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Biodiversity and Threats in Non-Protected Areas: a Multidisciplinary and Multi-Taxa Approach Focused on the Atlantic Forest
Heliyon 5 (2019) e02292 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www.heliyon.com Biodiversity and threats in non-protected areas: A multidisciplinary and multi-taxa approach focused on the Atlantic Forest Esteban Avigliano a,b,*, Juan Jose Rosso c, Dario Lijtmaer d, Paola Ondarza e, Luis Piacentini d, Matías Izquierdo f, Adriana Cirigliano g, Gonzalo Romano h, Ezequiel Nunez~ Bustos d, Andres Porta d, Ezequiel Mabragana~ c, Emanuel Grassi i, Jorge Palermo h,j, Belen Bukowski d, Pablo Tubaro d, Nahuel Schenone a a Centro de Investigaciones Antonia Ramos (CIAR), Fundacion Bosques Nativos Argentinos, Camino Balneario s/n, Villa Bonita, Misiones, Argentina b Instituto de Investigaciones en Produccion Animal (INPA-CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, (C1427CWO), Buenos Aires, Argentina c Grupo de Biotaxonomía Morfologica y Molecular de Peces (BIMOPE), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, (B7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina d Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-CONICET), Av. Angel Gallardo 470, (C1405DJR), Buenos Aires, Argentina e Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminacion Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, (B7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina f Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolucion, Instituto de Diversidad -
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7 State of the World’s Fungi State of the World’s Fungi 2018 7. Country focus: China 方睿 (Rui Fang)a, Paul Kirka,b, 魏江春 (Jiang-Chun Wei)c, 李玉 (Yu Li)d, 蔡磊 (Lei Cai)b, 范黎 (Li Fan)e, 魏铁铮 (Tie-Zheng Wei)b, 赵瑞琳 (Rui-Lin Zhao)b, 王科 (Ke Wang)b, 杨祝良 (Zhu-Liang Yang)f, 李泰辉 (Tai-Hui Li)g, 李熠 (Yi Li)h, 普布多吉 (Phurbu-Dorji)i, 姚一建 (Yi-Jian Yao)b a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; b Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; d Jilin Agricultural University, China; e Capital Normal University, China; f Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; g Guandong Institute of Microbiology, China; h College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, China; i Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, China 48 Positive interactions and insights Country focus: China What is the current status of knowledge of fungi in China? How many different Chinese fungal species are currently known, where are they distributed, which are most important economically, and how do they help combat the effects of desertification? stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/country-focus.html Country focus: China 49 THERE ARE 1,789 EDIBLE and 798 medicinal fungi reported from China 50 Positive interactions and insights century that Chinese authors started to publish their ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES research on fungi in China[4]. Since then, a large amount of THAT THE USE OF FUNGI BY HUMANS work has been carried out by Chinese mycologists, resulting in published studies on more than 6,700 species[5]. -
A REVIEW on ANTITUMOR ACTIONS of POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED from MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS Noure AL ALI ZIDAN* and Heba ALNEAMEH**
IJASR International Journal of Academic Scientific Research ISSN: 2272-6446 Volume 2, Issue 1 (February-March 2014), PP 14-20 www.ijasrjournal.org A REVIEW ON ANTITUMOR ACTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS Noure AL ALI ZIDAN* and Heba ALNEAMEH** *Faculty of Biotechnology, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria ** Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria ABSTRACT Mushrooms have long been attracting a great deal of interest in many areas of foods and biopharmaceuticals. They are well known for their nutritional and medicinal values. Mushrooms comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, and most importantly for modern medicine, they represent an unlimited source of polysaccharides with antitumor and immunostimulating properties. Recently, basidiomycete fungi have been used for the treatment of cancer. Many, if not all, Basidiomycetes mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides in fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, culture broth. Polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes from medicinal mushrooms may enhance innate immune responses, resulting in antitumor activities. In this review, in the search for the development of new anticancer drugs, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from medicinal mushrooms on tumor were studied. Keywords: Antitumor activity; polysaccharide; medicinal mushrooms INTRODUCTION Cancer is the largest single cause of death in both men and women, claiming over 6 million lives each year worldwide. Cancer chemotherapy drugs such as 5-fluorouracil derivatives, cisplatin , mitomycin, adriamycin, taxol, etc., have been used extensively for the treatment of certain types of cancer.However, with these treatments, severe gastrointestinal toxicity, with diarrhea and mucosis and hematological toxicity, with leucopenia and immune suppression, appear to be dose-limiting factors. -
Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of Medicinal Mushroom Polysaccharides and Polysaccharide-Protein Complexes in Animals and Humans (Review)
MYCOLOGIA BALCANICA 2: 221–250 (2005) 221 Antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of medicinal mushroom polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes in animals and humans (Review) Solomon P. Wasser *, Maryna Ya. Didukh & Eviatar Nevo Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkovskaya St., 01001 Kiev, Ukraine Received 24 September 2004 / Accepted 9 June 2005 Abstract. Th e number of mushrooms on Earth is estimated at 140 000, yet perhaps only 10 % (approximately 14 000 named species) are known. Th ey make up a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. Particularly, and most important for modern medicine, they present an unlimited source for polysaccharides with anticancer and immunostimulating properties. Many, if not all Basidiomycetes mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides in fruit bodies, cultured mycelia, and culture broth. Th e data about mushroom polysaccharides are summarized for 651 species and seven intraspecifi c taxa from 182 genera of higher Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes. Th ese polysaccharides are of diff erent chemical composition; the main ones comprise the group of β-glucans. β-(1→3) linkages in the main chain of the glucan and further β-(1→ 6) branch points are needed for their antitumor action. Numerous bioactive polysaccharides or polysaccharide- protein complexes from medicinal mushrooms are described that appear to enhance innate and cell-mediated immune responses, and exhibit antitumour activities in animals and humans. Stimulation of host immune defense systems by bioactive polymers from medicinal mushrooms has signifi cant eff ects on the maturation, diff erentiation, and proliferation of many kinds of immune cells in the host. -
Analysis of the Morphology and Growth of the Fungus Phallus Indusiatus Vent
ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Analysis of the morphology and growth of the fungus Phallus indusiatus Vent. in Cocoa Plantation, Gaperta-Ujung Medan. Rama R Sitinjak* Faculty of Agrotechnology, Prima Indonesia University, Medan-Indonesia. ABSTRACT This research aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics and growth of the Phallus indusiatus Vent. which belong to the group Stinkhorn fungi. The method used is survey and description. This fungi grows individually, appear twice in one year on the ground that a pile of cocoa leaves that have died, during the heavy rainy season ends. The fungi was first found growing in the area of cocoa plantations in the village Gaperta-Ujung Medan, ie on August 6, 2013, around 9.00 am. Phallus indusiatus have major macroscopic morphological characteristics, namely the fruiting body has a height of ±19.13 cm, hood (cap or pileus) shaped brown cony and the side grooves with a width of ± 3 cm, and a height ± 2.6 cm, yellowish cream-colored gleba, has a white circular ring at the center of the stem, the stem (stalk or stipe) chewy white, cylindrical, cup (volva) gray that secrete mucus such as jellies, have a section that resembles roots (mycelium), has a coat or indusium such a network is creamy white and turned into golden yellow when wilting, that described from the bottom of the cap to the base of the stem. The process of growth and development of mushroom fruit body this happens starting from the egg stage (takes about 24 hours), and the budding stage, maturation stage, the stage of wilting (death) (third last stage of this only takes about 5 hours). -
Structural Characteristics and Antioxidative Capability of the Soluble Polysaccharides Present in Dictyophora Indusiata (Vent
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 396013, 9 pages doi:10.1093/ecam/neq041 Original Article Structural Characteristics and Antioxidative Capability of the Soluble Polysaccharides Present in Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae Yaw-Bee Ker, 1 Kuan-Chou Chen,2 Chiung-Chi Peng,3, 4 Chiu-Lan Hsieh,5 and Robert Y. Peng6, 7 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 2 Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Taiwan 4 School of Physical Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 5 Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chang-Hua University of Education, 1 jin-De Road, Changhua 500, Taiwan 6 Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu Country, Taichung Hsien 43302, Taiwan 7 Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan Correspondence should be addressed to Chiu-Lan Hsieh, [email protected] and Robert Y. Peng, [email protected] Received 12 November 2009; Accepted 9 April 2010 Copyright © 2011 Yaw-Bee Ker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae (Chinese name Zhu-Sun,¯ the bamboo fungi) has been used as a medicinal mushroom to treat many inflammatory, gastric and neural diseases since 618 AD in China. We hypothesize that the soluble polysaccharides (SP) present in D. -
Phallus Fuscoechinovolvatus (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota), a New Species with a Dark Spinose Volva from Southern China
Phytotaxa 334 (1): 019–027 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.334.1.3 Phallus fuscoechinovolvatus (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota), a new species with a dark spinose volva from southern China BIN SONG1, TING LI1, TAIHUI LI*, QIUJU HUANG & WANGQIU DENG State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collec- tion and Application, Guangdong Open laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 BIN SONG and TING LI contributed equally to this work. Abstract Phallus fuscoechinovolvatus is described as a new species from southern China, mainly characterized by its dark brown vol- va with white spines. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) confirm its species status within Phallaceae. Detailed morphological description, colour photographs, line drawings of the new species and comparisons with similar taxa are presented. Key words: Phallales, phylogenetics, subtropical fungus, taxonomy Introduction Phallus Junius ex L. (1753: 1178) is a fungal genus under the family Phallaceae (Phallales, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota) with P. impudicus L. (1753: 1178) as the type species, and it includes taxa typically characterized by their noticeably foetid, a bell-shaped or campanulate to conical receptacle, an erect to curved spongy pseudostipe, presence or absence of an indusium (a pseudoparenchymatous reticulum) hanging from the pseudostipe apex beneath the receptacle, and a volva with rhizomorphs most of the time (Linnæi & Salvius 1753; Cunningham 1944; Zeller 1949; Baseia et al. -
New Record of Mutinus Caninus (Huds.) Fr. (Phallaceae) in Southern India, Tamil Nadu
Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR) Volume 4, Issue 9 February 2016 206 ISSN: 2278-5213 RESEARCH ARTICLE New Record of Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. (Phallaceae) in Southern India, Tamil Nadu Ramar Govindaraj, Michael Gabriel Paulraj and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu* Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600034, TN, India [email protected]*; 044 2817 8348 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract The dog stinkhorn mushroom Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr., belongs to Phallaceae family. It was recorded from Loyola College Campus, Chennai and also from some other places of Chennai city. Mutinus caninus was collected during southwest and northeast monsoon seasons from 2013-2015. This is a new record for Southern India. The morphological and microscopic characteristics of M. caninus were studied in detail for the confirmation of the species. Keywords: Dog stinkhorn, Mutinus caninus, microscopic characteristics, monsoon, southern India. Introduction portion with irregular pseudoparenchymatous processes, The family Phallaceae in fungi kingdom is commonly appearing pseudo-reticulate and Tuberculosi, with fertile called dog stinkhorns. It consists of 77 species described portion covered with digitate processes. Mutinus is close under 21 genera (Kirk et al., 2008). The genus Phallus is to Phallus, differing by the presence of gleba on the cosmopolitan in distribution, mostly saprophytes; nearly receptacle on the apical part of the pseudostipe in 76% of fruiting bodies grow in soil and 29% grow in leaf Phallus (Calonge, 1998). According to Index Fungorum litters. Ten percent of the species are documented as and MycoBank, there are 36 species of Mutinus ectomycorrhizal (Grgurinovic and Simpson, 2001). described to date. Mutinus caninus is the type species of It is wide spread in distribution and commonly found in the genus and six synonyms have been considered: North America, Europe and Asia. -
From Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Mycology Volume 2014, Article ID 490847, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/490847 Research Article Some New Records of Stinkhorns (Phallaceae) from Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India Girish Gogoi and Vipin Parkash Rain Forest Research Institute, AT Road, Sotai, Post Box No. 136, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India Correspondence should be addressed to Girish Gogoi; [email protected] Received 11 October 2013; Revised 28 December 2013; Accepted 3 February 2014; Published 17 March 2014 Academic Editor: Leo Van Griensven Copyright © 2014 G. Gogoi and V. Parkash. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This research paper represents for the first time an updated list of stinkhorn family, Phallaceae, in Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Jorhat, Assam, India. There are seven species of stinkhorns naturally present in the study area. A description of all the species is given along with images of fruiting bodies of the fungi and their microstructures; information on the ecology and general distribution and data on the literature have been documented. The seven species of stinkhorns were found in and around area of the sanctuary which include Phallus indusiatus, Phallus duplicatus, Phallus cinnabarinus, Phallus merulinus, Phallus atrovolvatus, Mutinus bambusinus,andClathrus delicatus. 1. Introduction East India as a part of Indo Burma biodiversity hotspot [9]of the world, few number of wild edible macrofungi have been Fungi are some of the most important organisms in the world, reported by Sarma et al. -
Stinkhorn Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes: Phallales: Phallaceae)1 Eleanor Phillips, Jennifer L
PP345 Stinkhorn Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes: Phallales: Phallaceae)1 Eleanor Phillips, Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman, and Matthew E. Smith2 Summary methods to disperse to new areas. Fungi that do not release their spores into the wind are sometimes referred to as gas- “You’ll smell them before you see them!” is a common teromycetes (stomach fungi) or sequestrate fungi (because statement of caution experienced mushroom foragers will they sequester their spores away). Many gasteromycete tell you when discussing stinkhorn mushrooms. Stinkhorns fungi, including the stinkhorns, utilize other organisms for give off a strong, offensive, rotting odor. The odor is typi- spore dispersal. Stinkhorns are given their name due to the cally described as smelling of rotting dung or carrion or a smell emitted from the slimy spore mass that is most often combination of the two. Many stinkhorns have a phallic exposed at the top of their stalks at maturity. The spore appearance, which has led to their inclusion in different mass is typically referred to as the gleba. This smell is useful folklore and cultural superstitions worldwide. In fact, the in attracting insects and other invertebrates that spread the taxonomic name for this group is the Phallales in reference spores to new locations. Stinkhorn mushrooms typically to their phallic appearance, and one common genus in grow on decaying wood or other plant material (Bessette et this group of fungi is the genus Phallus. Their common al. 2007). Stinkhorns are especially common in the mulch name is derived from “stink” (for the foul smell they emit) of home gardens in Florida and across the Gulf Coast and “horn” (for the shape of the mature fruiting body). -
Mushroom Nutrition As Preventative Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa
applied sciences Review Mushroom Nutrition as Preventative Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa Tito Fernandes 1,* , Carmen Garrine 1,2, Jorge Ferrão 3, Victoria Bell 4 and Theodoros Varzakas 5 1 CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 3453 Maputo, Mozambique 3 Vice-Chancellor’s Office, Universidade Pedagógica, Rua Comandante Augusto Cardoso, 1260 Maputo, Mozambique; [email protected] 4 Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] 5 Department Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-91-992-7930 Abstract: The defining characteristics of the traditional Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cuisine have been the richness in indigenous foods and ingredients, herbs and spices, fermented foods and bever- ages, and healthy and whole ingredients used. It is crucial to safeguard the recognized benefits of mainstream traditional foods and ingredients, which gradually eroded in the last decades. Notwith- standing poverty, chronic hunger, malnutrition, and undernourishment in the region, traditional eating habits have been related to positive health outcomes and sustainability. The research pre- vailed dealing with food availability and access rather than the health, nutrition, and diet quality dimensions of food security based on what people consume per country and on the missing data related to nutrient composition of indigenous foods. As countries become more economically de- veloped, they shift to “modern” occidental foods rich in saturated fats, salt, sugar, fizzy beverages, Citation: Fernandes, T.; Garrine, C.; and sweeteners. -
An Ethnobotanical Survey of Edible Fungi in Chuxiong City, Yunnan, China Dongyang Liu1†, Hong Cheng1†, Rainer W
Liu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0239-2 RESEARCH Open Access An ethnobotanical survey of edible fungi in Chuxiong City, Yunnan, China Dongyang Liu1†, Hong Cheng1†, Rainer W. Bussmann2, Zhiyong Guo1, Bo Liu1,3* and Chunlin Long1,4* Abstract Background: Chuxiong, known as “the City of Fungi,” is rich in fungal resources and traditional knowledge related to fungal biodiversity. The local environment is an excellent habitat for a wide variety of edible fungi. In addition, theregionishometomanyethnicminoritiesandespecially the Yi ethnic group who has a long history for traditionally using fungi as food or medicine. The aims of this review are to provide up-to-date information on the knowledge about, and traditional management of, fungi in this area and give advice on future utilization and conservation. Methods: Field surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Ethnomycological data was collected from 67 informants in the summer of 2015. Results: Twenty-two edible fungal species were recorded both as food or non-timber forest products (NTFPs), used to increase income, and the importance of this resource for the Yi ethnic group was evaluated. Conclusion: Abundant and diverse wild genetic resources and a large production chain of edible fungi were recorded in Chuxiong. However, because of over-harvesting, the wild edible fungi are facing increasing threats. Suggestions are proposed to allow sustainable use of fungi resources, including (1) promotion of diversification of transportation, (2) development of fungi cultivation to improve quality and supply and reduce harvest pressure, (3) improvement of public awareness for environmental protection and sustainable development, and (4) promotion of eco-tourism and development of fungi catering in rural agro- and slow-food tourism.