DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Advances in the Study of Avian Malaria: an Overview with an Emphasis on the Distribution of Plasmodium Spp in Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Advances in the Study of Avian Malaria: an Overview with an Emphasis on the Distribution of Plasmodium Spp in Brazil Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 106(Suppl. I): 3-11, 2011 3 Recent advances in the study of avian malaria: an overview with an emphasis on the distribution of Plasmodium spp in Brazil Érika Martins Braga1/+, Patricia Silveira1, Nayara Oliveira Belo1, Gediminas Valkiūnas2 1Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil 2Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, Vilnius 21, LT-08412, Lithuania Avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium) have a worldwide distribution except for Antarctica. They are transmit- ted exclusively by mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) and are of particular interest to health care research due to their phylogenetic relationship with human plasmodia and their ability to cause avian malaria, which is frequently lethal in non-adapted avian hosts. However, different features of avian Plasmodium spp, including their taxonomy and aspects of their life-history traits, need to be examined in more detail. Over the last 10 years, ecologists, evolu- tionary biologists and wildlife researchers have recognized the importance of studying avian malaria parasites and other related haemosporidians, which are the largest group of the order Haemosporida by number of species. These studies have included understanding the ecological, behavioral and evolutionary aspects that arise in this wildlife host-parasite system. Molecular tools have provided new and exiting opportunities for such research. This review discusses several emerging topics related to the current research of avian Plasmodium spp and some related avian haemosporidians. We also summarize some important discoveries in this field and emphasize the value of using both polymerase chain reaction-based and microscopy-based methods in parallel for wildlife studies. We will focus on the genus Plasmodium, with an emphasis on the distribution and pathogenicity of these parasites in wild birds in Brazil. Key words: Plasmodium - avian malaria - birds - conservation - experimental infection Haemosporidian parasites (Sporozoa: Haemosporida) systems, which studies are essential for understanding are a cosmopolitan group of obligate heteroxenous pro- ecological parasitology and vertebrate conservation and tists that parasitize amphibians, reptiles, birds and mam- management (van Riper III et al. 1994, Møller & Nielsen mals and utilize blood-sucking dipteran insects (Insecta: 2007, Marzal et al. 2008, Bonneaud et al. 2009, Levin et Diptera) as vectors. Haemosporidians have been studied al. 2009, Loiseau et al. 2010, Sehgal et al. 2011). since 1884 and are considered to be important models Taxonomists have described more than 200 species in the study of human malaria (Lucena 1939, Garnham of avian haemosporidians from hundreds of bird species 1966). Malaria, one of the most well-known haemospori- and have placed them into four distinct genera, Plasmo- dioses, is considered to be a particularly important para- dium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Fallisia. The sitic disease in tropical and subtropical countries, infect- vectors for these parasites are exclusively blood-sucking ing and killing several million people each year (Snow dipteran insects belonging to 17 genera (Valkiūnas 2005, & Omumbo 2006). Early studies on avian Plasmodium Njabo et al. 2011). The features that have been tradition- spp have made invaluable contributions to basic research ally used to define genera and subgenera of haemospo- in human malariology. The discovery of rodent malaria ridian parasites include the morphology of blood, tissue parasites and the development of continuous in vitro cul- and vector stages when analyzed under a light micro- tivation techniques for the most deleterious human ma- scope, vector preference, the ability to digest hemoglobin laria species, Plasmodium falciparum, decreased the sci- when parasitizing red blood cells, the course and details entific focus on avian Plasmodium spp at the end of the of the life-cycle (Garnham 1966, Laird 1998, Valkiūnas XX century (Valkiūnas 2005). However, the extensive 2005). Species of avian haemosporidian parasites have understanding gained from pioneering studies of avian traditionally been described based on the morphology haemosporidians and their significance in evolutionary of their blood stages and limited experimental informa- and conservation biology (Bensch et al. 2009, Ricklefs & tion on their vertebrate host specificity. Their identifica- Outlaw 2010) have helped reestablish the field. Current- tion based on microscopic observation is based mainly ly, these parasites are being used extensively for ecologi- on characteristics of the asexual and sexual intracellular cal and evolutionary modelling studies of host-parasite blood stages, morphometric analyses, such as length, width, area, number and size of pigment granules (Gar- nham 1966, Valkiūnas 2005, Martinsen et al. 2006). Im- portantly, blood films, which are used for microscopic examinations, should be well-prepared and should be examined properly by skilled investigators (Valkiūnas et Financial support: CNPq, FAPEMIG, UFMG al. 2008a). Recent molecular studies using gene sequence + Corresponding author: [email protected] analysis have supported the classification of the major- Received 19 March 2011 ity of genera and many subgenera of avian haemosporid- Accepted 7 June 2011 ian parasites and have provided additional information online | memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br 4 Avian malaria overview • Érika Martins Braga et al. about the phylogenetic relationships between currently 2008). Recently, several studies have used molecular recognized genera (Martinsen et al. 2006, Valkiūnas et markers to examine the distribution of avian malaria par- al. 2009). Phylogenetic reconstruction of cytochrome b asite lineages in wild-caught vectors (Gager et al. 2008, (cytb) lineages from readily distinguishable morphospe- Istiaq et al. 2008, Ejiri et al. 2009, Kim et al. 2009, Kim & cies has shown that many lineages form monophyletic Tsuda 2010, Kimura et al. 2010). However, the “parasite- clusters that match morphospecies. Such congruence vector-vertebrate host” interactions remain understudied between genetic and morphological data demonstrates for avian malaria, particularly in tropical countries. the integration of traditional parasitology and molecular Five subgenera of avian malaria parasites tradition- biology (Perkins & Schall 2002, Križanauskiené et al. ally are accepted as valid: Haemamoeba (Grassi & Feletti 2006, 2010, Hellgren et al. 2007, Palinauskas et al. 2007). 1890), Giovannolaia, Novyella and Huffia (Corradetti, However, molecular studies based on both mitochondrial Garnham & Laird 1963) and Bennettinia (Valkiūnas and nuclear DNA have also shown that some morpholog- 1997). Classification of avian malaria parasites into ical and life-history traits within haemosporidian para- subgenera facilitates species identification when using sites do not necessarily indicate evolutionary coherence optical microscopy to perform morphological analysis (Perkins & Schall 2002, Bensch et al. 2004, Ricklefs et in blood films. The validity of some subgenera of avian al. 2004), which warrants further investigation. Plasmodium remains unclear based on limited molecular Species of avian Plasmodium: difficulties with diag- analysis (Martinsen et al. 2006) and some recently estab- nosis - The term “malaria parasite” was historically used lished subgenera (Landau et al. 2010) also need to be vali- to name haemosporidian species that undergo asexual re- dated. Clearly more genetic analysis is needed before the production in vertebrate blood, hence the name Plasmo- subgeneric classification of these parasites can be recon- dium spp (Garnham 1966, Coatney et al. 1971, Valkiūnas structed (Palinauskas et al. 2007, Valkiūnas et al. 2009). 2005). It is important to note that species of Plasmodium Species identification of avian haemosporidian para- complete merogony in erythrocytes, while Haemoproteus sites is a complex task, mainly because most wild birds spp do not. Additionally, avian and mammalian Plasmo- have low levels of parasitaemia and are frequently co- dium spp are transmitted by and complete sporogony infected with haemosporidians belonging to the same or exclusively in mosquitoes (Culicidae), while Haemopro- different genera. These are the most common obstacles teus spp do not. The main diagnostic differences between to Plasmodium spp identification, particularly for the these haemosporidians have been previously summarized non-experts. However, the current lack of taxonomic ex- (Garnham 1966, Valkiūnas 2005). However, some disease perts and training in Plasmodium taxonomy is a larger symptoms caused by both Plasmodium and Haemopro- issue. Many species of avian malaria parasites are very teus species, such as hemozoin deposition and anaemia, distinct and some of them can be identified based on are similar (Chen et al. 2001, Schrenzel et al. 2003), and single cells in blood films. For instance, the presence of both genera include species that cause substantial morbid- markedly vacuolated trophozoites or lobulated gameto- ity and mortality in natural populations. Importantly, re- cytes clearly indicates infection with Plasmodium teje- cent molecular analyses show that the genus Plasmodium rai, a parasite whose transmission seems to be restricted is monophyletic with respect to Haemoproteus (Martinsen to South America (Galbadon & Ulloa 1977). There is et al. 2008), suggesting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Health Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Eastern Wild Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo Silvestris) Into Nova Scotia
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Newsletters & Publications for April 2004 Health risk assessment for the introduction of Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) into Nova Scotia A.S. Neimanis F.A. Leighton Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmccwhcnews Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Neimanis, A.S. and Leighton, F.A., "Health risk assessment for the introduction of Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) into Nova Scotia" (2004). Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Newsletters & Publications. 48. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmccwhcnews/48 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Newsletters & Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Health risk assessment for the introduction of Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) into Nova Scotia A.S. Neimanis and F.A. Leighton 30 April 2004 Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Department of Veterinary Pathology Western College of Veterinary Medicine 52 Campus Dr. University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5B4 Tel: 306-966-7281 Fax: 306-966-7439 [email protected] [email protected] 1 SUMMARY This health risk assessment evaluates potential health risks associated with a proposed introduction of wild turkeys to the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia. The preferred source for the turkeys would be the Province of Ontario, but alternative sources include the northeastern United States from Minnesota eastward and Tennessee northward.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiyear Survey of Coccidia, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histomona, and Hematozoa in Wild Quail in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma, USA
    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology ISSN 1066-5234 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Multiyear Survey of Coccidia, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histomona, and Hematozoa in Wild Quail in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma, USA Lixin Xianga,b, Fengguang Guob, Yonglan Yuc, Lacy S. Parsonb, Lloyd LaCosted, Anna Gibsone, Steve M. Presleye, Markus Petersonf, Thomas M. Craigb, Dale Rollinsd,f, Alan M. Fedynichg & Guan Zhub a College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China b Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA c College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China d Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, San Angelo, Texas 76901, USA e Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79416, USA f Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2258, USA g Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas 78363, USA Keywords ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium; molecular epidemiology; northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus); pro- We developed nested PCR protocols and performed a multiyear survey on the tozoan parasites; scaled quail (Callipepla prevalence of several protozoan parasites in wild northern bobwhite (Colinus squamata). virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) in the Rolling Plains ecore- gion of Texas and Oklahoma (i.e. fecal pellets, bird intestines and blood Correspondence smears collected between 2010 and 2013). Coccidia, cryptosporidia, and G. Zhu, Department of Veterinary Pathobiol- microsporidia were detected in 46.2%, 11.7%, and 44.0% of the samples ogy, College of Veterinary Medicine & (n = 687), whereas histomona and hematozoa were undetected.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites
    FAO Animal Health Manual No. 4 EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF POULTRY PARASITES Anders Permin Section for Parasitology Institute of Veterinary Microbiology The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Denmark Jorgen W. Hansen FAO Animal Production and Health Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1998 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-27 ISBN 92-5-104215-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. C) FAO 1998 PREFACE Poultry products are one of the most important protein sources for man throughout the world and the poultry industry, particularly the commercial production systems have experienced a continuing growth during the last 20-30 years. The traditional extensive rural scavenging systems have not, however seen the same growth and are faced with serious management, nutritional and disease constraints. These include a number of parasites which are widely distributed in developing countries and contributing significantly to the low productivity of backyard flocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Blood Parasites of Birds in Coles County, Illinois Edward G
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1968 Studies on Blood Parasites of Birds in Coles County, Illinois Edward G. Fox Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Fox, Edward G., "Studies on Blood Parasites of Birds in Coles County, Illinois" (1968). Masters Theses. 4148. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4148 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #3 To: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. Subject: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements. Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because------------- Date Author STUDIES CB BLOOD PARA.SIDS 0, BlRDS Xlf COLES COUIITY, tI,JJJIOXI (TITLE) BY Bdward G. iox B. s.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Climate and Land Use on Diversity, Prevalence, and Seasonal Transmission of Avian Hematozoa in American Samoa
    Technical Report HCSU-072 EFFEcts OF CLIMATE AND LAND USE ON DIVERSITY, PREVALENCE, AND SEASONAL TRANSMISSION OF AVIAN HEMATOZOA IN AMERICAN SAMOA 1 2,3 4 5 Carter T. Atkinson , Ruth B. Utzurrum , Joshua O. Seamon , Mark A. Schmaedick , Dennis A. LaPointe1, Chloe Apelgren2, Ariel N. Egan2, and William Watcher-Weatherwax2 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo, P. O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, Honolulu, HI 4 Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, American Samoa 5 Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 January 2016 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement G15AC00191 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. This article has been peer reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices (http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367/). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Host-Parasite Interactions Between Plasmodium Species and New Zealand Birds: Prevalence, Parasite Load and Pathology
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Host-parasite interactions between Plasmodium species and New Zealand birds: prevalence, parasite load and pathology A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science in Wildlife Health At Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand © Danielle Charlotte Sijbranda 2015 ABSTRACT Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., is an emerging disease in New Zealand and has been reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality in New Zealand bird populations. This research was initiated after P. (Haemamoeba) relictum lineage GRW4, a suspected highly pathogenic lineage of Plasmodium spp. was detected in a North Island robin of the Waimarino Forest in 2011. Using nested PCR (nPCR), the prevalence of Plasmodium lineages in the Waimarino Forest was evaluated by testing 222 birds of 14 bird species. Plasmodium sp. lineage LINN1, P. (Huffia) elongatum lineage GRW06 and P. (Novyella) sp. lineage SYATO5 were detected; Plasmodium relictum lineage GRW4 was not found. A real- time PCR (qPCR) protocol to quantify the level of parasitaemia of Plasmodium spp. in different bird species was trialled. The qPCR had a sensitivity and specificity of 96.7% and 98% respectively when compared to nPCR, and proved more sensitive in detecting low parasitaemias compared to the nPCR. The mean parasite load was significantly higher in introduced bird species compared to native and endemic species.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Powerful Phytoarsenal of White Grape Marc Against Bacteria and Parasites Causing Significant Diseases
    Exploring the powerful phytoarsenal of white grape marc against bacteria and parasites causing significant diseases JL. R. Rama#1, N. Mallo#2, M. Biddau2, F. Fernandes3, T. de Miguel*1, L. Sheiner2, A. Choupina3, M. Lores4 1Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain 2Department of Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8 TA, United Kingdom 3Department of Socioeconomical systems, I. Politécnico Bragança, Terras Trás-os-Montes, 5300-253, Portugal 4Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain Keywords: white grape marc, polyphenols, antimicrobial activity, winemaking by-products valorisation. Presenting author email: [email protected]. Telephone: +34628484864 *corresponding author #contributed equally Abstract: Natural extracts containing high polyphenolic concentration possess antibacterial, antiparasitic and fungicidal activities. The present research characterises white grape marc, a winemaking by-product describing their physicochemical features and antimicrobial capacities. Main components of 2 different extracts generated were phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and their gallates, and flavonols and their glycosides. As a result of this complex composition white grape marc extracts showed pronounced bioactivities with potential uses in agricultural, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, among others. Specifically, polyphenol compounds were extracted by using hydro-organic solvent mixtures from the by-product of Albariño white wines (Galicia, NW Spain) production. In the present work the “in vitro” antimicrobial activity of the bioactive extracts was evaluated using two different hydro-organic mixtures (HOL & HOP). The microorganisms tested included Gram positive and negative bacteria, two Apicomplexan parasite species and one Oomycota parasite.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Morphology and Morphometry of Three Plasmodium
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Elisei, Carina; Fernandes, Kátia, R.; Forlano, Maria D.; Madureira, Renata C.; Scofield, Alessandra; Yotoko, Karla S. C.; Soares, Cleber O.; Ribeiro Araújo, Flábio; Massard, Carlos L. Morphology and morphometry of three Plasmodium juxtanucleare (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) isolates Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 16, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2007, pp. 139-144 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841463005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF THREE Plasmodium juxtanucleare (APICOMPLEXA: PLASMODIIDAE) ISOLATES* CARINA ELISEI1; KÁTIA, R. FERNANDES2; MARIA D. FORLANO3; RENATA C. MADUREIRA2; ALESSANDRA SCOFIELD4; KARLA S. C. YOTOKO5; CLEBER O. SOARES1; FLÁBIO RIBEIRO ARAÚJO1; CARLOS L. MASSARD6 ABSTRACT:- ELISEI C.; FERNANDES, K.R.; FORLANO, M.D.; MADUREIRA, R.C.; SCOFIELD, A.; YOTOKO, K.C.; SOARES C.O.; ARAÚJO, F.R.; MASSARD C.L. Morphology and morphometry of three Plasmodium juxtanucleare (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) isolates. [Morfologia e morfometria de três isolados de Plasmodium juxtanucleare (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae)]. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, v. 16, n. 3, p. 139-144, 2007. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Sanidade Animal, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] In this work, three isolates of Plasmodium juxtanucleare have been analyzed based on morphological, morphometric and parasitic parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Plasmodium Juxtanucleare in Thai Native Fowls Based on Partial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I Gene
    pISSN 2466-1384 eISSN 2466-1392 Korean J Vet Res (2019) 59(2):69~74 https://doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2019.59.2.69 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Molecular characterization of Plasmodium juxtanucleare in Thai native fowls based on partial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene Tawatchai Pohuang1,2, Sucheeva Junnu1,2,* 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Abstract: Avian malaria is one of the most important general blood parasites of poultry in Southeast Asia. Plasmodium (P.) juxtanucleare causes avian malaria in wild and domestic fowl. This study aimed to identify and characterize the Plasmodium species infecting in Thai native fowl. Blood samples were collected for microscopic examination, followed by detection of the Plasmodium cox I gene by using PCR. Five of the 10 sampled fowl had the desired 588 base pair amplicons. Sequence analysis of the five amplicons indicated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were homologous to each other and were closely related (100% identity) to a P. juxtanucleare strain isolated in Japan (AB250415). Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree of the cox I gene showed that the P. juxtanucleare in this study were grouped together and clustered with the Japan strain. The presence of P. juxtanucleare described in this study is the first report of P. juxtanucleare in the Thai native fowl of Thailand. Keywords: fowl, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, Plasmodium juxtanucleare Introduction *Corresponding author Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., is an important blood parasite Sucheeva Junnu disease of poultry because it results in poor meat quality and egg production Department of Veterinary Medicine, [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Rearranged Mitochondrial Genome in Nycteria Parasites (Haemosporidia) from Bats
    Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats Gregory Karadjiana,1,2, Alexandre Hassaninb,1, Benjamin Saintpierrec, Guy-Crispin Gembu Tungalunad, Frederic Arieye, Francisco J. Ayalaf,3, Irene Landaua, and Linda Duvala,3 aUnité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 75005 Paris, France; bInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CP51, 75005 Paris, France; cUnité de Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs (CNRS URA3012), Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; dFaculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, BP 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo; eLaboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; and fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, July 6, 2016 (sent for review March 18, 2016; reviewed by Sargis Aghayan and Georges Snounou) Haemosporidia parasites have mostly and abundantly been de- and this lack of knowledge limits the understanding of the scribed using mitochondrial genes, and in particular cytochrome evolutionary history of Haemosporidia, in particular their b (cytb). Failure to amplify the mitochondrial cytb gene of Nycteria basal diversification. parasites isolated from Nycteridae bats has been recently reported. Nycteria parasites have been primarily described, based on Bats are hosts to a diverse and profuse array of Haemosporidia traditional taxonomy, in African insectivorous bats of two fami- parasites that remain largely unstudied.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sub-Genera of Avian Plasmodium Landau I.*, Chavatte J.M.*, Peters W.** & Chabaud A.*
    Landau (MEP) 28/01/10 10:07 Page 3 Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2010171003 THE SUB-GENERA OF AVIAN PLASMODIUM LANDAU I.*, CHAVATTE J.M.*, PETERS W.** & CHABAUD A.* Summary: Résumé : LES SOUS-GENRES DE PLASMODIUM AVIAIRE The study of the morphology of a species of Plasmodium is difficult La morphologie d’un Plasmodium est difficile à étudier car on because these organisms have relatively few characters. The size dispose de peu de caractères. La taille d’un schizonte, facile à of the schizont, for example, which is easy to assess is important apprécier, est significative au niveau spécifique mais n’a pas at the specific level but is not always of great phylogenetic toujours une grande valeur phylogénique. Le métabolisme du significance. Factors reflecting the parasite’s metabolism provide parasite fournit des éléments plus importants. Ainsi, la situation du more important evidence. Thus the position of the parasite within parasite à l’intérieur de l’hématie (accolé au noyau, ou à la the host red cell (attachment to the host nucleus or its membrane, membrane, au sommet ou le long du noyau) se révèle très at one end or aligned with it) has been shown to be constant for constant chez chaque espèce. Un autre caractère, de valeur a given species. Another structure of essential significance that is essentielle, trop souvent négligé, est le globule le plus souvent often ignored is a globule, usually refringent in nature, that was réfringent, décrit pour la première fois chez Plasmodium vaughani first decribed in Plasmodium vaughani Novy & MacNeal, 1904 Novy & MacNeal, 1904 et que nous considérons comme and that we consider to be characteristic of the sub-genus caractéristique du sous-genre Novyella.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Avian Haemosporidia from Captive Musophagid Birds at a Zoological Garden in Japan
    NOTE Wildlife Science Detection of avian haemosporidia from captive musophagid birds at a zoological garden in Japan Masayoshi KAKOGAWA1,2), Ayana ONO3), Mizue INUMARU3), Yukita SATO3)* and Mitsuhiko ASAKAWA2) 1)Kobe Animal Kingdom, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan 2)Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan 3)Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan ABSTRACT. One captive musophagid bird at a zoological garden in Japan showed clinical J. Vet. Med. Sci. symptoms and was found to be infected with avian haemosporidia. We subsequently collected 81(12): 1892–1895, 2019 blood from all musophagid birds kept in the garden and examined for avian haemosporidia using both microscopic and molecular examination. Only Haemoproteus gametocytes were observed doi: 10.1292/jvms.19-0483 in the blood of two Guinea turaco (Tauraco persa). Three genetic lineages of Haemoproteus were identified from three Guinea turacos and one genetic lineage of Leucocytozoon was identified from a grey plantain-eater (Crinifer piscator). Detected Haemoproteus lineages were all identical and Received: 28 August 2019 completely different from those previously reported in Japan, suggesting that these birds were Accepted: 23 October 2019 infected in their original habitat. This is the first record of Haemoproteus infection in Guinea turacos. Advanced Epub: Haemoproteus, Japan, Leucocytozoon, musophagid bird, zoological garden 4 November 2019 KEY WORDS: Avian haemosporidia, which includes the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon, are common avian blood protozoa that are found in numerous bird species worldwide [14]. Among them, avian Plasmodium causes so-called “avian malaria” in host birds; it is a highly pathogenic and lethal infectious disease, especially for several reported naïve bird species [1, 14].
    [Show full text]