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MAKING BIOLOGICAL CITIZENS IN POSTCOLONIAL SOCIETIES: SCIENCE, GENDER, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN SOUTH KOREA AND THE PHILIPPINES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AUGUST 2014 By John M. Friend Dissertation Committee: Michael Shapiro, Chairperson Sankaran Krishna Debora Halbert Jungmin Seo Antonio Contreras Andrew Arno Keywords: Citizenship, Empire, Postcolonialism, Nationalism, Science, Gender © Copyright 2014 by John M. Friend ii ABSTRACT This dissertation offers a postcolonial theory of biological citizenship for understanding national identity and body politics in the Philippines and South Korea. Using a Foucauldian genealogical approach, I investigate how western science and technology shape, influence, and define biological citizenships within the structures and processes of imperialism and nation making. Such an investigation reveals that these biological identities are coeval with the colonial encounter and are, therefore, sensitive to the political and economic histories of the colonizer and colonized. Through a contrapuntal reading of postcolonial Philippines and Korea, I conclude that women and their bodies are intricately interlinked within the circulation, flux, and flow of colonialism and nation making, thus becoming biological citizens par excellence. As the internal and external pressures on the nation change, such as decolonization, nationalization, and globalization, so do the “kinds” of female bodies the nation needs. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Revisiting the “Third Culture” ..................................................................................................... 2 The Need for a Contrapuntal Reading of Biological Citizenship ................................................ 6 “Woman” as Biological Citizen Par Excellence ........................................................................ 13 Toward a Postcolonial Theory of Biological Citizenship .......................................................... 17 Why Should We Read Georges Canguilhem Today? ................................................................ 25 Biological Subjectivity in the West Today ................................................................................ 28 The Formation of Biological Citizenships ................................................................................. 32 Theory and Method .................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 45 Identity Politics within the Tensions of Empire ........................................................................ 45 Gender and Imperial Science ..................................................................................................... 53 The Native within the Psychoanalytic Gaze .............................................................................. 58 Freud’s Woman and Her Primitive Counterpart ........................................................................ 60 The Making of Criminal Woman ............................................................................................... 61 Becoming Woman, Becoming Biological Citizen ..................................................................... 70 Becoming Woman, Becoming Nation ....................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................... 79 Identity and Nation Making in (Post)colonial Philippines ........................................................ 79 Moral Panic, Risk and Blame: Defining the “Other” ................................................................ 80 An Investigation into the Politics of Disease ............................................................................. 83 The Rise of the New Public Health and the Birth of Bacteriology ............................................ 85 The Individualization of Disease Control and Prevention ......................................................... 87 Western Imperialism and the New Public Health ...................................................................... 89 Colonial Medicine and Moral Hygiene in the Philippines ........................................................ 91 White Women as Expert and Domestication through Public Health ......................................... 93 Policing Promiscuous Defecation .............................................................................................. 99 Transforming the Filipino into a Biocitizen ............................................................................ 101 Resisting the New Public Health ............................................................................................. 104 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................. 106 The Biopolitics of Disease in Postcolonial Philippines ........................................................... 106 The Making of the Postcolonial Filipina ................................................................................. 109 The Disciplinary Gaze of the (Post)colonial Juridico-Medical Complex ................................ 121 Counter-Hegemonic Spaces and Resistance to Biomedicalization ......................................... 124 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................. 127 Toward a Genealogy of Biological Citizenship in Korea ........................................................ 127 Japanese “Truth Games” and Defining the Biological Other .................................................. 128 Nation Making and the Gender Question ................................................................................ 135 Bionationalism and Body Politics in (Post)colonial Korea ..................................................... 140 Becoming Woman in Postcolonial Korea ................................................................................ 145 “Korean Woman” as an Extension of Neoliberal Globalization ............................................. 149 iv CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................................. 155 The Politics of Belonging in Postcolonial Korea ..................................................................... 155 The Birth of the Korean Welfare State .................................................................................... 158 Gendered Subjectivities and the Welfare State ........................................................................ 160 Postcolonial Technoscience and the Practices of Meaning-Making ....................................... 163 Those Last Men Who Invented Modernity for a Nation ......................................................... 166 Social Welfare as Clinical Inquiry into the Perils of Modernization ....................................... 169 The Threat of the “Gold Miss” ................................................................................................ 173 The Making of Pathological and Normal Femininities in Korea ............................................. 175 “I am a Missy, the Missy is Different” .................................................................................... 177 An Unfinished Yeopung .......................................................................................................... 178 CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................................. 184 Who is Colonizing Who? Biopower in Colonial Modernity ................................................... 184 The Art of Performing Citizenship in Colonial Modernity ..................................................... 186 Oriental Orientalism or Colonialism Redux? .......................................................................... 192 Body Politics in Postcolonial Korea ........................................................................................ 194 Not Just Any-Body Can Be a Postcolonial Citizen ................................................................. 199 Resistance and the Future of the Biological Citizen ................................................................ 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 209 v CHAPTER 1 “Life is a Concept.” – Georges Canguilhem, Le Concept et la Vie, 1966. “Gradually, an administrative and political space was articulated upon a therapeutic space; it tended to individualize bodies, diseases, symptoms, lives and deaths; it constituted
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