continents, to reach one of the northernmost academic cities, Abdelmalak, biggest mass extinction on Earth that happened 252 million years ago. Trondheim, in Norway. It was a harsh winter in Norway, but that was the place Torgeir B. Andersen, where the dawn of a new revolution in Earth sciences began, and I wanted to be Clint Conrad, CEED scientists published their research in more than 350 peer-reviewed papers, part of that incredible journey. Matthew Domeier, and 700 conference abstracts. 14 papers were published in high-impact journals, Pavel V. Doubrovine, including Nature, Science and PNAS. Cambridge University Press opened its 2017 CEED started as a dream more than 14 years ago – two passionate and ambitious Trine-Lise Gørbitz, publishing season with an exquisite holistic scientific book: “Earth History and geologists, Trond H. Torsvik and Arne Bjørlykke made plans to establish a group Morgan Jones, Paleogeography” by Torsvik and Cocks. dedicated to the most fundamental questions related to our planet at the Geologi- Grace E. Shephard, cal Survey of Norway (NGU). Bjørlykke, NGU’s Director, planted CEED’s seed by Henrik H. Svensen, We continue to have big dreams and to ask difficult questions: Was plate tectonics facilitating the formation of a new, unusual group for a geological survey, to be Trond H. Torsvik, different at times preceding the Phanerozoic (before 540 million years ago)? How named the “Centre for Geodynamics”, under the leadership of T.H. Torsvik. Reidar G. Trønnes, ... is Earth’s climate responding to True Polar Wander? What is Earth’s water cycle and Stephanie C. and how is it linked to plate tectonics and mantle dynamics? What are the ingre- It was a beginning of a new era for geosciences: Burke and Torsvik just discovered Werner. dients for planets’ habitability? Life and work at the source of the utmost powerful volcanism on Earth – the culprit of Large Igneous Provinces that repeatedly distorted Earth’s surface environment. The incredibly The report was Seventy scientists from 20 countries spanning 6 continents are working under CEED is intense potent, hot mantle plumes that transformed large parts of our planet in just a few compiled and CEED auspices to unravel the intricate histories of Earth and other planets and get and extremely thousand years by intruding and covering the crust with magmatic material, are coordinated by closer to fulfil our centre’s vision by answering fundamental questions. presumably sourced from certain regions at the core-mantle boundary (CMB), Carmen Gaina. rewarding. 2800 km away from Earth’s surface. Seismologists identified large domains of dense and hotter mantle, now called LLSVPs (Large Low Shear-wave Velocity Special thanks to Carmen Gaina Provinces), or Plume Generation Zones, at CMB several decades ago, but only Trond H. Torsvik and when complex plate tectonic history was linked to the present day location of the Reidar G. Trønnes for ... diligently reading LLSVPs, the connection between deep Earth and the surface became evident. through numerous In 2013, almost a decade after Burke and Torsvik’s finding, the Centre for Earth drafts. Evolution and Dynamics-CEED CoE, was awarded to Torsvik and colleagues at the University of Oslo, Norway. CEED (Torsvik) received an additional grant from the Research Council of Norway (RCN) for establishing a new national facility: the Giæver geomagnetic laboratory. In 2016 this laboratory was officially inaugurated at CEED and baptised by the Nobel Prize winner Ivar Giæver, the Norwegian dis- coverer of the tunnelling phenomena in superconductors.

In the first three years, under Torsvik’s leadership, CEED blossomed, with the number of centre personnel almost doubled, as many enthusiastic researchers and students have joined its founders. Two years into its activity, CEED was also successful in attracting funds from RCN to establish a new geoscience graduate school, DEEP, which is a national platform for education and research in the Dynamics and Evolution of Earth and Planets. Now, four years after we began as a centre of excellence, there are more than 70 researchers at CEED, including 13 PhD students and 19 postdoctoral fellows, who are trained to be the next generation of geoscientists.

2 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 3 Highlights from the first four years Highlights from the first four years

Publications (CEED author names underlined) Major Conferences arranged

1. Frieling, J.; Svensen, H.; Planke, S; Cramwinckel, Margot J; Selnes, Haavard, 1. The PGP-CEED Kongsberg seminar Earth Evolution and Dynamics, May 2013, Sluijs, Appy, 2016. Thermogenic methane release as a cause for the long duration Kongsberg, Norway. Organizing committee: Jamtveit and Gaina, ca. 50 partici- of the PETM. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United pants States of America. ISSN 0027-8424. 113(43), s 12059- 12064. 2. The 13th International Workshop on Modelling of Mantle and Lithosphere 2. Torsvik, T. H., Amundsen, H.E.F., Trønnes, R.G., Doubrovine, P., Gaina, C., Dynamics, August 31 – September 5, 2013, Hønefoss, Norway. Organizing Kusznir, N.J.; Steinberger, B., Corfu, F., Ashwal, L.D.; Griffin, W.L., Werner, S.C; committee: Torsvik, Werner, Buiter, Doubrovine, Bull-Aller, 96 registered Jamtveit, B. 2015. Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland. Proceedings of participants the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 0027- 8424. 112(15), s E1818- E1827. 3. The 7th Nordic Supercontinent Workshop, October 13-19, 2014, Haraldvangen, Norway. Organizing committee: Torsvik, Domeier, Doubrovine, Hansma, 3. Torsvik, T.H., Van Der Voo, R., Doubrovine, P.V., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, ca. 30 participants. L.D., Trønnes, R.G., Webb, S.J., Bull, A.L. 2014. Deep mantle structure as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth. Proceedings of the National 4. The CEED Wilson Lectures Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 8735-8740. CEED is organising every year a public lecture at the University of Oslo with distinguished international scientists on topics closely related to CEED 4. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. 2014. The source crater of martian shergottite core activities meteorites. Science, 343, 1343-1346. 2014 Linda Elkins-Tanton (School of Earth and Space Science at Arizona 5. Torsvik, T.H., Amundsen, H., Hartz, E.H., Corfu, F., Kusznir, N., Gaina, C., State University): The evolution of terrestrial planets and the relation- Doubrovine, P., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, L.D., Jamtveit, B. 2013. A Precambrian ships between Earth and life on Earth microcontinent in the Indian Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6, 223-227. 2015 Øyvind Hammer (Naturhistorisk museum): Tidsdypet under våre føtter (in Norwegian) Books 2016 Anne Hope Jahren: 30 Things That Everyone Should Know About Global 1. Torsvik, T.H., and Cocks, L.R.M. 2017. Earth History and Palaeogeography. Change Cambridge University Press, 317 pp. ISBN 978-1-107-10532-4.

Prizes

1. The Geological Society of Norway 2017 REUSCH MEDAL for A. Minakov

2. The University of Oslo 2016 RESEARCH PRIZE for T.H. Torsvik

3. The European Union of Geosciences 2016 ARTHUR HOLMES MEDAL and HONORARY MEMBER for T.H. Torsvik

4. The European Union of Geosciences 2016 ARNE RICHTER Early Career Scientist PRIZE for G.E. Shephard

5. The German Geological Society 2015 LEOPOLD VON BUCH MEDAL for T.H. Torsvik

6. The Geological Society of Norway 2015 TOFFEN PRIZE (outreach) for H.H. Svensen

4 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 5 Organisation chart of the centre The centre board

According to the original proposal, the “Virtual Earth” group has been CEED has not appointed a separate board; as a part of the Department for CEED activities were initially carried changed to “Earth Modelling”, and Geosciences, it has the same board as the host institute. From 2013 to 2017 out in five thematic research frame- from 2016 this group is headed by the Department of Geosciences board members were: B.L. Skjelkvåle (Head of work: C. Conrad. Department), A. Myhre (Deputy Head of Department), three academic members representatives (C. Gaina, L.Talaksen and J. E. Kristjánsson), one administrative/ Theme 1: Deep Earth: Materials, A separate administrative group, led by technical members representative (M. Heeremans), one temporary staff repre- Structure and Dynamics (R. Trønnes) T-L. Gorbitz, is in charge of personnel sentative (elected each year), two student representatives (elected each year) Theme 2: Dynamic Earth: Plate motions and administrative-related tasks. and one external member (G. Gunleiksrud Haatvedt, Det Norske oljeselskap). and Earth history (C. Gaina) Theme 3: Earth Crises: LIPs, mass ex- From 2014, CEED is hosting the Ivar tinctions and environmental changes Giæver Geomagnetic Laboratory, a (H. Svensen) Norwegian national research infra- Theme 4: Earth and Beyond: Compara- structure for paleomagnetism and tive Planetology (S.C. Werner) rock magnetism. A sixth research Theme 5: Virtual Earth: Numerical group, the “Earth Laboratory”, has models of Earth Dynamics (M. Dab- been established in order to take care rowski/A. Bull-Aller). of the activities linked to the national geomagnetic laboratory. Although part of the original proposal, M. Dabrowski changed his UiO em- Since 2016 CEED is also hosting the ployment to 50% before CEED started. National Research School DEEP CEED decided to assign the leadership - Dynamics and Evolution of Earth of the “Virtual Earth” group to the post- and Planets. doctoral fellow A. Bull-Aller, who is trained as a geodynamicist/numerical The organisational chart of the centre modeller and had a 100% position is presented below when CEED started. The name of

CENTRE LEADERSHIP SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY Gaina & Torsvik BOARD van der Voo Elkins-Tanton CENTRE MANAGEMENT Cloetingh Gørbitz Gurnis Mandea Bercovici RESEARCH GROUPS Sigloch

DYNAMIC EARTH EARTH CRISES Torsvik, Andersen, Faleide Svensen DEEP-RESEARCH SCHOOL

EART MODELLING Conrad Werner

EART LABORATORY Doubrovine

DEEP EARTH EARTH AND BEYOND Trønnes Werner

6 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 7 Scientific Advisory Committee

A number of distinguished scientists has been listed in the original SFF proposal as members of CEED’s scientific advisory board (SAB): Prof. Rob van der Voo (University of Michigan, USA), Prof. Linda Elkins-Tanton (University of Arizona, USA), Prof. Michael Gurnis (Caltech University, USA), Prof. Sierd Cloetingh (Utrecht University, the Netherlands), and Prof. R.Dietmar Müller (University of Sydney, Australia). In 2014 we have invited three additional scientists of international caliber to join CEED’s SAB: Prof. David Bercovici (Yale University, USA), A/Prof. Karin Sigloch (Oxford University, UK) and Prof. Mioara Mandea (CNES, France). This action was taken to diversify the SAB expertise (geodynamics-Prof. Bercovici, seismology-Prof. Sigloch and geophysics/satellite based spatial research- Mandea), to have more SAB members with European research expertise (Sigloch and Mandea), and to improve the gender balance in the SAB (now 3 out of 7 members are females). Before C. Gaina became CEED Director, Prof. R.D. Müller (Gaina’s PhD adviser) withdrew from CEED SAB at the advice of its Chair, Prof. R. van der Voo.

At the moment, CEED’s SAB is chaired by Prof. Emeritus R. van der Voo (University of Michigan, USA) and its members are: Prof. D. Bercovici (Yale University, USA), Prof. Emeritus S. Cloetingh (Utrecht University, the Netherlands), Prof. L. Elkins- Tanton (University of Arizona, USA), Prof. M. Gurnis (Caltech University, USA), Prof. M. Mandea (CNES, France) and A/Prof. K. Sigloch (Oxford University, UK).

The SAB meets once a year; four meeting were organized at CEED, Oslo, in May 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. At these annual meetings the SAB receives up- dates on CEED’s scientific activity from team leaders and other CEED members, and holds a meeting with CEED Directors for giving feedback and advices. More details about the outcome of these meetings are in the “Self-evaluation report from the centre director” document.

8 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 9 Research groups with research leaders (PIs), researchers and fellowships

Research Team Deep Earth: Management, Administrative and Technical staff Research Team Earth Crisis: 1 Reidar G. Trønnes (Professor 75%, Team Leader) 1 Carmen Gaina (Director) 1 Henrik Svensen (Researcher, Team Leader) 2 Valerie Maupin (Professor) 2 Trond H. Torsvik (Assistant Director) 2 Anne Hope Jahren (Wilson Professor) 3 Chris E. Mohn (Researcher) 3 Trine-Lise K. Gørbitz (Administrative Leader) 3 Frode Stordal (Professor 20 %) 4 Bernhard Steinberger (Adjunct Researcher) 4 Adriano Mazzini (Researcher) 4 Anita Sørlie (Administrative staff member) 1 2 3 4 5 5 Wim Spakman (Adjunct Professor) 5 Anniken R. Birkelund (Administrative Coordinator, DEEP Research School) 5 Wolfram Kürschner (Professor 30 %) 6 Marzena A. Baron (PhD student) 6 Petter Silkoset (Research Technician, National Geomagnetic Laboratory) 6 Dougal Jerram (Adjunct Researcher) 7 William Hagopian (Research Technician) 7 Else Ragnhild Neumann (Professor Emerita) 8 Sverre Planke (Adjunct Professor) Note: x%, means x% of the time affiliated with CEED, according to the contract with NRC 1 9 Alexander Polozov (Adjunct Researcher) 10 Morgan Jones (Researcher) 6 7 8 9 10 11 Marine Collignon (Postdoc) 12 Lars Eivind Augland (Postdoc) 13 Mohammad J. Fallahi (Postdoc) 14 Sara Callegaro (Postdoc) 15 Thea H. Heimdal (PhD student) 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 Alexandra Zaputlyaeva (PhD student) 17 Karyono (PhD student, Indonesia) 11 12 13 14 15 18 Alwi Husein (PhD student, Indonesia)

Research Team 3 4 Dynamic Earth: Research Team Earth and Beyond: 1 Trond. H. Torsvik 1 Stephanie Werner (Associate Professor, Team Leader) (Professor, Team Leader) 2 Henning Dypvik (Professor 30 %) 1 1 2 3 16 17 18 3 Tobias Rolf (Postdoc) 4 Aswin Sekhar (Postdoc) Working Group 5 Jean-Christophe Viennet (Postdoc) 6 Benjamin Bultel (Postdoc) 5 6 Oceanic Basins and Climate Changes: 7 Nils Prieur (PhD student) 1 Carmen Gaina (Professor, Working Group Leader) 8 Sruthi Uppalapati (PhD student) 2 Judy Hannah (Researcher 50 %) 4 5 6 9 Vera Fernandes (Research Associate) 3 Holly Stein (Researcher 50 %) 10 Zhiyong Xiao (Research Associate) 4 Grace Shephard (Postdoc) 1 2 3 4 5 Valentina Magni (Postdoc) 6 Kerim Niscancioglu (Adjunct Professor) 7 Juan Carlos Afonso (Adjunct Professor) 8 Joost M. van den Broek (PhD student) 1 2 9 Eivind Straume (PhD student) 7 8 9 10 Svet Georgiev (Research Associate) 5 6 7 8 9 10

Working Group Integrated Basin and Lithospheric Studies: 3 4 1 Jan Inge Faleide (Professor 30 %, Working Group Leader) 10 Research Team Earth Modelling: 2 M. Mansour Abdelmalak (Researcher) 1 Clint Conrad (Professor, Team Leader) 3 Asbjørn Breivik (Associate Professor) 2 Abigail Bull-Aller (Researcher) 4 Alexander Minakov (Postdoc) 3 Fabio Crameri (Postdoc) 5 Sergei Medvedev (Researcher) 4 Björn H. Heyn (PhD student) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexey Shulgin (Postdoc) 5 Robin Watson (Research Associate) 7 Leanne Cowie (Postdoc) 5 6 8 Ebbe H. Hartz (Adjunct Researcher) 9 Johannes Schweitzer (Adjunct Researcher) 10 Pingchuan Tan (PhD student) Research Team Earth Laboratory 1 Pavel Doubrovine (Researcher, Team Leader) 2 Mathew Domeier (Researcher) Working Group 3 Evgeniy Kulakov (Postdoc) 7 8 1 2 3 Margins and orogeny: 4 Erik Halvorsen (Research Associate) 1 2 3 4 1 Torgeir B. Andersen (Professor 75%, Working Group Leader) 2 Fernando Corfu (Professor 20 %) 3 Roy Gabrielsen (Professor 30 %) 4 Susanne Buiter (Adjunct Researcher) 5 Johannes Jakob (Postdoc) 9 10 6 Hans Jørgen Kjøll (PhD student) 4 5 6

10 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 11 Short descriptions of CEED research groups Short descriptions of CEED Research Groups

Earth Crises’ mission is to explore and oceanic slabs and as potential mantle to all researchers at CEED, our partner test the scientific breakthroughs and plume generators are key research institutions, and nationally. This group ideas developed by CEED scientists targets in this group. We also pursue focuses its research on generating and others in the past decade about the structure and evolution of mantle high-quality paleomagnetic data and environmental effects of Large Igneous flow by convection modelling and ge- using these data for reconstructing Provinces (LIPs), and to bridge the gap ochemical fingerprinting of oceanic Earth’s palaeogeography. between the geological processes basalts. The phase relations and min- (mantle and lithosphere) and environ- eral physics of the D” layer minerals Dynamic Earth is studying Earth’s mental perturbations. We will focus on are key issues being investigated and lithosphere and its interactions developing and testing new hypothe- melting experiments on mantle rocks through time with the mantle, the ses on how volcanic processes may that provide constraints on deep oceans and the atmosphere through have caused global stratigraphic Hadean melting and crystallization the Wilson cycle by combining nu- boundary events. and the origin and nature of LLSVPs. merous geological and geophysical data. Key topics studied in this team Earth and Beyond studies similarities The Earth Laboratory team is respon- are: the evolution and dynamics of and differences between Earth and sible for running and maintaining the continental and oceanic lithosphere other terrestrial planets, and notably Ivar Giæver Geomagnetic Laboratory, and links with upper and lower mantle why Earth is the only planet with a Norwegian national research infra- and plume dynamics; connections plate tectonics. One of the tools we use structure for palaeomagnetism and between slab subduction, collision, to determine planetary surface ages is rock magnetism, and is committed to glaciation and palaeotopography; based on cratering statistics. Linking providing state-of-the-art laboratory and links between Wilson cycles, the surface evolution to interior condi- facilities and scientific expertise in the True Polar Wander and long-term tions and processes (volcanism and fields of palaeo- and rock magnetism climate trends. tectonics) tells how and when the planet was still active.

Earth Modelling aims to decipher the relationship between the evolution of the mantle and historical plate tectonics. The interdisciplinary nature of CEED provides an ideal research environment for multi-system numerical models. Using inputs from a great diversity of disciplines, including geology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, palaeoclimatology, palaeontology, tectonics, palaeomagnetism, geodynamics, seismology, mineral physics, planetology and atmospheric sciences, CEED researchers are performing numerical models which enable analysis and interpretation of biological, geological, climate, geographical and dynamical data in time and space.

Deep Earth group studies mineralogy, material properties and dynamics of the lowermost mantle near the core- mantle boundary (CMB). The two antipodal large, low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) at CMB and their role in interacting with subducted

12 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 13 Researcher training – PhD in the centre including a list of PhD dissertations so far (+ gender), postdoc training, courses Researcher training

CEED Researcher training coordinate courses on specific common University of Bergen (http://www.uib. working on predefined projects won academic themes for PhD students no/en/rs chess#). CHESS aims to train their own grants: two RCN Young 2013-2017 enrolled at Norwegian universities. a new generation of researchers that Researcher Talent grants (YFF), one The Norwegian Research School DEEP- have strong in-depth knowledge in VISTA postdoctoral grant, and one PhD researcher training Dynamics and Evolution of the Earth their specific parts of the climate sys- RCN postdoctoral mobility grant. CEED Currently, 13 (4 female) PhD students and Planets- focuses on four overarch- tem, but at the same time are equipped Founding director, T.H. Torsvik, has are employed at the Centre for Earth ing themes: (1) Planetary physics and with a broader knowledge to compre- overseen the RCN and ERC application Evolution and Dynamics. The Faculty global tectonics, (2) Planetary interior: hend the overall picture in the coupled process and advised all applicants of Mathematics and Natural Sciences materials, structure and dynamics, (3) Earth System. At the moment, two during the proposal writing. MatNat (MatNat) has an in-kind contribution Solid Earth: composition and evolution, CEED PhD students and their super– at UiO is also offering special support to centers of excellence providing 3 (4) Solid Earth - Fluid Earth interac- visors (including co-supervisors from to all ERC and YFF applicants. KD (financed by the ministry of tions. According to these themes, new Bergen University) are CHESS members education) PhD positions at a given PhD courses were established at UiO, and participate in CHESS activities. Based on Scopus search (“Earth AND time. Three KD PhD candidates were each worth 5 ECTS (credit) points. Evolution AND Dynamics AND Oslo), recruited in 2013. One of these candi- Norwegian doctoral training includes CEED as partner in European Training there are 191 peer-reviewed papers dates defended his PhD thesis in compulsory course work qualifying for Networks (ETNs) published by researchers affiliated November 2016, and continues to 30 ECTS points, and normal, semes- CEED is a beneficiary in the SUBITOP with CEED (as of Feb. 2017). Of these, work at CEED as a RCN project post- ter-long courses are usually 10 ECTS. ETN (Understanding subduction zone 23 are led by postdoctoral researches, doctoral researcher. Counting all PhD Therefore, the availability of DEEP topography through modelling of 2 by PhD students, and 2 by master students affiliated with the centre intensive (1 week long) courses on coupled shallow and deep processes, students. In addition, postdoctoral re- (as of Dec. 2016), 5 PhD candidates highly specialised topics gives PhD 2016-2019) led by GFZ (Germany) searchers contributed to 13 papers, for (2 females) started only in 2016. Out students more flexibility and greater - a framework for training and career which they are not first authors, and of all PhD candidates who started at efficiency in completing their study development of 15 Early Stage Re- one PhD student contributed to one CEED from 2013, four left without programs. Besides these intensive searchers (ESR) in Geodynamics, Geo- paper where the lead author is a post- finishing the course of their PhD courses, DEEP organises topical work- physics, Geology and Geomorphology. doctoral researcher. The Centre ac- studies, and are now employed in shops and soft-skills courses. They SUBITOP ETN has a scientific focus on tively supports the research of the non-academic permanent positions include special training in outreach the dynamics of continental margins young researchers, who need to build (one of them has been hired as an activities, and presentation and writ- where tectonic plates are recycled their own independent career for fu- engineer and technical assistant for ing skills. Open to the more experi- through subduction. CEED is training ture grants and employment options. the Earth Laboratory group). enced members of the school, DEEP 1 SUBITOP ESR towards a PhD degree. provides training in supervision skills At CEED we also encourage early ca- List of PhD dissertations: for young researcher (postdocs). To Training of postdoctoral reer researchers to participate in the Johannes Jakob (male, defence date: encourage student mobility, the school researchers supervision of master and PhD stu- Nov. 11, 2016) Title: Geodynamic Sig- offers students travel stipends for 26 (8 female) postdoctoral researchers dents. A very good example is shown nificance of Regional Mélange Units shorter research visits and specialized have been employed by CEED since by the Master project of Ms. Eva Fritzell at Divergent and Convergent Plate courses at laboratories or facilities of 2013, of which 7 (3 female) started in who was supervised by two early Margins — Case Studies from the the national and international part- 2016. There are two categories of career researchers: Abigail Bull-Aller Scandinavian Caledonides and the ners of the school. PhD mobility mi- postdoctoral researchers – one group (Earth Modelling group) and Grace North American Cordillera. ni-grants allow the access to knowl- is formed from postdocs hired for Shephard (Dynamic Earth group). edge, lab facilities and instruments predefined projects, and the other The results from this thesis are pub- National Research School –DEEP (2016- that are not available in Oslo or in includes postdocs who defined their lished in Fritzell, E. H., A. L. Bull, and 2024) awarded to CEED and partners Norway, at large. DEEP collaborates own projects. From the latter group, G. E. Shephard (2016), Closure of the in 2015 with 11 international Universities and 5 young researchers were hired by Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean: Insights from A consortium of the four leading Institutes. CEED in 2016 according to their seismic tomography and numerical Norwegian universities headed by excellence in research and their own modelling, Earth and Planetary CEED members (Werner, Trønnes and CEED as a partner in National Research project topics. All early career re- Science Letters. Gaina) won the RCN grant to establish School –CHESS (2016-2024) hosted by searchers are encouraged and sup- a national research school (NRS) active the University of Bergen ported to apply for RCN, ERC or other for a period of eight years (2016-2024) CEED is a national partner in the CHESS research grants that will give them at CEED under the directorship of A/ (Changing Climates in the Coupled more scientific independence and Prof. S. Werner. Norwegian research Earth System) Research School hosted further their career paths. Since 2013, schools are meant to establish and by the Geophysical Institute at the four young researchers who were

14 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 15 Research collaboration across research groups in the centre – scientific results of collaborations in the centre and collaborative projects Research collaboration across research groups in the centre

EXAMPLE 1. EXAMPLE 2.

The Earth Laboratory team is respon- reconstructions in the mantle reference An important objective for CEED is to 2016, GRL). The development of Earth sible for running and maintaining the frame through the analysis of true polar understand how the structure and reference frames and models for true Ivar Giæver Geomagnetic Laboratory, wander (e.g., Doubrovine et al., 2012). dynamics of the mantle modulate the polar wander is also central in these a Norwegian national research infra- The examples of collaboration between heat flow from the deep interior and studies. structure for palaeomagnetism and the Earth Laboratory and Dynamic Earth thereby evolution of the Earth. Our current rock magnetism, and is committed to groups include the development of the working hypothesis is that the degree-2 The recently started PhD project of providing state-of-the-art laboratory first continuously-closing plate polygon pattern of ascending flow above the Björn Heyn, supervised by Clint Conrad facilities and scientific expertise in the model for the late Palaeozoic (Domeier Large Low Shear wave Velocity Provinces and Abigail Bull (Earth modelling group) fields of palaeo- and rock magnetism & Torsvik, 2014), a plate tectonic model (LLSVPs) in the D” zone and the descend- and Reidar Trønnes (Deep Earth group) to all re–searchers at CEED, our partner for the evolution of the Iapetus and Rheic ing counterflow in the longitudinal high- will focus on the lateral flow in a low- institutions, and nationally. This group oceans in the early Palaeozoic (Domeier, velocity belt through the Arctic, Asia, viscosity D”-zone and the steady-state focuses its research on generating 2015), and a paleomagnetic study of Australia, Antarctica and the Americas and pervasive flow ascending above high-quality paleomagnetic data and Neoproterozoic sediments in northeast have been operative throughout the the LLSVP interiors and the episodic and using these data for reconstructing Svalbard to investigate a hypothesis Phanerozoic and possibly since the localised flow above the LLSVP margins. Earth’s palaeogeography. In that regard, regarding a true polar wander event in Hadean (e.g. Torsvik et al. 2014, PNAS; In these convection models we will try to the group most actively collaborates the Neoproterozic and to further refine Torsvik et al. 2016, CJES). The Deep incorporate the mineral physics proper- with the Dynamic Earth group by the age of deposition of the sediments Earth materials group investigates the ties of the commonly expected materials, providing data and models for paleogeo- (PhD project in progress, Kjøll). The group origin, composition and physical proper- i.e. LLSVPs with a stable and isolated graphic reconstructions of continents is currently involved in a collaborative ties of candidate materials of the LLSVPs lower layer of Fe-rich bridgmanite-domi- and smaller tectonic blocks. Subse- project aimed at building a complete and Ultra-Low Velocity Zones (ULVZs), nated late-stage magma ocean cumulates quently, global and regional, full plate- plate tectonic model for the entire past as well as the properties of the ambient (perhaps only about 100 km thick) with polygon models for the evolution of the 600 Myr of the Earth history; this is an mantle and recycled oceanic crust (ROC) overlying unstable accumulations of Earth’s lithosphere are constructed by YFF (Young Talents) RCN project led by (e.g. Baron et al. 2017, EPSL, in review; ROC, that may partly become entrained scientists from both groups through a M. Domeier. The integrated plate tectonic Mohn and Trønnes 2016, EPSL). Members in the rising flow. Modeling the formation comprehensive integration of palaeo- models can be further used for testing the of the Earth Modelling, Dynamic Earth, and rise of large mantle plumes from the geographic and tectonic data, including links between the surface tectonics and Earth Laboratory and Deep Earth D” zone is also an important objective of palaeomagnetic, palaeobiologic, deep mantle processes (e.g. Torsvik et al., dynamics groups study the lower mantle these investigations. structural, stratigraphic, petrologic, 2014; Doubrovine et al., 2016; Domeier et flow by a combination of convection geochemical and geochronological al., 2016) and serve as input for numerical modelling, analysis of seismic tomography data (e.g., Domeier & Torsvik, 2014; models of mantle convection (e.g., Bull data and Phanerozoic plate movement Domeier, 2015). et al., 2014) – thus linking the research reconstructions (e.g. Conrad et al. 2013, activities of the Earth Laboratory team Nature; Bull et al. 2014, EPSL; Torsvik et A particular emphasis is given to linking with those spearheaded by the Earth al. 2014, PNAS; Fritzell et al. 2016, EPSL; the paleogeography with absolute plate Modelling and Deep Earth groups. Shepard et al. 2016, GRL; Domeier et al.

Figure 1. DEEP’s first course: Earth and Planetary Materials and Dynamics - April 2016.

16 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 17 Research collaboration across research groups in the centre – scientific results of collaborations in the centre and collaborative projects Research collaboration across research groups in the centre

EXAMPLE 3. EXAMPLE 4.

One of the recently started PhD projects involves the cooling of a planet by merging The Earth Crises team is interested in Geochemical analyses indicate that surface remote sensing data documenting tectonic and volcanic processes, with numerical episodes of Earth history when there basal ash layers bear a close chemical modelling of the planets interior. Planet Earth is the test site for links between interior were significant and rapid changes to the affinity to another volcanic suite (Kap and surface processes, and establishing parameters for the numerical models. Initial ocean-atmosphere system. The principal Washington Group) in north Greenland, parameters for other planets, e.g. Venus, are derived in analogy from Earth. The analogy aim is to identify possible drivers of rapid whilst later ashes have been source from between Earth and other planets helps to build stronger links between the Earth climate change, including the emplace- rift volcanism in the Nares Strait between Modelling and the Earth and Beyond groups. ment of large igneous provinces and/or Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Radio- changes in plate tectonic regimes. In this genic isotope dating constrains the first framework, volcanic activity is of particular deposition in the basin to ~61.76 Ma, interest to the Dynamic Earth team, as providing a precise time that the foreland regionally distributed volcanic ash layers basin began developing in earnest. This can act as marker horizons in sedimenta- also constrains the timing of a change in ry sequences, allowing for correlations plate motions that instigated compression between basin-scale development and between Greenland and Svalbard, likely regional tectonics. To this end, Grace to be due to the acceleration of seafloor Shephard (postdoctoral researcher, VISTA spreading in the Labrador Sea and/or the fellow), Lars Augland (postdoctoral arrival of the North Atlantic Igneous researcher), and Morgan Jones (YFF Province plume head beneath eastern Young Research Talent from RCN) have Greenland. In addition to on-going work, joined forces to investigate a series of publications resulting from this collabora- developments that preceded the opening tion were published in the Journal of of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Volcanology and Geothermal Research in 2016 (Jones et al, 2016); the geo- The Central Basin in southern Svalbard chronological work is being prepared for formed as a strike-slip foreland basin resubmission to Nature: Scientific Reports during the Palaeogene, adjacent to the after revision (Jones et al., in review*). West Spitsbergen fold-and-thrust belt. The creation of this basin is inherently *Jones, M.T., Augland, L.E., Eliassen, G.T., linked to the changes in the relative plate Burgess, S.D., Shephard, G.E., Jochmann, motions of North America, Greenland, M., Friis, B., Jerram, D.A., Planke, S., Svensen, and Eurasia, driven in part by the H.H. (2017). Constraining major shifts in North propagation of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic plate motions during the Palaeocene Labrador and Norwegian-Greenland by U-Pb dating of Svalbard tephra layers. Seas. The Palaeocene and Eocene are Nature: Scientific Reports, in review. of general interest due to numerous climatic and environmental changes that occurred, however, the exact timings of certain key events are poorly refined. An improved chronostratigraphy, via chemical fingerprinting and high precision U-Pb radioisotopic dating, of the formation and evolution of the Central Basin, can therefore be used to improve the regional geochronology and link far-field and basic-scale processes. Throughout the strata are prominent bentonite clay horizons of volcanic origin.

18 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 19 International collaboration – scientific results of collaboration, co-authorship International collaboration

CEED has a truly international collabo- in 2016, and together with international SUBITOP is coordinated by Deutsches ration profile which has resulted in partners (US, UK, Germany, the Nether- GeoforschungsZentrum (GFZ, Germany), authored or co-authored papers with lands, South Africa and Australia) this and the principal investigator at CEED is ~110 scientists from 39 different countries venture resulted in a first-order under- Carmen Gaina. Extensive and targeted (103 institutions/companies). US, UK standing of how plate tectonics and collaboration with other universities/ and German scientists top the interna- mantle plumes interact. Another inter- research institutions and international tional publication document list – but in national project LUSI LAB (ERC Starting centres of excellence include Earth-Life addition to joint publications – interna- Grant, Mazzini) focuses on understand- Science Institute (ELSI, Tokyo Institute tional collaboration have included joint ing the plumbing system and the origin of Technology, Japan), Centre for Earth field-operations in Indonesia, Svalbard, of the spectacular LUSI mud eruption in System Petrology (Aarhus University, Denmark, North America, Canada, North-East Java. Denmark), University of Utrecht Russia, South Africa, Australia, Morocco, (Netherlands), GFZ (Germany), and the Mauritius, and cruises in the Indian In 2014 CEED won an EU H2020-COMPET Universities of Witwatersrand (South Ocean and the Barents Sea (seismic and grant Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Africa), Bristol (UK), California, Sentra potential field data). Visiting exchanges Library (PTAL) a consortium project for Barbara (US) and Alberta (Canada). and workshops (e.g. the 13th International 5 years coordinated by CEED (Werner). Workshop on Modelling of Mantle and Lith- International consortium members osphere Dynamics with 96 participants) include the Universities of Paris-Sud for both senior scientists and students (France) and Valladolid (Spain). PTAL have been extensive: Collaborators have aims to build and exploit a spectral li- used CEED laboratory facilities (Palaeo- brary with commercial and dedicated magnetic & U/Pb laboratories) whilst space instruments for the characterisa- CEED students have been granted access tion of the mineralogical and geological to experimental facilities in the UK evolution of terrestrial planets and (Bristol), Germany (Bayreuth) and small Solar System bodies. Another France (Strasbourg, Paris). example of international activity is SUBITOP (Understanding subduction Practically all CEED scientists and zone topography through modelling of PhD students are, to variable degrees, coupled shallow and deep processes), exposed to international collaboration, which is a European Training Network either funded directly by CEED or by project. The network provides a frame- other external funds. The project “Be- work for training and career develop- yond Plate Tectonics” funded by an ERC ment of young researchers from ten Advanced Grant (Torsvik) was completed different European institutions.

20 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 21 Dissemination and communication Dissemination and communication

Outreach and popular science is prioritized at CEED as the third pillar of academia Books 5. Kjøll, H.J. (2016) Dette er de fem – in addition to research and teaching. Our outreach includes interactions with 1. Kristiansen, J.R; Evans, A.K.D.; vakreste bergartene. Titan Magazine national and international journalists and media following the publication of high Svensen, H; Samset, B.H; Byhring, (online magazine published by UiO). impact papers, lectures, being expert commentators in radio and TV on topics of H.S. (red) Stjerneklart – siste nytt societal interest, and producing a steady flow of our own writing in newspapers fra verdensrommet. Spartacus 2015 6. Svensen, H.H. Grønne grunnstoffer. and books. (ISBN 9788243009738) 193 s. (popular Morgenbladet (science writing column science book) in national newspaper). We discuss science with children on science fairs, publish popular science books, talk about natural phenomena – like earthquakes - on the most popular teenage radio 2. Svensen, H.H. (2014) KIHEUb CBITY channel in Norway, publish papers that make it to top two on worldwide news channels bANEbKO. Ukraine: Calvaria pub- Public talks (BBC and CNN), and talk about shale fracking with members of the National Academy lishing house 2014. (Ukraine edition 1. Andersen, T.B. (2016) Risk and man- of Science and Letters in Oslo. We have made hundreds of contributions over the last of a popular science book on natural agement of earthquakes, event at the few years, sharing our ideas and knowledge and interact with society. We communicate disasters) Italian Embassy in Oslo, 13 December. on Facebook, on Twitter, on Wikipedia, we have our own blog – and contribute regularly as columnists to Morgenbladet (Norway) and Huffington Post. 3. Jerram, D. (2015) Victor the Volcano. 2. Jahren, A. Hope (2016) 30 Things Rudling House, UK. That Everyone Should Know About To give you a flavor of what we do at CEED, have a look at the following selected cases. Global Change. The Wilson Lecture for 2016 at UiO. Lectures about outreach 1. Svensen, H.H. (2015) Åtte teser for 3. Svensen, H.H. (2015) Anthropocene, Radio: Expert commentators in national forskningsformidling. Talk at an or the age of man. Ultimafestivalen 1. Svensen, H.H. (2015). Menneskets and international science media outreach seminar at Høgskolen i (talk at a contemporary music festi- tidsalder. Norgesglasset NRK P1, 1. Sekhar A., 'Rare Cosmic Balancing Østfold, Fredrikstad. 08.10.2015. val in Oslo). 27 May (interview). Act makes Perseid meteor showers brighter' featured in New Scientist 2. Svensen, H.H. (2015) Communicating 2. Svensen, H.H. (2014) NRK P2 Ekko. Magazine 26 May 2016 issue science. PhD/Postdoc Day at CEES/ Our Facebook and Twitter profiles De store masseutryddelsene. Del 1: (https://www.newscientist.com/ UiO, the Norwegian Academy of Facebook (total of about 300 followers): Ordovicium. 2014-10-15. (interview) article/2090465-rare-cosmic-balanc- Science and Letters. @centreforearthevolutionanddynamics ing-act-makes-perseid-meteor- and @researchDEEP 3. Kjøll, H.J. (2016) Hallo P3 with Hans showers-brighter/) Jørgen Kjøll. Interview about earth- Popular science writing Twitter (total of about 700 followers): quakes. 2. Svensen, H,H. How long will life 1. Torsvik, T.H, Trønnes, R.G. (2015) @CEEDOslo and @ResearchDEEP survive on planet Earth? BBC, Deeply buried continental crust un- 23.03.2015 (interview). der Iceland. Forskning.no (popular TV: science article based on own paper). 1. Torsvik, T. (2016) Minds of the Universe, http://www.themindofthe- Coverage of our research 2. Planke, S. (2016) Blandt glødende universe.nl/ (feature/series) (interviews) lava og giftige gasser. GEO magazine 1. Titan Magazine: Drømmer om å av- (story based on a CEED expedition 2. Mazzini, A., (2015) The Lusi volcano. sløre hvordan jorda henger sammen. to East Russia. Rai News Interview, TG Leonardo, Interview with Trond Torsvik, 6 April. (interview) 20th April 2016. 3. Svensen, H.H. (2016) Vulkanutbrud- dene som endret alt. May 2016, 3. Svensen, H.H. (2016) Fem tegn på at 2. Geoforskning.no: Gåten er fortsatt Aftenposten (popular science article vi har skapt en ny tidsalder. VGTV ikke løst. Based on interview with based on own scientific paper). (interview about the Anthropocene). Svensen and Planke. 4. Svensen, H.H. (2014) Frihet i antro- 4. Andersen, T.B. (2016) Amatrice 3. Aftenposten Junior: Trønnes, Reidar pocen. I: Ja, vi elsker frihet. Dreyer Earthquake in Italy 24. August 2016. G. 18.-24. Aug. 2015: 10 spørsmål og Forlag A/S. (essay in the University Comments and explanations on svar om vulkaner. of Oslo 200 year anniversary Figure 2. Elementary school children learning about Earth and planets at National TV2 News channel. anthology). CEED booth, Science Fair, September 2016, Oslo

22 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 23 Publication list Publication list

5. Ashwal, L. D., M. Wiedenbeck, and T. H. Torsvik (2017), Archaean zircons in Peer Peer Miocene oceanic hotspot rocks establish ancient continental crust beneath Reviewed- Reviewed- Conference Mauritius, Nature Communications, 8. Journals Book Chapters Books Abstracts 6. Brasser, R., S. Matsumura, S. Ida, S. J. Mojzsis, and S. C. Werner (2016a), 2013 37 2 160 ANALYSIS Of TERRESTRIAL PLANET FORMATION By The GRAND TACK MODEL: SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE And TACK LOCATION, Astrophysical Journal, 821(2). 2014 72 4 148 7. Brasser, R., S. J. Mojzsis, S. C. Werner, S. Matsumura, and S. Ida (2016b), Late 2015 95 10 196 veneer and late accretion to the terrestrial planets, Earth and Planetary Science 2016 105 1 1 160 Letters, 455, 85-93. 2017 * to March 1st 22 30 8. Buiter, S. J. H., and T. H. Torsvik (2014), A review of Wilson Cycle plate margins: A role for mantle plumes in continental break-up along sutures?, Gondwana TOTAL 331 17 1 694 Research, 26(2), 627-653. *until 1 March 2017 9. Buiter, S. J. H., F. Funiciello, and J. Van Hunen (2013), Introduction to the special issue on “subduction zones”, Solid Earth, 4(1), 129-133. 10. Buiter, S. J. H., et al. (2016), Benchmarking numerical models of brittle thrust The following list includes SCOPUS wedges, Journal of Structural Geology, 92, 140-177. publications with CEED affiliation 11. # Bull, A. L., M. Domeier, and T. H. Torsvik (2014), The effect of plate motion (note –not all publications by CEED history on the longevity of deep mantle heterogeneities, Earth and Planetary members have CEED as affiliation, Science Letters, 401, 172-182. especially personnel with part-time 12. Coakley, B., K. Brumley, N. Lebedeva-Ivanova, and D. Mosher (2016), Exploring association). the geology of the central Arctic Ocean; understanding the basin features in place and time, Journal of the Geological Society, 173(6), 967-987. 13. Conrad, C. P., B. Steinberger, and T. H. Torsvik (2013b), Stability of active mantle upwelling revealed by net characteristics of plate tectonics, Nature, 498(7455), 479-482. 14. Corfu, F., and T. B. Andersen (2016), Proterozoic magmatism in the southern Scandinavian Caledonides, with special reference to the occurrences in the Selected publications (CEED authors underlined) Eikefjord Nappe, GFF, 138(1), 102-114. (* indicates author list in alphabetical order; # - 1st author CEED Postdoctoral Fellow; ## 15. Corfu, F., T. B. Andersen, and D. Gasser (2014a), The Scandinavian Caledonides: - 1st author CEED PhD or Master student) Main features, conceptual advances and critical questions, in Geological Society Special Publication, edited, pp. 9-43. 16. Deseta, N., T. B. Andersen, and L. D. Ashwal (2014a), A weakening mechanism I. Peer-reviewed – Journals (120 out of 331) for intermediate-depth seismicity? Detailed petrographic and microtextural observations from blueschist facies pseudotachylytes, Cape Corse, Corsica, 1. # Abdelmalak, M. M., S. Planke, J. I. Faleide, D. A. Jerram, D. Zastrozhnov, Tectonophysics, 610, 138-149. S. Eide, and R. Myklebust (2016b), The development of volcanic sequences 17. Deseta, N., L. D. Ashwal, and T. B. Andersen (2014b), Initiating intermediate- at rifted margins: New insights from the structure and morphology of the depth earthquakes: Insights from a HP-LT ophiolite from Corsica, Lithos, Vøring Escarpment, mid-Norwegian Margin, Journal of Geophysical Research: 206-207(1), 127-146. Solid Earth, 121(7), 5212-5236. 18. # Domeier, M. (2016), A plate tectonic scenario for the Iapetus and Rheic 2. # Abdelmalak, M. M., T. B. Andersen, S. Planke, J. I. Faleide, F. Corfu, C. Tegner, oceans, Gondwana Research, 36, 275-295. G. E. Shephard, D. Zastrozhnov, and R. Myklebust (2015), The ocean-continent 19. # Domeier, M., and T. H. Torsvik (2014), Plate tectonics in the late Paleozoic, transition in the mid-norwegian margin: Insight from seismic data and an Geoscience Frontiers, 5(3), 303-350. onshore caledonian field analogue, Geology, 43(11), 1011-1014. 20. # Domeier, M., P. V. Doubrovine, T. H. Torsvik, W. Spakman, and A. L. Bull 3. # Abdelmalak, M. M., R. Meyer, S. Planke, c, J.I. Faleide, L. Gernigon, J. Frieling, (2016), Global correlation of lower mantle structure and past subduction, A. Sluijs, G.-J. Reichart, D. Zastrozhnov, S. Theissen-Krah, A. Said, R. Myklebust Geophysical Research Letters, 43(10), 4945-4953. (2016c), Pre-breakup magmatism on the Vøring Margin: Insight from new 21. Doubrovine, P. V., B. Steinberger, and T. H. Torsvik (2016), A failure to reject: sub-basalt imaging and results from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 642E, Testing the correlation between large igneous provinces and deep mantle struc- Tectonophysics, 675, 258-274. tures with EDF statistics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(3), 1130-1163. 4. Andrault, D., R. G. Trønnes, Z. Konôpková, W. Morgenroth, H. P. Liermann, 22. *Ehlmann, B. L., et al. (including S. Werner) (2016), The sustainability of hab- G. Morard, and M. Mezouar (2014), Phase diagram and P-V-T equation of itability on terrestrial planets: Insights, questions, and needed measurements state of Al-bearing seifertite at lowermost mantle conditions, American from Mars for understanding the evolution of Earth-like worlds, Journal of Mineralogist, 99(10), 2035-2042. Geophysical Research E: Planets, 121(10), 1927-1961.

24 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 25 Publication list Publication list

23. Font, E., T. Adatte, S. Planke, H. Svensen, and W. M. Kürschner (2016), Impact, 38. Hammer, Ø., S. Planke, A. Hafeez, B. O. Hjelstuen, J. I. Faleide, and F. Kvalø volcanism, global changes, and mass extinction, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclima- (2016), Agderia – A postglacial lost land in the southern Norwegian North tology, Palaeoecology, 441, 1-3. Sea, Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 96(1), 43-60. 24. Frieling, J., H. H. Svensen, S. Planke, M. J. Cramwinckel, H. Selnes, and A. 39. Hansen, L. N., C. P. Conrad, Y. Boneh, P. Skemer, J. M. Warren, and D. L. Kohl- Sluijs (2016), Thermogenic methane release as a cause for the long duration stedt (2016), Viscous anisotropy of textured olivine aggregates: 2. Microme- of the PETM, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United chanical model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(10), 7137-7160. States of America, 113(43), 12059-12064. 40. Hasenclever, J., S. Theissen-Krah, L. H. Rüpke, J. P. Morgan, K. Iyer, S. Petersen, 25. Fristad, K. E., H. H. Svensen, A. Polozov, and S. Planke (2017), Formation and and C. W. Devey (2014), Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal evolution of the end-Permian Oktyabrsk volcanic crater in the Tunguska Basin, circulation at fast-spreading ridges, Nature, 508(7497), 508-512. Eastern Siberia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 468, 76-87. 41. Jerram, D. A., H. H. Svensen, S. Planke, A. G. Polozov, and T. H. Torsvik 26. Fristad, K. E., N. Pedentchouk, M. Roscher, A. Polozov, and H. Svensen (2015), (2016a), The onset of flood volcanism in the north-western part of the Siberian An integrated carbon isotope record of an end-Permian crater lake above a Traps: Explosive volcanism versus effusive lava flows, Palaeogeography, Palae- phreatomagmatic pipe of the Siberian Traps, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, oclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 38-50. Palaeoecology, 428, 39-49. 42. Jerram, D. A., M. Widdowson, P. B. Wignall, Y. Sun, X. Lai, D. P. G. Bond, and 27. ##Fritzell, E. H., A. L. Bull, and G. E. Shephard (2016), Closure of the Mongol- T. H. Torsvik (2016b), Submarine palaeoenvironments during Emeishan flood Okhotsk Ocean: Insights from seismic tomography and numerical modelling, basalt volcanism, SW China: Implications for plume-lithosphere interaction Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 445, 1-12. during the Capitanian, Middle Permian (‘end Guadalupian’) extinction event, 28. Gaina, C., D. J. J. Van Hinsbergen, and W. Spakman (2015), Tectonic interactions Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 65-73. between India and Arabia since the Jurassic reconstructed from marine geo- 43. # Jones, M. T., D. A. Jerram, H. H. Svensen, and C. Grove (2016a), The effects physics, ophiolite geology, and seismic tomography, Tectonics, 34(5), 875-906. of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles, Palaeo- 29. Gaina, C., S. Medvedev, T. H. Torsvik, I. Koulakov, and S. C. Werner (2014), geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 4-21. 4D Arctic: A Glimpse into the Structure and Evolution of the Arctic in the 44. # Jones, M. T., S. R. Gislason, K. W. Burton, C. R. Pearce, V. Mavromatis, P. A. Light of New Geophysical Maps, Plate Tectonics and Tomographic Models, E. Pogge von Strandmann, and E. H. Oelkers (2014), Quantifying the impact Surveys in Geophysics, 35(5), 1095-1122. of riverine particulate dissolution in seawater on ocean chemistry, Earth and 30. Gaina, C., T. H. Torsvik, D. J. J. van Hinsbergen, S. Medvedev, S. C. Werner, Planetary Science Letters, 395, 91-100. and C. Labails (2013), The African plate: A history of oceanic crust accretion 45. # Jones, M. T., I. M. Gałeczka, A. Gkritzalis-Papadopoulos, M. R. Palmer, M. C. and subduction since the Jurassic, Tectonophysics, 604, 4-25. Mowlem, K. Vogfjör, T. Jónsson, and S. R. Gislason (2015), Monitoring of 31. Gassmöller, R., J. Dannberg, E. Bredow, B. Steinberger, and T. H. Torsvik jökulhlaups and element fluxes in proglacial Icelandic rivers using osmotic (2016), Major influence of plume-ridge interaction, lithosphere thickness samplers, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 291, 112-124. variations, and global mantle flow on hotspot volcanism - The example of 46. # Jones, M. T., G. T. Eliassen, G. E. Shephard, H. H. Svensen, M. Jochmann, Tristan, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(4), 1454-1479. B. Friis, L. E. Augland, D. A. Jerram, and S. Planke (2016b), Provenance of 32. Georgiev, S. V., H. J. Stein, J. L. Hannah, C. M. Henderson, and T. J. Algeo bentonite layers in the Palaeocene strata of the Central Basin, Svalbard: (2015a), Enhanced recycling of organic matter and Os-isotopic evidence for implications for magmatism and rifting events around the onset of the North multiple magmatic or meteoritic inputs to the Late Permian Panthalassic Atlantic Igneous Province, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 327, Ocean, Opal Creek, Canada, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 150, 192-210. 571-584. 33. Georgiev, S. V., T. J. Horner, H. J. Stein, J. L. Hannah, B. Bingen, and M. Reh- 47. # Karyono, K., A. Obermann, M. Lupi, M. Masturyono, S. Hadi, I. Syafri, A. kämper (2015b), Cadmium-isotopic evidence for increasing primary produc- Abdurrokhim, and A. Mazzini (2017), Lusi, a clastic-dominated geysering tivity during the Late Permian anoxic event, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, system in Indonesia recently explored by surface and subsurface observa- 410, 84-96. tions, Terra Nova, 29(1), 13-19. 34. Georgiev, S. V., H. J. Stein, J. L. Hannah, G. Xu, B. Bingen, and H. M. Weiss 48. Kürschner, W. M., L. Mander, and J. C. McElwain (2014), A gymnosperm affinity (2017), Timing, duration, and causes for Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous anoxia for Ricciisporites tuberculatus Lundblad: Implications for vegetation and in the Barents Sea, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 461, 151-162. environmental reconstructions in the Late Triassic, Palaeobiodiversity and 35. Georgiev, S. V., H. J. Stein, J. L. Hannah, R. Galimberti, M. Nali, G. Yang, and Palaeoenvironments, 94(2), 295-305. A. Zimmerman (2016), Re-Os dating of maltenes and asphaltenes within single 49. Lowry, D. P., C. J. Poulsen, D. E. Horton, T. H. Torsvik, and D. Pollard (2014), samples of crude oil, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 179, 53-75. Thresholds for Paleozoic ice sheet initiation, Geology, 42(7), 627-630. 36. Hall, R., and W. Spakman (2015), Mantle structure and tectonic history of SE 50. Markey, R., H. J. Stein, J. L. Hannah, S. V. Georgiev, J. H. Pedersen, and C. E. Asia, Tectonophysics, 658, 14-45. Dons (2017), Re-Os identification of glide faulting and precise ages for corre- 37. Hammer, Ø., and H. H. Svensen (2017), Biostratigraphy and carbon and nitrogen lation from the Upper Jurassic Hekkingen Formation, southwestern Barents geochemistry of the SPICE event in Cambrian low-grade metamorphic black Sea, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 466, 209-220. shale, Southern Norway, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 51. Mazzini, A., H. H. Svensen, S. Planke, C. F. Forsberg, and T. I. Tjelta (2016), 468, 216-227. Pockmarks and methanogenic carbonates above the giant Troll gas field in the Norwegian North Sea, Marine Geology, 373, 26-38.

26 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 27 Publication list Publication list

52. Medvedev, S. (2016), Understanding lithospheric stresses: Systematic analysis 68. Polozov, A. G., H. H. Svensen, S. Planke, S. N. Grishina, K. E. Fristad, and of controlling mechanisms with applications to the African Plate, Geophysical D. A. Jerram (2016), The basalt pipes of the Tunguska Basin (Siberia, Russia): Journal International, 207(1), 393-413. High temperature processes and volatile degassing into the end-Permian 53. Medvedev, S., and E. H. Hartz (2015), Evolution of topography of post-Devonian atmosphere, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 51-64. Scandinavia: Effects and rates of erosion, Geomorphology, 231, 229-245. 69. Polteau, S., B. W. H. Hendriks, S. Planke, M. Ganerød, F. Corfu, J. I. Faleide, 54. Midtkandal, I., H. Svensen, S. Planke, F. Corfu, S. Polteau, T. H. Torsvik, J. I. I. Midtkandal, H. S. Svensen, and R. Myklebust (2016), The Early Cretaceous Faleide, S.-A. Grundvåg, H. Selnes, W. Kürschner, S. Olaussen (2016), The Aptian Barents Sea Sill Complex: Distribution, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and (Early Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event (OAE1a) in Svalbard, Barents Sea, implications for carbon gas formation, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and the absolute age of the Barremian-Aptian boundary, Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, 441, 83-95. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 463, 126-135. 70. Quantin, C., O. Popova, W. K. Hartmann, and S. C. Werner (2016), Young 55. Mohn, C. E., Kob, Walter (2015) Predicting complex mineral structures using Martian crater Gratteri and its secondary craters, Journal of Geophysical Re- genetic algorithms. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 27, 425201, 1-7. search: Planets, 121(7), 1118-1140. 56. Mohn, C. E., and R. G. Trønnes (2016), Iron spin state and site distribution in 71. *Rauer, H., et al. (including S. Werner) (2014), The PLATO 2.0 mission, Experi- FeAlO3-bearing bridgmanite, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 440, 178-186. mental Astronomy, 38(1-2), 249-330. 57. Mueller, S., H. Veld, J. Nagy, and W. M. Kürschner (2014), Depositional history 72. Rawlinson, N., and W. Spakman (2016), On the use of sensitivity tests in seismic of the upper triassic kapp toscana group on svalbard, Norway, inferred from tomography, Geophysical Journal International, 205(2), 1221-1243. palynofacies analysis and organic geochemistry, Sedimentary Geology, 310, 73. Rogozhina, I., A. G. Petrunin, A. P. M. Vaughan, B. Steinberger, J. V. Johnson, 16-29. M. K. Kaban, R. Calov, F. Rickers, M. Thomas, and I. Koulakov (2016), Melting 58. Müller, R. D., A. Dutkiewicz, M. Seton, and C. Gaina (2013), Seawater chemistry at the base of the Greenland ice sheet explained by Iceland hotspot history, driven by supercontinent assembly, breakup, and dispersal, Geology, 41(8), Nature Geoscience, 9(5), 366-369. 907-910. 74. # Rolf, T., N. Coltice, and P. J. Tackley (2014), Statistical cyclicity of the super- 59. Mulyukova, E., B. Steinberger, M. Dabrowski, and S. V. Sobolev (2015), Survival continent cycle, Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7), 2351-2358. of LLSVPs for billions of years in a vigorously convecting mantle: Replenishment 75. Rüpke, L. H., D. W. Schmid, M. Perez-Gussinye, and E. Hartz (2013), Interre- and destruction of chemical anomaly, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid lation between rifting, faulting, sedimentation, and mantle serpentinization Earth, 120(5), 3824-3847. during continental margin formation - Including examples from the Norwe- 60. Naliboff, J., and S. J. H. Buiter (2015), Rift reactivation and migration during gian Sea, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(10), 4351-4369. multiphase extension, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 421, 58-67. 76. Schellart, W. P., and W. Spakman (2015), Australian plate motion and topog- 61. Nelson, C. E., D. A. Jerram, J. A. P. Clayburn, A. M. Halton, and J. Roberge (2015a), raphy linked to fossil New Guinea slab below Lake Eyre, Earth and Planetary Eocene volcanism in offshore southern Baffin Bay, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Science Letters, 421, 107-116. 67, 678-691. 77. Schmalholz, S. M., S. Medvedev, S. M. Lechmann, and Y. Podladchikov (2014), 62. Neumann, E. R., M. A. Abu El-Rus, M. Tiepolo, L. Ottolini, R. Vannucci, and M. Relationship between tectonic overpressure, deviatoric stress, driving force, Whitehouse (2014), Serpentinization and deserpentinization reactions in the isostasy and gravitational potential energy, Geophysical Journal International, upper mantle beneath fuerteventura revealed by peridotite xenoliths with 197(2), 680-696. fibrous orthopyroxene and mottled olivine, Journal of Petrology, 56(1). 78. # Sekhar, A., D. J. Asher, and J. Vaubaillon (2016), Three-body resonance in 63. O’Connor, J. M., B. Steinberger, M. Regelous, A. A. P. Koppers, J. R. Wijbrans, meteoroid streams, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 460(2), K. M. Haase, P. Stoffers, W. Jokat, D. Garbe-Schönberg (2013), Constraints on 1417-1427. past plate and mantle motion from new ages for the Hawaiian-Emperor 79. Senger, K., J. Tveranger, K. Ogata, A. Braathen, and S. Planke (2014a), Late Seamount Chain, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 14(10), 4564-4584. Mesozoic magmatism in Svalbard: A review, Earth-Science Reviews, 139, 123-144. 64. O’Donnell, J. P., K. Selway, A. A. Nyblade, R. A. Brazier, N. El Tahir, and R. J. 80. Senger, K., S. Planke, S. Polteau, K. Ogata, and H. Svensen (2014b), Sill em- Durrheim (2016), Thick lithosphere, deep crustal earthquakes and no melt: placement and contact metamorphism in a siliciclastic reservoir on Svalbard, A triple challenge to understanding extension in the western branch of the Arctic Norway, Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 94(2-3), 155-169. East African Rift, Geophysical Journal International, 204(2), 985-998. 81. Seton, M., Whittaker J.M, Wessel P., Müller R.D, DeMets C., Merkouriev S., 65. Owen-Smith, T. M., L. D. Ashwal, T. H. Torsvik, M. Ganerød, O. Nebel, S. J. Cande S., Gaina C., Eagles G., Granot R, Stock J., Wright N., Williams S.E Webb, and S. C. Werner (2013), Seychelles alkaline suite records the culmi- (2014), Community infrastructure and repository for marine magnetic nation of Deccan Traps continental flood volcanism, Lithos, 182-183, 33-47. identifications, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(4), 1629-1641. 66. Peacock, J. R., and K. Selway (2016), Magnetotelluric investigation of the 82. # Shephard, G. E., R. G. Trønnes, W. Spakman, I. Panet, and C. Gaina (2016), Vestfold Hills and Rauer Group, East Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Re- Evidence for slab material under Greenland and links to Cretaceous High search: Solid Earth, 121(4), 2258-2273. Arctic magmatism, Geophysical Research Letters, 43(8), 3717-3726. 67. Pishahang, M., C. E. Mohn, and S. Stølen (2016), Density functional study on 83. #Shephard, G. E., N. Flament, S. Williams, M. Seton, M. Gurnis, and R. D. Müller redox energetics of LaMO3- (M=Sc-Cu) perovskite-type oxides, Journal of Solid (2014), Circum-Arctic mantle structure and long-wavelength topography since State Chemistry, 233, 62-66. the Jurassic, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119(10), 7889-7908.

28 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 29 Publication list Publication list

84. Shimeld, J., Q. Li, D. Chian, N. Lebedeva-Ivanova, R. Jackson, D. Mosher, and 100. Torsvik, T. H., B. Steinberger, L. D. Ashwal, P. V. Doubrovine, and R. G. D. Hutchinson (2016), Seismic velocities within the sedimentary succession Trønnes (2016), Earth evolution and dynamics—a tribute to Kevin Burke, of the Canada Basin and southern Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53(11), 1073-1087. Evidence for accelerated porosity reduction?, Geophysical Journal International, 101. Torsvik, T. H., R. Van Der Voo, P. V. Doubrovine, K. Burke, B. Steinberger, L. D. 204(1), 1-20. Ashwal, R. G. Trønnes, S. J. Webb, and A. L. Bull (2014), Deep mantle structure 85. Smirnov, A. V., J. A. Tarduno, E. V. Kulakov, S. A. McEnroe, and R. K. Bono as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth, Proceedings of the (2016), Palaeointensity, core thermal conductivity and the unknown age of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(24), 8735-8740. the inner core, Geophysical Journal International, 205(2), 1190-1195. 102. Torsvik, T. H., H. Amundsen, E. H. Hartz, F. Corfu, N. Kusznir, C. Gaina, P. V. 86. Steinberger, B. (2016), Topography caused by mantle density variations: Doubrovine, B. Steinberger, L. D. Ashwal, and B. Jamtveit (2013), A Precam- Observation-based estimates and models derived from tomography and brian microcontinent in the Indian Ocean, Nature Geoscience, 6(3), 223-227. lithosphere thickness, Geophysical Journal International, 205(1), 604-621. 103. Torsvik, T. H., et al. (2015), Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland, 87. Steinberger, B., and T. W. Becker (2016), A comparison of lithospheric thickness Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, models, Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.08.001. 112(15), E1818-E1827. 88. Steinberger, B., D. Zhao, and S. C. Werner (2015a), Interior structure of the 104. Tripathy, G. R., J. L. Hannah, H. J. Stein, and G. Yang (2014), Re-Os age and Moon: Constraints from seismic tomography, gravity and topography, Physics depositional environment for black shales from the Cambrian-Ordovician of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 245, 26-39. boundary, Green Point, western Newfoundland, Geochemistry, Geophysics, 89. Steinberger, B., W. Spakman, P. Japsen, and T. H. Torsvik (2015b), The key Geosystems, 15(4), 1021-1037. role of global solid-Earth processes in preconditioning Greenland’s glaciation 105. Tripathy, G. R., J. L. Hannah, H. J. Stein, N. J. Geboy, and L. F. Ruppert (2015), since the Pliocene, Terra Nova, 27(1), 1-8. Radiometric dating of marine-influenced coal using Re-Os geochronology, 90. Svensen, H., K. E. Fristad, A. G. Polozov, and S. Planke (2015), Volatile generation Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 432, 13-23. and release from continental large igneous provinces, in Volcanism and Global 106. Van Der Meer, D. G., R. E. Zeebe, D. J. J. Van Hinsbergen, A. Sluijs, W. Spakman, Environmental Change, edited, pp. 177-192. and T. H. Torsvik (2014), Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels 91. Svensen, H.; Hammer, Ø., and Corfu, F. (2015). Astronomically forced cyclicity since the Triassic, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the in the Upper Ordovician and U–Pb ages of interlayered tephra, Oslo Region, United States of America, 111(12), 4380-4385. Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. ISSN 0031-0182. 107. Van Der Voo, R., D. J. J. Van Hinsbergen, M. Domeier, W. Spakman, and T. H. 418, s 150- 159. Torsvik (2015), Latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous closure of the Mongol-Ok- 92. S vensen, H.; Planke, S; Neumann, E.-R; Aarnes, I; Marsh, J.S.; Polteau, S.; hotsk Ocean: A paleomagnetic and seismological-tomographic analysis, in Harstad, C. & Chevallier, L. (2015). Sub-volcanic intrusions and the link to Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, edited, pp. 589-606. global climatic and environmental changes. Advances in Volcanology. ISSN 108. Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., R. L. M. Vissers, and W. Spakman (2014), Origin and 2364-3277. consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab seg- 93. Svensen, H.; Polteau, S; Cawthorn, G., and Planke, S. (2015). Sub-volcanic mentation, Tectonics, 33(4), 393-419. intrusions in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Advances in Volcanology. ISSN 109. Vissers, R. L. M., D. J. J. van Hinsbergen, D. G. van der Meer, and W. Spakman 2364-3277. (2016), Cretaceous slab break-off in the Pyrenees: Iberian plate kinematics in 94. Tealdi, C.; Lavrentiev, Mikhail Yu.; Mohn, C.E; Allan, N.L.(2016) Perovskite paleomagnetic and mantle reference frames, Gondwana Research, 34, 49-59. solid solutions–a Monte Carlo study of the deep earth analogue (K, Na)MgF3. 110. Waichel, B. L., E. B. Tratz, G. Pietrobelli, D. A. Jerram, G. R. Calixto, R. R. Bacha, Journal of Structural Chemistry 57, 257-266. E. R. Tomazzolli, and W. B. Da Silva (2013), Lava tubes from the Paraná 95. Tetreault, J. L., and S. J. H. Buiter (2014), Future accreted terranes: A compilation -Etendeka continental flood basalt province: Morphology and importance to of island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, and continental emplacement models, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 48, 255-261. fragments, Solid Earth, 5(2), 1243-1275. 111. Walsh, E. O., B. R. Hacker, P. B. Gans, M. S. Wong, and T. B. Andersen (2013), 96. Toohey, M., K. Kruger, M. Sigl, F. Stordal, and H. Svensen (2016), Climatic and Crustal exhumation of the Western Gneiss Region UHP terrane, Norway: societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages, 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and fault-slip analysis, Tectonophysics, 608, Climatic Change, 136(3-4), 401-412. 1159-1179. 97. Torgersen, E., G. Viola, J. S. Sandstad, H. Stein, H. Zwingmann, and J. Hannah 112. Walter, MJ; Thomson, AR; Wang, Weiwei; Lord, OT; Ross, Jennifer; McMahon, (2015), Effects of frictional-viscous oscillations and fluid flow events on the SC; Baron, M.A; Melekhova, E; Kleppe, AK; Kohn, SC. (2015) The stability of structural evolution and Re-Os pyrite-chalcopyrite systematics of Cu-rich hydrous silicates in Earth’s lower mantle: Experimental constraints from the carbonate veins in northern Norway, Tectonophysics, 659, 70-90. systems MgO–SiO2–H2O and MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Chemical Geology 98. Torsvik, T. H., and L. R. M. Cocks (2013a), New global palaeogeographical re- 418,16-29. constructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation, in Geological Society 113. Watton, T. J., K. A. Wright, D. A. Jerram, and R. J. Brown (2014), The petrophys- Memoir, edited, pp. 5-24. ical and petrographical properties of hyaloclastite deposits: Implications for 99. Torsvik, T. H., and L. R. M. Cocks (2013b), Gondwana from top to base in petroleum exploration, AAPG Bulletin, 98(3), 449-463. space and time, Gondwana Research, 24(3-4), 999-1030.

30 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 31 Publication list Publication list

114. Werner, S. C. (2014), Moon, Mars, Mercury: Basin formation ages and impli- II. Peer-reviewed –Book chapters (12 out of 17) cations for the maximum surface age and the migration of gaseous planets, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 400, 54-65. 1. Corfu F. (2015). Uranium-Lead, Zircon, in Rink, J. and Thompson, J. (eds), 115. Werner, S. C., A. Ody, and F. Poulet (2014), The source crater of martian Earth Sciences Series, Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, Springer. shergottite meteorites, Science, 343(6177), 1343-1346. 2. Dypvik, H. (2014). Marine impacts and their consequences, In J. Harff; M. 116. Xiao, L., Zhu, P., Fang, G., Xiao, Z., Zou, Y., Zhao, J., Zhao, N., Yuan, Y., Qiao, L., Meschede; S. Petersen & Jörn Thiede (eds.), Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Huang, J., Huang, Q., He, Q., Zhou, B., Ji, Y., Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISBN 978-94-007-6237-4. Zhang, Q., Shen, S., Li, Y., Gao, Y. (2015). A young multilayered terrane of the 3. Jones, M. T. (2015), The environmental and climatic impacts of volcanic ash northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang’E-3 mssion. Science, 347,6227-1226. deposition, In Anja Schmidt; Kirsten Fristad & Linda T. Elkins-Tanton (ed.), 117. # Xiao, Z. (2016), Size-frequency distribution of different secondary crater Volcanism and global environmental change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN populations: 1. Equilibrium caused by secondary impacts, Journal of Geophysical 9781107058378. pp. 260-274. Research: Planets, 121(12), 2404-2425. 4. Stein, H; Hannah, J. (2015). Rhenium-Osmium geochronology – sulfides, 118. # Xiao, Z., and S. C. Werner (2015), Size-frequency distribution of crater pop- shales, oils, and mantle, in Rink, J. and Thompson, J. (eds), Earth Sciences ulations in equilibrium on the Moon, Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, Series, Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, Springer. 120(12), 2277-2292. 5. Steinberger, B. (2015): Dynamic Topography. - In: Reference Module in Earth 119. # Xiao, Z., N. C. Prieur, and S. C. Werner (2016), The self-secondary crater Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier. population of the Hokusai crater on Mercury, Geophysical Research Letters, 6. Svensen, H.; Fristad, K.; Polozov, A. G. & Planke, S. (2015). Volatile generation 43(14), 7424-7432. and release from continental large igneous provinces, In Anja Schmidt; Kirsten 120. Xu, G., J. L. Hannah, H. J. Stein, A. Mørk, J. O. Vigran, B. Bingen, D. L. Schutt, Fristad & Linda T. Elkins-Tanton (ed.), Volcanism and global environmental change. and B. A. Lundschien (2014), Cause of Upper Triassic climate crisis revealed Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107058378. Chapter 12. pp 177 – 192. by Re-Os geochemistry of Boreal black shales, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclima- 7. S uetsugu, D., B. Steinberger, and T. Kogiso (2013), Mantle Plumes and Hotspots. tology, Palaeoecology, 395, 222-232. - In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier. 8. Torsvik, T. H; Burke, K. Locations of flood basalt provinces and connections to the deep Earth. (2015). In Anja Schmidt; Kirsten Fristad & Linda T. Elkins- Tanton (ed.), Volcanism and global environmental change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107058378. pp. 30-46. 9. Torsvik, T.H; Doubrovine, P., Domeier, M. (2014). Continental Drift (Paleo- magnetism). Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1-14. ISSN 1029-1830. 10. Werner, S.C., W.U. Reimold (2015) Planetary Surfaces (Cratering Rates), Ency- clopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_167-1. 11. Werner, S.C., B. A. Ivanov (2015) Exogenic Dynamics, Cratering and Surface Ages, In: Treatise on Geophysics, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, V 10, 327-365. 12. Maupin, V., (2016) Surface wave inversion. In: Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Michael Beer, Edoardo Patelli, Ioannis Kougioumtzoglou and Ivan Siu-Kui Au (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, doi 10.1007/978-3- 642-36197-5_377-1.

III. Books

1. Torsvik, T.H., and Cocks, L.R.M. (2016). Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press, 317 pp. ISBN 978-1-107-10532-4.

32 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 33 Full list of personnel at the centre Full list of personnel at the centre

As per 28.02.2017, CEED has 70 persons employed full-time and part-time (as “Adjunct” professors or Researchers), and 7 affiliated/guest researchers Adjunct Researchers Adjunct Professors (including two Emeritus). A number of professors employed by the Department (20% position) 7 (20% position) 4 of Geosciences partially dedicate their research time to CEED (percentage as Buiter, Susanne (NGU) Afonso, Juan Carlos (Macquarie agreed with the host institute shown below). University, Australia) Jerram, Dougal (DougalEarth) Niscancioglu, Kerim Hestnes Hartz, Ebbe (Aker) (University of Bergen, Norway) Polozov, Alexander (IGEM RAS, Professors 12 Researchers 9 Planke, Sverre (VBPR, Norway) Moscow) Andersen, Torgeir B. Bull, Abigail Aller Spakman, Wim (Utrecht University, Schweitzer, Johannes (NORSAR) Conrad, Clinton P. Domeier, Mathew the Netherlands) Steinberger, Bernhard (GFZ) Corfu, Fernando 20% Dubrovine, Pavel Watson, Robin (NGU) Dypvik, Henning 30% Hannah, Judith (50% at Colorado Faleide, Jan Inge State University, USA) Postdoctoral Fellows 19 Gabrielsen, Roy H. 30% Mazzini, Adriano Abdelmalak, M. Mansour Affiliated Researchers 7 Gaina, Carmen Medvedev, Sergei Augland, Lars Eivind Halvorsen, Erik (University of Bergen) Jahren, A. Hope Wilson Professor Mohn Chris E. Bultel, Benjamin Fernandes, Vera (Museum für Maupin, Valerie Stein, Holly (50% at Colorado State Callegaro, Sara University, USA) Naturkunde, Germany) Stordal, Frode 20% Collignon, Marine Svensen, Henrik Georgiev, Svet (Colorado State Torsvik, Trond H. Cowie, Leanne University, USA) Trønnes, Reidar G. Larsen, Bjørn T. (Emeritus) Crameri, Fabio Neumann, Else Ragnhild (Professor Fallahi, Mohammad J. Associate Professors 2 Emerita) Jakob, Johannes Breivik, Asbjørn Watson, Robin (Geological Survey Jones, Morgan of Norway) Werner, Stephanie C. Kulakov, Evgeniy Xiao, Zhiyong (Beary) (University of Wuhan, China) Magni, Valentia Minakov, Alexander Rolf, Tobias Sekhar, Aswin PhD students 13 Shephard, Grace Baron, Marzena Anna Shulgin, Alexey A. Heimdal, Thea Hatlen Viennet, Jean-Christophe Heyn, Björn Holger Husein, Alwi Karyono Kjøll, Hans Jørgen Technical-administrative staff members 4 Prieur, Nils Charles Birkelund, Anniken R. The DEEP Sætre, Christian National Research School Administrator Straume, Eivind O. Gørbitz, Trine-Lise, Administrative Tan, Pingchuana UiO leader Uppalapati, Sruthi Hagopian, William, Research van den Broek, Joost M. technician Zaputlyaeva, Alexandra Silkoset, Petter Research technician

34 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 35 Major scientific results and research projects – summary of most relevant CEED papers I. Lost continents

ancient fragments of continental lith- have since covered “Mauritia” and Fig. 1: Microcontinents I. LOST CONTINENTS osphere beneath Mauritius, and were potentially other continental frag- Fig. 3 Plate tectonic (‘lost continents’) in the brought to the surface by younger ments. reconstructions from Indian Ocean. Dark blue The following three papers – searching plume-related lavas. the Late Cretaceous to shaded units were all for lost continents (Fig. 1) – are exam- Miocene in an absolute part of the Mauritia micro reference frame. The ples of exciting and curiosity-driven We further used gravity data inversion continent before 85 Ma India predicted positions of science which is a scientific spinoff Arabia to map crustal thickness and found (Torsvik et al. 2013; Laxmi Ridge Marion (M) and Reunion Ashwal et al. 2017). Inset of CEED’s vision to link deep mantle that Mauritius forms part of a contig- (R) hotspots (corrected figure – Microcontinents processes and surface volcanism (e.g. Laccadives uous block of anomalously thick crust for plume advection) are in the NE Atlantic such hotspots). CEED spearheaded and that extends in an arc northwards to shown in magenta, and as Jan Mayen (brown funded these studies and the results the Seychelles. Using plate tectonic the thick red lines are

shaded units) and its were published in high-profile jour- Somalia reconstructions, we demonstrated that the plume generation

extension below Iceland nals and attracted unparalleled media Seychelles Mauritius and the adjacent Mascarene “Mauritia” – the lost or sunken conti- zones (PGZs) at the (black unit) as we argue attention. Scientists from several CEED Plateau may overlie a Precambrian nent – attracted massive international core-mantle boundary. in Torsvik et al. (2015). teams were involved and international Chagos microcontinent that we named “Mau- interest in the popular press: A Nature Extinct spreading ridges collaboration (including field-work) Saya M ritia”. On the basis of reinterpretation News article covering our story was between various micro- Nazaret continents are shown as included experts in petrology and MAURITIA of marine geophysical data, we pro- among the 10 top most read articles in Cargados dashed white lines. We a geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology -Carajos posed that “Mauritia” was separated Nature 2013, and a BBC online article Mauritius show that ridge jumps and geophysics from South Africa, REUNION from Madagascar and fragmented into was read by 1.6 million readers on Madagscar propagated SW while Germany, Australia and the UK. MICROCONTINENTS: a ribbon-like configuration by a series February 25th and only beaten that day INDIA & AFRICA the Marion plume was of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the by a report on the Oscar Winners in the proximity of the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin 2013! But there would be much more active plate boundary. b between 83.5 and 61 million years ago. on-line attention for “Mauritia” to Red arrows indicate Paper 1 with recovered mineral grains that Plume-related magmatic deposits come (see below). direction of plate bound Torsvik, T.H., Amundsen, H., Hartz, require the presence of deep conti- ary relocation towards E.H., Corfu, F., Kusznir, N., Gaina, C., nental rocks, the results are much the closest hotspot. Doubrovine, P., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, more accurate. Oceanic floor fabric and direction of spreading L.D., Jamtveit, B. 2013. A Precambrian 83.0 Ma 73.6 Ma 61.0 Ma IND Fig 2: Beach sand was between major tectonic sampled next to deeply microcontinent in the Indian Ocean. Our search for new microcontinents 10˚S AFR AFR AFR plates are depicted by eroded basalt columns Nature Geoscience, 6, 223-227. began with grains of sand collected interpreted fracture R (panel a) and the sand from beaches on Mauritius. Mauritius 20˚S zones. Outlines of major was filtered to <2mm Microcontinents (small fragments of forms part of the Southern Mascarene volcanic plateaus and (panel b). The samples IND continental crust, stranded within Plateau, thought to be a volcanic chain 30˚S IND provinces are shown were then sealed until oceanic realm) are a natural conse- formed above the Réunion mantle in magenta. The plates further processing at the quence of plate–mantle plume inter- plume. The island is almost entirely are shown in different University of Oslo. The 40˚S M M shades of grey and actions. A classical example is the covered by young basalts (less than M PGZ sand concentrates were AUS Seychelles in the Indian Ocean (Fig. 1). 9 million years old). Sampling beach white: AFR, Africa; IND, passed through 250 µm ANT Evidence from surface exposures and sand eliminates the need for rock ANT ANT India, AUS, Australia; disposable sieves and 50˚S ANT, Antarctica. the finer grained fraction seismic studies support the existence crushing and thus the chance for con- further enriched with a of a partly emergent 4–4.5 x 104 km2 taminating the sample with zircons 56.0 Ma 41.0 Ma 33.0 Ma IND Frantz magnetic separa fragment of continental crust with a from previously processed samples. 10˚S tor and heavy liquid thickness of ~33 km. Less clear exam- Some twenty zircon grains were AFR R AFR AFR IND (methylene iodide), 20˚S R IND R ples of microcontinents in the Indian recovered from the beach sand and R before the final hand- Ocean include the Laxmi Ridge (Fig. 1), we used U–Pb dating (TIMS, thermal picking of zircons in which has been interpreted as a sliver ionization mass spectrometry) to 30˚S alcohol under a binocular of thinned continental crust, or com- analyse the ages of zircon xenocrysts. microscope. About twen posed entirely of underplated oceanic Surprisingly, we found that the zir- ty zircon grains were 40˚S crust. Geophysical data, in isolation, cons were either Palaeoproterozoic M AUS M M found and one of the ANT yield equivocal interpretations of (more than 1,971 million years old) or ANT ANT zircons was dated to AUS Neoproterozoic (between 660 and 840 680 million years (inset oceanic crustal structures and compo- 50˚S picture in panel b). sitions, but if used in conjunction with million years old) and we proposed 30˚E 40˚E 50˚E 60˚E 70˚E 30˚E 40˚E 50˚E 60˚E 70˚E 30˚E 40˚E 50˚E 60˚E 70˚E geochemical and/or isotopic data or that the zircons were assimilated from

36 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 37 Major scientific results and research projects I. Lost continents

Paper 2 that trachytic magma traversed and India. Conversely, the Seychelles Fig. 4: The zircons in Ashwal, L.D., Wiedenbeck, M., Torsvik, T.H. 2017. Archaean zircons in Miocene through and incorporated silicic (and probably also the Laxmi Ridge, Fig. 6: Simplified geo this study were analyzed logy of Madagascar and oceanic hotspot rocks establish ancient continental crust beneath Mauritius. continental crustal material that pre- Fig. 1) is likely underlain by Palaeo- in the SIMS-laboratory India reconstructed to Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14086. serves a record of several hundred proterozoic rocks (Shellnutt et al. (ion mass spectrome- 90–85 Ma. Mauritius (M) try) of the GFZ German million years of Archaean evolution. 2015. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 207– is reconstructed in a 10,215), as in northern Madagascar, Research Centre for Potsdam SIMS Facility Mauritius Zircon likely location near Geosciences (Potsdam). Grain 5 Ten of the 13 grains differ from the but was later affected by extensive Archaean–Neoprotero The right image shows older zircons in that they are feature- Neoproterozoic arc magmatism. zoic rocks in central-east the U-Pb spot ages of less, with no internal visible struc- Madagascar just prior to one zircon grain. tures. These were determined to have The long-lost continent of “Mauritia” break-up. The exact size late Miocene U–Pb systematics with attracted massive international inter- and geometries of Mau no traces of inherited components, est in the popular press when first ritius and other potential yielding a mean age of 5.7±0.2 Ma published in 2013, but because that Mauritian continental fragments (collectively (crystallization age of the trachyte study was based on zircons from known as Mauritia, magma). basaltic beach sand it was also including SM Saya de Fig. 5: Concordia plot criticized by some scientists Malha; C, Chagos; CC, that includes all 20 data Our findings confirm the existence of Cargados-Carajos points from three Archean continental crust beneath Mauritius Since this study “established” conti- Banks; LAC, Laccadives; zircons (the vertical axis and document, for the first time, the nental crust beneath Mauritius, we N, Nazreth; see Fig. 1) should be 206Pb/238U). Mauritius is dominated by basaltic compositions of the trachytes show presence of Archaean zircons as were stunned by the media attention are unknown. We pro The ellipses indicate the pose that Mauritia is volcanism but minor volumes of tra- relatively constant εNd of +4.03±0.15, xenocrysts in young volcanic rocks that the paper attracted. Whilst the 1 s.d. analytical uncer chytic rocks occur as intrusive masses with highly variable ISr of 0.70408– from ocean basin settings. We propose 2013 paper has an Altmetric score of dominantly underlain by tainties for each of the or plugs less than 300 meters across 0.71034, which we recently interpreted that Mauritius and other potential 331 (after 4 years), our latest paper Archaean continental SIMS determinations. and are associated with the Older as reflecting small amounts (0.4–3.5%) Mauritian continental fragments, scored 1420 in 6 days; the highest crust, and part of the Also shown as red sym ancient nucleus of Series (9.0–4.7 Ma) basalts. Mauritian of contamination by Precambrian con- collectively named “Mauritia” (Fig. 6), recorded in Nature Communications bols are the ages repor Madagascar and India trachytes are variably altered from tinental crust (Ashwal, L.D. et al. 2016. are dominantly underlain by Archae- and in the top 5% of all research out- ted by Torsvik et al. (2013) (stippled black line). A for eight Proterozoic probable primary phonolitic rocks, J. Petrol. 57, 1645–1676). It is from such an continental crust, and formed part puts scored by Altmetric. Large Igneous Province zircons recovered from forming a prominent Daly Gap when a Mauritian trachyte that a population of the ancient nucleus of Madagascar event (linked to the Mauritian basaltic beach plotted with coeval basalts. This sug- of zircons was extracted and analyzed Marion plume) occurred sands. Tick marks on gests formation either by extreme for this paper. from 92 to 84 Ma, and the Concordia curve are 40˚E 45˚E fractional crystallization from the 57º20’E 57º30’E 57º40’E most of Madagascar in Ma. 20º00’S basalts or by direct partial melting Thirteen zircon grains were recovered S LEGEND was covered with flood Marion/Deccan Traps basalts (full extent not of metasomatized mantle. Isotopic in this study, from which we reported Neoproterozoic 20º10’S Paleoproterozoic/ shown for simplicity). 68 individual point analyses acquired LR Mesoproterozoic Blue stippled line indi using the Cameca 1280-HR SIMS AG Neoarchean Paleoarchean nucleus 0.8 MAU 8 cates the site of Creta (secondary ion mass spectrometer) 20º20’S Data from Torsvik et al. (2013) 2 ceous pre-breakup instrument at GFZ Potsdam. Three Younger Series (1.0 - 0 Ma) Intermediate Series (3.5 - 1.66 Ma) strike-slip faulting. LR, Older Series (9.0 - 4.7 Ma) zircon grains show uniquely mid- to 20º30’S Grain 3 Trachyte localities Deccan Traps Laxmi Ridge; S, Sey 0.6 late-Archaean U–Pb systematics, with Dating of zircons from beach sand Grain 5 chelles. Inset map shows 3,000 Ma 35˚S no evidence for Phanerozoic compo- R SM simplified geology of Grain 8 2,600 A LAC U nents; we conducted 20 individual Mauritius, including C SM

238 2,200 U–Th–Pb spot analyses on these grains, trachyte plugs. Star / S CC Western b 0.4 Dharwar where the concordant or near-con- A symbol marked MAU-8

P C 1,800 N Masora A is the sampling area for

207 cordant ages range from 3,030 ± 5 Ma

Mauritia I the present study and 1,400 48 younger analyses to 2,552 ± 11 Ma (Fig. 5, note that the A M D near the origin 206 238 black rectangles indicate 0.2 vertical axis should be Pb/ U). We 40˚S D N 1,000 I locations of zircons interpreted these data as indicating A recovered from beach the crystallization ages of a complex M sand samples in the Archaean xenocrystic component. As 2013 study. 0.0 the three grains are distinct in terms 048 12 16 20 24 of their crystallization ages as well as Marion Plume 207Pb/235U their Th/U systematics, we concluded

38 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 39 Major scientific results and research projects I. Lost continents

Paper 3 flux (Jones et al. 2014. Earth Planet. The realization that continental frag- Torsvik, T. H., Amundsen, H.E.F., Trønnes, R.G., Doubrovine, P., Gaina, C., Kusznir, Sci. Lett. 386, 86-97). Therefore, the ments may be buried under southeast N.J., Steinberger, B., Corfu, F., Ashwal, L.D., Griffin, W.L., Werner, S.C., Jamtveit, B. current Iceland plume seems to be Iceland provides new insights into the 2015. Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland. Proceedings of the National the Earth’s most vigorous plume. complex evolution of the northeast Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423099112. Atlantic, in particular, and into the Our inference that deeply buried interaction of deep mantle plumes fragments of continental crust occur with continental break-up, plate The thick crust of Iceland and the sur- Iceland and the surrounding plateau, beneath southeast Iceland is based separation and rift jumps, in general. rounding Iceland plateau is generated straddling the Mid-Atlantic ridge, are on reconstructed movements of the There are several examples of such mainly by accumulation of young lifted above sea level by a light and hot Eurasian-Greenland (North-American) interactions in the Tethys and Indian magmatic rocks and is therefore column of rocks (mainly peridotite), plates and the Jan Mayen Microconti- Ocean domains during the break-up oceanic in nature. Geochemical and flowing slowly upwards from the nent — during and after opening of the and dispersion of the Pangea super- geophysical data, however, indicate Earth’s deep interior (Fig. 7). The northeast Atlantic 54 million years ago continent, especially related to the that fragments of continental crust low-density hot rocks in the plume — and evidence that the southeast separation of India, Australia, Africa Fig. 7: Numerical model are also present beneath the southeast undergo partial melting near the sur- Iceland crust is especially thick (Fig. 8). and Antarctica. In Papers 1 and 2 we of chemical convection in coast of Iceland. In this paper – through face due to pressure release, resulting The model is supported by the chemi- have reported the discovery of Pre- Earth’s mantle (courtesy modelling of Sr–Nd–Pb abundances in high magma supply to the Icelandic cal composition of lavas erupted in the cambrian zircon xenocrysts in basalts of Abigail Bull-Aller) and isotope ratios – we suggest that rift zones and their flank zones. This Eastern Rift Zone (ERZ) and from the from Mauritius, pointing to hidden showing a large compo a continental sliver representing a leads to thick oceanic crust under the Öræfajökull and Snæfell central volca- continental crust also beneath that sitionally distinct struc south-western extension of the Jan shallow plateau and subaerial (Iceland) nos in the Eastern Flank Zone (EFZ) ocean island. Intraoceanic continental ture in the present-day mantle beneath Africa Mayen Microcontinent are deeply part of the northeast Atlantic. Recent of Iceland. In particular, the isotope fragments appear to be much more (red material). Plumes buried under a thick pile of volcanic estimates of the Iceland plume flux of ratios of the elements Sr, Nd and Pb abundant than previously thought and 3 rise from the edges of rocks. 40-60 km /year indicate that it might in the lavas of the ERZ and EFZ, define caution is therefore recommended in Fig. 8: Crustal thickness this structure and mag be 4-10 times that of the Hawaii plume a continental crust contamination interpreting (enriched) geochemical map based on gravity matic activity in Iceland trend, with up to 6% contamination in signatures in ocean island basalts. inversion and location of is linked to such a plume, some of the Öræfajökull rocks (Fig. 7). the Iceland plume (white 87 86 which has been active 0.7032 0.7036 Sr/ Sr star symbols in 10 My 38.6 Öræfajökull for the past 62 My. How Snæfell intervals) relative to Eastern Rift Zone 30°W 10°W Pb 40 ever, some lavas contain Mid-Icelandic Belt 3% Greenland back to 60 204 6% continental material Ma. The ‘classic’ Jan 87 86 Pb/ Continental 30 (higher Sr/ Sr and Jan Mayen Mohns Ridge Mayen Microcontinent 208 contamination 70°N 50 208 204 38.0 Pb/ Pb ratios, and 60 (JMM) is ~500 km long especially also higher 20 40 (shown with four conti ERZ Öræfajökull, Kolbeinsey 207Pb/204Pb ratios), previ nental basement ridges), EFZ Ridge 10 ously proposed to have Greenland and crustal thicknesses Crustal thickness (km) 30 been recycled through WNW ESE JMM Vøring are ~18-20 km. In this 0 the plume. Torsvik and JMM-E 20 study, Torsvik and colla

Ægir Ridge collaborators (from 10 JMM-E borators extend JMM

Norway, Germany, UK, Norway 350 km south-westwards Australia and South beneath southeast Ice 60°N Öræfajökull Africa) maintain that the Faroes land (JMM-E), and cal

Current plume axis plume split off a sliver of culate maximum crustal continent (Fig. 8) from thicknesses of ~32 km. Reykjanes Ridge Greenland ~50 My ago. The lower panels show This sliver — probably plate reconstructions at

an extension of the Jan co 52 Ma (shortly after initi re-m an tl e b ou Mayen Microcontinent nd ation of seafloor sprea a ry — is now located be 52 Ma 27 Ma ding) – and at 27 Ma Kolbeinsey neath southeast Iceland Ridge – when the Ægir Ridge Iceland Mohn’s (JMM-E) where it locally plume JMM was abandoned and Aegir Crust Ridge Ridge contaminates some of Continental Greenland JMM and JMM-E perma Oceanic Aegir the plume-derived Ridge nently became part of Spreading Ridges JMM-E magmas. Active Eurasia. Extinct Reykjanes Eurasia Ridge

40 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 41 Major scientific results and research projects II. Tales from two continental margins – a Wilson cycle apart

ture, in particular, details of the tran- In this study, our team of authors in- II. TALES FROM TWO CONTINENTAL MARGINS sitional crust located beneath the SDR. clude applied marine geophysicists – A WILSON CYCLE APART In such situations, better seismic reso- with widespread experience from lution combined with studies of field present-day continental margins and analogues can improve our under- geologists with experience from With the Abdelmalak et al. paper, Paper 4 standing of the OCT in magma-rich mountain-belts which have joined published in Geology, a team of seven Abdelmalak, M.M., Andersen, T.B., margins. In this paper we presented forces in combining new observations CEED geologists and geophysicists Planke, S., Faleide, J.I., Corfu, F., Tegner, new mapping results of the breakup from the well-exposed field analogue working in the Dynamic Earth and C., Shephard, G.E., Zastrozhnov, D., related igneous rocks on the Mid- in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) in Earth Crisis research groups inte and R. Myklebust, 2015, The ocean-con- Norwegian margin using high-quality the Scandinavian Caledonides with grated their observations and detailed tinent transition in the mid-Norwegian and reprocessed multichannel seismic the transitional crust located beneath knowledge from onshore geology in margin: Insight from seismic data and data as well as results from drill core the SDR of the Mid-Norwegian margin. the Scandinavian Caledonides with an onshore Caledonian field analogue. 642E. Below the SDR, vertical and The SNC was first suggested to be an that of the offshore Norwegian Sea Geology, 43(11), 1011-1014. inclined reflections are interpreted as analogue of a distal magma-rich conti- Shelf. Because of the excellent cross- the dyke swarm feeder systems. Diffe nental margin in the 1990-ies (see disciplinary communication established Passive continental margins may be rent high-amplitude reflections with references in manuscript), but this by the CEED organization and locali- very complex geological provinces abrupt termination and saucer shaped aspect of the SNC has since been sation, and the financial resources indeed, including features like intense geometries are interpreted as sill intru- largely ignored before our new cross- available for expedition type field- ductile to brittle deformation accom- sions. The identification of saucer disciplinary research effort. An im- studies, we quickly established that panied by high temperature-low pres- shaped sills implies the presence of portant characteristic of the SNC is the deeper levels of an ancient ocean- sure metamorphism and tectonically sediments in the transition-zone the abundance and spectacular expo- continent transition zone in a fossil controlled sedimentation. In addition, beneath the volcanic sequences. sures of meta-basaltic composite dyke magma-rich passive margin was avail- the widespread association with large able for direct and detailed observa- volumes of break-up-related magmatic tions, mapping and sampling within rocks, sometimes forming large igne- the Caledonides. By comparing details ous complexes, is another factor that from on- and off-shore observations, complicates our understanding of we have established that a nearly these geological provinces. Exposed 1000 km long transect in the Caledon- Ocean-Continent Transition (OCT) ides is a ‘world-class’ ancient (600 Ma) have contributed significantly to analogue to modern ocean-continent understanding hyper-extended transitions (OCT) and associated margin development. Several studies large-igneous provinces (LIPS). The have been addressed to the magma- onshore OCT analogue in Scandinavia poor margin analogues, but less is reveals spectacular intrusive relation- known about the magma-rich margin ships between continental margin analogues. These margins are charac- b. sediments, extended crystalline base- terized by the presence of Seaward ment and basaltic dyke-swarm sys- Dipping Reflectors (SDR), an intense tems, which in present-day margins network of mafic sheet intrusions in a. Fig. 9a. Present day map of are concealed by large thicknesses the continental crust and adjacent the Vøring margin, Norway, with inset map showing its of water and sediment. The results sedimentary basins and a high-velo c. of this research are already well cited city (Vp> 7.0 km/s) lower crustal body position before break-up occurred between Europe and presented at a number of scien (LCB). Most of the present-day magma- and Greenland. tific meetings. It has also resulted in rich margins are submerged offshore b. Seismic cross-section additional NFR-funding through the and are therefore difficult to study by showing present-day curiosity-driven research and highly direct observation. Furthermore, the magma-rich passive margin competitive FRINATEK program in thick accumulation of extrusive and along the Vøring margin a new (2016-2019) CEED project: intrusive rocks presents a major high. c. Dyke intrusions into “Hyperextension in magma-poor challenge for seismic imaging of the old Baltican passive and magma-rich domains along the deeper levels. These issues have led margin (Seve Nappe pre-Caledonian passive margin of to uncertainties in the interpretations Complex (SNC) Baltica”. of margin evolutions and their struc-

42 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 43 Major scientific results and research projects III. Large igneous provinces and paleoclimates

complexes truncating continental We consider the results of our cross- basement and cover units. The host- disciplinary work to be of widespread Fig. 10. Fur Island in Denmark is a key target rocks for the dykes are mainly horn- interest to the geoscience community, for several ongoing felsed sediments with a preserved because distal parts of continental projects in the Earth stratigraphic thickness of up to ~5 km. margins worldwide are the subject of Crises group. The black The field analogues represent an intense academic research and petro- layers represent tephras onshore analogue to the deeper level leum exploration. Research in progress deposited during the of the Mid-Norwegian margin, permit- will provide a number of details on initial Eocene following ting direct observation and sampling the SNC later; here we presented the explosive volcanic erup and providing an improved under- first account of an on-going cross- tions on Greenland and standing particularly of the deeper disciplinary research effort, which west Norway and UK levels of present-day magma-rich will improve the understanding of the (the North East Atlantic margins. structure and evolution in magma- igneous province). rich passive continental margins.

III. LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES AND PALEOCLIMATES

One of the CEED objectives is to “Under- Paper 5: stand the role of voluminous intrusive Stordal, F. Svensen, H.H., Aarnes, I., and and extrusive volcanism on global Roscher, M. 2017. Global temperature climate changes and extinctions in response to century-scale degassing Earth history”, to cite the CEED’s RCN from the Siberian Traps Large Igneous proposal. The group activities involve Province. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclima- both studies of volcanic and meta tology, Palaeoecology, 471, 96-107. morphic processes in Large Igneous Provinces, and proxy data from sedimentary deposits. During the first 3.5 One of the key group activities is to years of CEED, we have published pa- develop better degassing models for pers on topics such as the Cambrian LIPs and to evaluate the climatic con- SPICE event, global carbon and sulfur sequences. In this paper, we have cycles, Paleocene tephra chronology, calculated the temperature responses and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal following several degassing scenarios Maximum (PETM; see Fig. 10). In in the Siberian Traps. The paper is addition, we have had many projects first-authored by Frode Stordal, in the Siberian Traps region in order a CEED-associated professor at the to further investigate the role of Department of Geosciences in Oslo. volcanism in the end-Permian mass extinction and climatic change. If the Siberian Traps were wholly or partially responsible for the end- Permian crisis, release of gases must have taken place on a timescale tuned to the cooling of lava flows and sub- volcanic intrusions (i.e. decades to centuries) – and that release must have been sufficient to affect the atmospheric chemistry. However, previous work on the end-Permian has not considered the climatic effects of large

44 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 45 Major scientific results and research projects IV. Linking surface tectonics and volcanism to the deep earth

Fig. 11. Schematic IV. LINKING SURFACE TECTONICS and VOLCANISM north-south cross sec tion of the Siberian Traps to the DEEP EARTH showing the two domi nant sources of carbon gas: 1) mantle carbon Paper 6 from basalts, and 2) Torsvik, T.H., Van der Voo, R., Doubrovine, P.V., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, Fig. 13: (a) Schematic sedimentary carbon from L.D., Trønnes, R., Webb, S.J., Bull, A.L. 2014. Deep mantle structure as a reference cross-section of the contact aureoles around frame for movements in and on the Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Earth as seen from the sub-volcanic sills. The Sciences of the United States of America 111, 24, 8735–8740. South Pole. The Earth’s sedimentary carbon was lower mantle is domina partly degassed from ted by two antipodal pipe structures rooted CEED’s mission is to develop a model ervoirs at the core–mantle boundary large low shear-wave in contact aureoles that links plate tectonics and surface (Fig. 9). In this paper we tested wheth- velocity provinces (Svensen et al., 2009a). volcanism with processes in the deep er it was possible to maintain this (LLSVPs) beneath Africa The figure is modified (Tuzo) and the Pacific from Jerram et al. mantle. This paper links a new model remarkable surface to-deep Earth (Jason). These dominate (2016). for plate motion for the last 540 My correlation before Pangea through the elevated regions of scale single events. We have used a climate sensitivities (1.5-6.0 °C for CO2 with deep mantle structures identified the development of a new plate recon- simple box model to constrain century- doubling), pre-event concentrations, from present day geophysical data. struction method and found that our the residual geoid (dashed red lines), and scale degassing of CO and CH from and atmospheric lifetimes. We find Previous studies by some of the current reconstructions for the past 540 2 4 their margins, the plume high-end volumes of individual lava that the global annual mean tempera- CEED-based researchers (Torsvik and million years comply with known generation zones flows and sills from the Siberian ture perturbation is 7.0 °C in a base- Steinberger) have gathered strong geological and tectonic constraints (PGZs), are the principal Traps. The model includes gas fluxes line case using a 10 GtC/yr emission evidence that the deep mantle struc- (opening and closure of oceans, source regions for LIPs

of CH4 and CO2, their atmospheric life- and a 60 % CH4 fraction (4.5 °C as the tures (see below) have remained mountain building, and more). and kimberlites. The thin times and radiative forcing, as well climate sensitivity) (Fig. 12). Even for stable for at least 300 My, and there arrows above Tuzo and as the climate sensitivity in a global low emission scenarios (0.7-1.2 GtC/ is strong circumstantial evidence that Jason are shown to Fig. 12 Time evolution average climate system calibrated to yr), the temperature response is more the stability have lasted much longer. indicate that the residual of ranges temperature a Sumatra geoid is largely a result end-Permian time. The fluxes are esti- than 1.5 °C. The new plate reconstruction reveals a. W Indian S Upper mantle & perturbations (K) encom ridge transition zone of buoyant upwellings mated based on lava degassing and how Earth’s mass has been re-distrib- New Guinea passing four different Sumatra overlying these hot and a 660 km Sinking contact aureole volumes and devola- We conclude that sporadic individual uted through time and led to true W Indian S Upper mantle & mantle emission scenarios. ridge transition zone dense mantle structures. pPv New Guinea tilization during the first 100 years large-scale volcanic events in Large polar wander (TPW). This absolute PGZ Results are given for (A) Plume generation (b) Reconstructed LIPs Africa zones (PGZ)660 km Sinking following sill emplacement. Fig. 11 is Igneous Provinces have the potential kinematic model suggests that Earth mantle a baseline case, (B) for the past 300 My and Outer, liquidpPv core PGZ a schematic overview of degassing to cause a strong global warming on had a degree-2 mantle convection Plume generationP

climate sensitivities 1.5 V P geoid the 1% slow SMEAN Africa zones (PGZ) S A L C L geoid I systems in the Siberian Traps. very short timescales. In addition to mode at least since 540 Ma. The find- F

I contour (2,800 km and 6.0, and (C) CH A

4 Tuzo Outer,Inne liquidr, solid core C Jason

core L

L the emission strength, the CH frac- ings are also important for understand- F

V P geoid

fractions 40 and 80 %. 4 S depth) used as a proxy

S A A V

L C L P geoid I We tested the sensitivity to extreme tion and the climate sensitivity have ing Earth’s past climate variations due ULVZ F for the plume generation From Stordal et al. I A

Tuzo Inner, solid C Jason

Mid-Atlantic C

ridge PGZ core L

F Ultra-low velocity

(2017). emissions of up to 25 GtC/yr, CH frac- the strongest impact on the centu- to tilting of its axis. The core expertise S zones. Also shown are

4 zones (ULVZ) V P ULVZ seismic “voting” map tions from 0 to 100 %, wide ranges of ry-scale temperature perturbation. needed for this study belongs to CEED pPv PGZ Mid-Atlantic ridge PGZ Ultra-low velocity contours. Contours 5–1 researchers (paleomagnetism and Sinkingzones (ULVZ) mantle (only 5, 3, and 1 are plate tectonics-Torsvik, Doubrovine; pPv PGZ S-America shown for clarity) define mantle convection and geodynamics- Sinking mantle East-Pacific rise Tuzo and Jason (seismi Steinberger and Bull; petrology of b Siberian Traps S-America cally slow regions) in deep mantle-Trønnes) who set the Columbia River Basalt Perm East-Pacific addition to a smaller b. rise research task: Absolute reference b Siberian Traps Perm anomaly. The frames and links to the deep mantle Columbia River Basalt Perm Columbia River Basalt (Sub-theme 1.1). Jason Tuzo PGZ Jason (17 Ma) is the only anomalous large igne Since the Pangea supercontinent Jason Tuzo PGZ Jason ous province (located formed about 320 million years ago, above faster regions, contour 0) in these glob plumes that sourced LIPs and kimber- 5 3 1 0 Cluster analysis (1000-2800 km) 1% slow contour SMEAN (2800 km) lites have been derived from the edg- al tomographic models.

es of two stable thermochemical res- 5 3 1 0 Cluster analysis (1000-2800 km) 1% slow contour SMEAN (2800 km)

46 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 47 Major scientific results and research projects IV. Linking surface tectonics and volcanism to the deep earth

The Early Palaeozoic was dominated an iterative approach for defining by the great continent of Gondwana. a paleomagnetic frame, corrected for a a. 60°N 450 Ma Other continents included Laurentia TPW. Using our initial idealized Palae SIBERIA Ægir Sea 90°E TPW frame and Baltica (Fig. 13a), which fused ozoic reconstructions with no TPW, !.K 90°W

n together with the Avalonia microcon we computed net rotations of conti 30°N a e c O BALTICA tinent to form Laurussia, the second nents at 10 My steps, which were !.!.K s TS K u J t N-CHINA PGZ e p largest Palaeozoic continent, after the decomposed into component rotations 1 Ia 1 an S-CHINA Jason AVALONIA ce ic O Tuzo closure of the Iapetus Ocean ( 430 Ma). along three orthogonal axes. Axis 1 LAURENTIA he T ~ Jason R FLORID A W. At around 320 Ma, Gondwana and is at the equator at 11°E, which corre 30°S AUSTRALIA NW ARABIA AMAZONIA AFRICA NE Laurussia had amalgamated, forming sponds to the longitude axis of mini AFRICA INDIA the supercontinent of Pangea. Relative mum moment of inertia of Tuzo and 60°S G O N D W A N A fits within Gondwana, Laurussia, and Jason (Fig. 13a). Episodes of coherent δVs (%) -2.5 -1.0 0 1.0 2.5 later, Pangea are reasonably well rotations about this axis were inter known. In contrast, absolute Palaeo preted as a TPW signal (i.e., we assume 60°N zoic reconstructions have remained that a dominant contribution from the b b. ST 247-542 Ma Y 90°E TPW frame uncertain because longitudes of conti stable large low shear-wave velocity 90°W A 30°N nental blocks cannot be derived from provinces to the overall moment of K paleomagnetic data (although latitu inertia of the Earth stabilizes the orien S PGZ des and azimuthal orientations can). tation of the TPW axis over geologic Jason Tuzo E Jason Palaeogeographic reconstructions time). Because the TPW corrections

30°S relate the past configurations of would generally degrade the large P continents to the Earth’s spin axis. igneous province and kimberlite fits

60°S However, correlating the reconstruct to the plume generation zones, the ed positions of LIPs and kimberlites to longitudes in the paleomagnetic frame 5 3 1 0 Cluster analysis (1000-2800 km) 1% slow contour SMEAN (2800 km) the plume generation zones requires were then redefined to produce an reconstructions relative to the Earth’s optimal fit after the TPW correction. mantle. This produced the second approxi mation for the longitude-calibrated Fig. 14 (a) 450 Ma true polar wander (TPW)-corrected mantle frame recon- paleomagnetic frame. The entire pro struction draped on the SMEAN tomographic model and the plume generation To define the longitudes in our palaeo zones (PGZs; 1% slow SMEAN contour). Yellow dots (marked T and J) are the geographic reconstructions, using cedure of TPW analysis and longitude center of mass for Tuzo and its antipode for Jason. Open white circles (marked the correlation between the eruption refinements was repeated six times 1) show the preferred axis (0°N, 11°E and 169°W) for Palaeozoic TPW and localities of LIPs/kimberlites and the until no further improvement was

approximate the longitude of the minimum moment of inertia (Imin) axis associ- plume generation zones, we adopted observed in the TPW-corrected frame. ated with the Tuzo and Jason large low shear-wave velocity provinces. Kimber- a novel approach, incorporating the lite locations (Canada and Siberia, black stars) dated to 445–455 Ma fall verti- estimates of TPW. For our initial model, In this paper – with the procedures cally above the plume generation zones. (b) Palaeozoic LIPs (annotated grey continental longitudes in the paleo and assumption described above – we circles with white rings; 251–510 Ma) and kimberlites (coloured and black and magnetic frame were defined both produced the first longitude-calibrated white squares; 247–542 Ma) reconstructed in a TPW-corrected reference frame according to geological constraints Palaeozoic reconstructions. In the to the exact eruption time (sixth and final iteration). Kimberlites are plotted with and so that LIPs or kimberlites were TPW-corrected frame, five of seven white (Laurentia), yellow (Baltica: Russia), black (Siberia), light blue (China blocks), green (Gondwana: South Africa), and red (Gondwana: Australia) located directly above a plume gener Palaeozoic LIPs plot within 5° of the colors. K, Kalkarindji (510 Ma, Australia); A, Altay-Sayan (400 Ma, Siberia); Y, ation zone, ignoring any possible TPW plume generation zones, and one Yakutsk (360 Ma, Siberia); S, Skagerrak (297 Ma, Europe); P, Panjal Traps (285 (and plume advection) in the Palaeo (Panjal Traps) plots 11.2° away. Of 231 Ma, India/NW Himalaya; allochthonous); E, Emeishan (258 Ma, South China); zoic. The next step from this idealized kimberlites, 98% plot within 10° of a ST, Siberian Traps (251 Ma). Background map as in Fig. 13b. model was estimating TPW and cor plume generation zone. Although our recting the palaeogeographic recon longitude-fitting method used the 1% struction, using the obtained TPW slow SMEAN contour as a proxy for rotations. The method we used to the plume generation zones, the statis derive the TPW rotations requires that tical correlation is similar and even the longitudes of the continents in improved compared with the seismic the paleomagnetic frame are specified voting map contours. As an example, before estimating TPW. Because these all LIPs (including the Siberian Traps) are a priori unknown, we developed plot within 10° of contour 4 (Fig. 13b).

48 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 49 Major scientific results and research projects IV. Linking surface tectonics and volcanism to the deep earth

Paper 7 Seismic tomography, similar in princi- verified with a signal in the satellite- Shephard, G., R. Trønnes, W. Spakman, ple to the medical tomography scans derived gravity gradients. Significant- I. Panet, and C. Gaina. 2016. Evidence that are used to image the human ly, the paper linked the existence of for slab material under Greenland and body, is one of the foremost datasets the slab to the massive Cretaceous links to Cretaceous High Arctic mag- that reveals an insight into the inter- High Arctic Large Igneous Province matism. Geophysical Research Letters, nal structure of Earth today. Regions (HALIP). The HALIP was formed by an 43, doi:10.1002/2016GL068424. of fast seismic wavespeeds are often extensive volcanic episode around 120 interpreted as cold and old subducted million years ago in the oceans and slabs of long-lost oceans. Different surrounding continents, such as Sval- In the global puzzle of reconstructing tomography models reveal possible bard and the Canadian Arctic Islands. continents and oceans through deep slabs peppered throughout the Earth’s The arc mantle from the subducting time, the Arctic remains one of the mantle, and one such feature is slab of the South Anuyi Ocean may be most challenging and controversial located around 1000-1400 km below manifested in the geochemical signa- regions. Today, the Arctic Ocean Greenland today (Fig. 15). However, ture of the western part of the HALIP. Fig. 16. Adapted from consists of two basins, the large if this seismic anomaly represented This study suggests a novel addition Shephard et al., 2016. “Amerasia Basin” and the smaller an extinct ocean basin, it begged the to the “mantle plume” eruption model Panel A: Plate recon and younger “Eurasia Basin” (Fig. 15), questions: which ocean does this which has generally been suggested struction at 150 Ma (Mil which are surrounded by the major feature reveal, why and when was it as the cause and signal of the volcanic lion years ago) showing tectonic plates of North America and subducted, and can we see its signa- rocks. the configuration of the Eurasia. However, this has not always ture in other datasets? South Anuyi Ocean prior been the geographical configuration. to opening of the Amera Over the last several millions of years, Through a careful analysis, the study In addition, the study provided the sia Basin. B: Location of the Arctic has also undergone turbulent revealed that when the Amerasia Basin inspiration for a current research the HALIP eruption sites history of ocean basin opening and opened, it contemporaneously closed project that creates a “vote” map of (orange and red) com closure, mountain building events and another ocean, called the South Anuyi different tomography models, like for pared to the slab location to the west (pink, purple, massive magmatic eruptions. Under- Ocean, which oceanic lithosphere sub- the Greenland slab, but across 14 green contours) at 120 standing the geological complexity of ducted around 160-120 Million years different models. This is an initiative Ma. C: Vertical slice the region is further compounded at ago. This explains why it is at a mid- of the first author, with an objective showing interaction of present-day by challenging climatic mantle depth today, having descended to engage other early career research- plume idea and the conditions and remoteness for sam- near vertically through the mantle. ers, from CEED and the University of subducted slab at pling. The study by Shephard et al. It was demonstrated that the seismic Oxford (Shephard, Matthews, Hosseini 120 Ma. (2016) highlighted the power of anomaly could also be independently and Domeier, in preparation). integrating several geological and geophysical datasets, including those from earthquakes, satellite measurements of gravity and geochemical signatures of volcanic rocks. The study was able to link key lines of evidence in time and space to a specific feature found deep below Greenland, that had previously been only looked at Fig. 15. Top panel shows surface overview of Arctic region in isolation. with two major oceanic basins. Bottom panel shows mantle view based on a collection of tomography models with the Furthermore, the success of this study Greenland slab location (blue-yellow colours) at 1400 km and the scale of the datasets used, depth. relied on a close collaboration between internal CEED researchers Reidar Trønnes, Carmen Gaina and Grace Shephard and international partners, Isabelle Panet from Paris Diderot, and Wim Spakman from Utrecht Univer sity/CEED.

50 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 51 Major scientific results and research projects V. The structure and dynamics of the d”-zone in the deep earth

2 Fe 2SiO4 + 2Mg2SiO4 + Mg3Al2Si3O3 = 2 FeAlO3 + 7 MgSiO3 + FeO + Fe V. THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS of the D”-ZONE ringwoodite garnet bm ferropericlase metal in the DEEP EARTH Based on a crystal chemistry survey of towards pbm with a distinct and wide published bm analyses from basaltic phase loop, dipping towards lower pres- Paper 8 and peridotitic mantle lithologies, sures. Whereas both the FeAlO and Fig. 17. Left panel: 3 Mohn CE & Trønnes RG, 2016. Iron spin state and site distribution in FeAlO - Mohn & Trønnes (2016) concluded that Al O components seem to partition simplified depictions of 3 2 3 the bm and pbm crystal bearing bridgmanite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 440, 178-186 such bm compositions mostly have markedly towards bm, the energy differ- total structures. The octahedra Al>Fe . Therefore, the essential com- ences between the coexisting phases are

are corner-linked in all ponents in addition to MgSiO3 are very small and the phase loops are flat

three dimensions in bm, Movements in the Earth are governed in Fig. 1 (Mohn & Trønnes, 2016). The probably FeAlO3, FeSiO3 and Al2O3, in and narrow. These features, which have whereas the pbm struc by the phase relations and material commonly used reference to either order of decreasing abundance. We prevailed during massive computational ture involves edge-linking properties of the mineral bridgmanite 12- or 8-fold coordination polyhedra have used ab initio computation to es- efforts over a three-year period, are con- of the octahedra along (bm), which constitutes about 65% of for the A-site cations may therefore tablish the partitioning of these com- sistent with the observed sharp D”-dis- the crystallographic the entire mantle and 75% of the low- be misleading. ponents between bm and pbm, continuities in the high Vs longitudinal a-axis and rigid sheet er mantle. In the cooler regions of the in order to understand how the seis- belt through the Arctic, Asia, Australia, structures in the ac- D”-zone (the lowermost 200-300 km Ab initio and experimental investiga- mic observations can be linked to min- Antarctica and the Americas. Our parti- plane. Compared to bm, above the core-mantle boundary), tions of the site distribution of Fe3+ eral properties and the D” structure.” tioning results indicate the following net the pbm structure is very compressible in the bm undergoes a densifying phase and Al and of the iron spin state in bm chemical redox reaction for the bm to b-axis direction (normal transition to post-bridgmanite (pbm). have yielded largely conflicting results Our preliminary results (Fig. 18.) show pbm transition:

to the sheets), resulting Because bm has very high entropy, for the pressure-temperature (p-T) that the FeSiO3 component partitions in a low bulk modulus, we expect and have observed a reverse conditions of the lowermost mantle.

whereas the rigid ac- transition back to bm at the highest In a study of the most important sub- 2FeAlO3+3MgSiO3 + Fe = 3 FeSiO3 + Al2O3 + 3 MgO planes yield a high shear temperatures close to the core-mantle stitutional component, FeAlO3, Mohn bm metal pbm mineral distribution according to lithology modulus. Right panel: boundary. Both bm and pbm have & Trønnes (2016) demonstrated that variation in cation-oxygen 3+ ABO3-type perovskite structures with high-spin Fe and Al remain in the In peridotitic lithologies the released induce oxidation of diamond to distances for the A- and two cation sites, A and B (Fig. 17). In A- and B-sites, respectively, beyond MgO may increase the amount and the carbonate (magnesite), promoting B-site oxygen coordina the main MgSiO component Mg2+ and the p-T conditions of the mantle. The Mg/Fe ratio of ferropericlase and Al O small degrees of redox melting in the tion polyhedra in bm. 3 2 3 Si4+ occupy the A- and B-sites, respec- large Fe3+ cations can persist to may dissolve in pbm. If pbm becomes relatively cold subducted lithosphere, Al fits very nicely into A-HS the regular octahedral tively. In contrast to the small and such high pressures because flexible Al-saturated, the Ca-ferrite structured especially in basaltic lithologies. The B-site, whereas the flexi regular B-site surrounded by six O-Fe bonds enable adaptation to the phase (CF), with an MgAl2O4-compo- pbm stability would expand in 3+ ble O-Fe bonds allows nearest-neighbour O-anions (octahe- irregular A-site. The O-Fe A-HS bonds nent, may form. In basaltic material, FeSiO 3-rich material, e.g. in possible 3+ dral coordination) with nearly equal have considerable charge transfer an additional MgAl O -component will Fe-rich magma ocean cumulates in the Fe A-HS to adapt to the 2 4 irregular A-site O-Si bond lengths, the large A-site is and covalency, and the deviation from increase the amount of the pre-exist- lower part of the LLSVPs. The effect of very irregular. In bm the O-Mg bond fully ionic character is 38%, compared ing CF phase and the excess MgO may the elevated temperatures in the

lengths fall into five groups, as shown to 14%, 19% and 18% for MgA, SiB and combine with free silica to increase the bottom layer of the LLSVPs, however,

AlB, respectively. The bm crystal lattice pbm proportion. The removal of metal- would destabilise the low-entropy

has a very strong affinity for AlB, charge lic Fe by the bm-pbm reaction may pbm phase. A recent survey of the 3+ balanced by Fe A. Because peridotites have considerable Al-contents and Fig. 18. Approximate phase relations in because Fe is dominantly ferrous in the three systems the upper mantle and transition zone, MgSiO3-FeSiO3, the formation of bm in material sink- MgSiO -FeSiO and ing beyond 660 km depth involves 3 3 MgSiO3-Al2O3 at 3000 K a redox reaction with exsolution of and 20-150 GPa, based metallic Fe: partly on Stixrude & Lithgow-Bertelloni (2011, GJI) and Mohn and Trønnes (preliminary data for the bm-pbm element partitioning).

52 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 53 Major scientific results and research projects VI. Plate tectonics in the late paleozoic

VI. PLATE TECTONICS in the LATE PALEOZOIC Fig. 19. Paleogeo graphic reconstruction Paper 9 showing simplified plate Domeier, M., and T. H. Torsvik. 2014. Plate tectonics in the late Paleozoic, boundaries and labels of Geoscience Frontiers, 5(3), 303-350. some major features.at 410 Ma (early Devonian). Abbreviated continental Paleogeography is fundamental to our We trust that this model will be useful units: A, Annamia; AC, Arctic Alaska-Chukotka; understanding of the history of plate in extending the temporal reach of Am, Amuria; Ch, Chilenia; tectonics and thus vital in efforts to link mantle models, but also hope that it K, Kazakhstania; NC, plate kinematics and mantle dyna may serve more broadly as a late North China; q, South mics. Unfortunately, the relentless Paleozoic tectonic framework for fu- Qinling; SC, South operation of subduction has obliter ture testing and further improvement. China; SP, South Patago ated Paleozoic and early Mesozoic So far, this is the highest cited paper nia; T, Tarim; VT, Variscan oceanic lithosphere, making pre- from the selected papers presented terranes; oceanic Cretaceous ‘full-plate’ paleogeogra here and M. Domeier was awarded domains: Mo, Mongol- phic reconstructions exceptionally the Medal for the best paper publis Okhotsk Ocean; Tu, challenging. However, with the deve hed in Geoscience Frontiers in 2014. Turkestan Ocean. (B) lopment of new geodynamic concepts Plate velocity field. and analytical tools, it is now feasible to construct, test and share such models, even though they can only be considered provisional. Here we 410 Ma present a global plate model for the thalas Pan sa late Paleozoic (410–250 Ma), together

with a review of the underlying data Tu Am T and interpretations. Mo NC Siberia K AC SC Paleo- q Mat Domeier, CEED postdoctoral fel- tethys A low and YFF (Young Research Talent Rheic ia s s u VT from RCN) awardee (from 2015) and r u SP a co-author Trond Torsvik, built the first L a real plate tectonic model for the late an dw Paleozoic by integrating geological Gon observations and plate tectonic theory fundamentals. This is a significant and radical departure from the con- seismic D” discontinuities concluded Our ongoing first-principles investiga- ventional approach of pre- Cretaceous that such discontinuities are generally tions of the phase relations, crystal palaeogeographic modeling, which confined to the highvelocity regions chemistry and mineral physics of continues to functionally operate outside the LLSVPs. The partitioning the major minerals in the lowermost under the framework of continental

of FeAlO3 and Al2O3 towards bm will in mantle are essential for the clarification drift. As depicted in the 410 Ma recon- principle tend to destabilise pbm in of several unresolved and very contro- struction (Fig. 19), the new model basaltic material, which is enriched in versial issues. Better constraints on includes explicitly delineated and these components. With the flat and the material properties of the lower meticulously managed plate bounda- narrow phase loops, however, this mantle, and especially of the D” zone, ries, which allows the full spatio- tendency will be counteracted by the can improve the input parameters and temporal definition of tectonic plates, low temperatures in subducted mate- lead to more realistic modelling of the including those floored by oceanic rial entering the D” zone in the central flow pattern above the outer core sur- lithosphere. parts of the high-velocity belt. face and the core-mantle heat and chemical exchange.

54 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 55 Major scientific results and research projects

Publication Journal Journal Impact No. of citations/yr factor SCOPUS 2015/2016 (total/no years scijournal.org since publication)

Abdelmalak et al., 2015 Geology 4.55 2

Ashwal et al., 2017 Nature Communications 11.33 N/A

Domeier&Torsvik, 2014 Geoscience Frontiers 3.89 21.3

Mohn & Trønnes 2016 Earth and Planetary 4.33 1 Science Letters

Shephard et al., 2016 Geophysical Research 4.21 1 Letters

Stordal et al., 2017 Palaeogeography, 2.59 N/A Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Torsvik et al., 2013 Nature Geoscience 12.51 11

Torsvik et al., 2014 Proceedings of the 9.38 11.3 National Academy of Sciences of USA

Torsvik et al., 2015 Proceedings of the 9.38 2.5 National Academy of Sciences of USA

56 CEED Annual Report 2016 CEED Annual Report 2016 PB 2013-2017 CEED publications in high impact journals

2 Nature (38.14*), 1 Nature Communications (11.33), 3 Nature Geoscience (12.51), 4 PNAS (9.38), 3 Science (34.66), 1 Science Advances, all-ca. 185 citations * Journal Impact factor 2015/2016 (scijournal.org)

1. Ashwal, L. D., M. Wiedenbeck, and T. H. Torsvik (2017), Archaean zircons in Miocene oceanic hotspot rocks establish ancient continental crust beneath Mauritius, Nature Communications, 8. 2. *Biggin, A.J., Piispa, E.J., Pesonen, L.J., Holme, R., Paterson, G.A., Veikkolainen, T., Tauxe., L. (2015). Palaeo magnetic field intensity variations suggest Mesoproterozoic inner-core nucleation. Nature, 526, 245-248. 3. Conrad, C. P., B. Steinberger, and T. H. Torsvik (2013), Stability of active mantle upwelling revealed by net characteristics of plate tectonics, Nature, 498(7455), 479-482. 4. Frieling, J., H. H. Svensen, S. Planke, M. J. Cramwinckel, H. Selnes, and A. Sluijs (2016), Thermogenic methane release as a cause for the long duration of the PETM, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(43), 12059-12064. 5. Hasenclever, J., S. Theissen-Krah, L. H. Rüpke, J. P. Morgan, K. Iyer, S. Petersen, and C. W. Devey (2014), Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges, Nature, 508(7497), 508-512. 6. Renssen, H; Mairesse, A; Goosse, H; Heiri, O; Roche, D.M; Nisancioglu, K.H; Valdes, P. J. (2015). Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period. Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo2557. 7. Smirnov, A. Kulakov, E.V., Foucher, M.S., and K. E. Bristol. (2017). Intrinsic paleointensity bias and the long-term history of the geodynamo, Science Advances, 3 (2), doi.org/10.1126/ sciadv.1602306 8. Rogozhina, I., A. G. Petrunin, A. P. M. Vaughan, B. Steinberger, J. V. Johnson, M. K. Kaban, R. Calov, F. Rickers, M. Thomas, and I. Koulakov (2016), Melting at the base of the Greenland ice sheet explained by Iceland hotspot history, Nature Geoscience, 9(5), 366-369. 9. Torsvik, T. H., R. Van Der Voo, P. V. Doubrovine, K. Burke, B. Steinberger, L. D. Ashwal, R. G. Trønnes, S. J. Webb, and A. L. Bull (2014), Deep mantle structure as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(24), 8735-8740. 10. Torsvik, T. H., H. Amundsen, E. H. Hartz, F. Corfu, N. Kusznir, C. Gaina, P. V. Doubrovine, B. Steinberger, L. D. Ashwal, and B. Jamtveit (2013), A Precambrian microcontinent in the Indian Ocean, Nature Geoscience, 6(3),223-227. 11. Torsvik, T. H., et al. (2015), Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland, Proceedings of the National Acade my of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(15), E1818-E1827. 12. Van Der Meer, D. G., R. E. Zeebe, D. J. J. Van Hinsbergen, A. Sluijs, W. Spakman, and T. H. Torsvik (2014), Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(12), 4380-4385. 13. Werner, S. C., A. Ody, and F. Poulet (2014), The source crater of martian shergottite meteorites, Science, 343(6177), 1343-1346. 14. 10. Xiao, L., Zhu, P., Fang, G., Xiao, Z., Zou, Y., Zhao, J., Zhao, N., Yuan, Y., Qiao, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Huang, J., Huang, Q., He, Q., Zhou, B., Ji, Y., Zhang, Q., Shen, S., Li, Y., Gao, Y. (2015). A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang’E-3 mssion. Science, 347,6227-1226.

*This paper was the outcome of a workshop organized and funded by T.H. Torsvik through ERC Advanced Grant 267631 and CEED 223272. CEED: A centre of Excellence 2013–2023 Basic research relevant to society and industry

VISION To develop an Earth model that explains how mantle processes drive plate tectonics and trigger massive volcanism which causes environmental and climate changes throughout Earth history.

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