LEGAL AND PROTECTION POLICY RESEARCH SERIES The Causes, Character and Conduct of Armed Conflict, and the Effects on Civilian Populations, 1990-2010 Theo Farrell and Olivier Schmitt Department of War Studies at King’s College London DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION APRIL 2012 PPLA/2012/03 DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) CP2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail:
[email protected] Website: www.unhcr.org This paper was commissioned in September 2011 in the context of a project on Developing Guidelines for the protection of people fleeing violence and conflict across borders. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of the United Nations or the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. This paper may be freely quoted, cited and copied for academic, educational or other non-commercial purposes without prior permission from UNHCR, provided that the source and authors are acknowledged. The paper is available online at http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a16b17a6.html. © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2012. Table of Contents I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 II ARMED CONFLICT, 1990-2010: CAUSES, CHARACTER, AND EFFECTS ON CIVILIANS ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1 THE CAUSES OF ARMED CONFLICT