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Southwick Priory Fishponds: Excavations 1987

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Southwick Priory Fishponds: Excavations 1987 Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 46, 1990, 53-72 SOUTHWICK PRIORY FISHPONDS: EXCAVATIONS 1987 by C K CURRIE decided that the recently discovered earth­ ABSTRACT works, henceforth known as the lower pond, should be allowed to stay as they were after a The topographical and historical context of the previously much neglected fishponds of Southwick Priory, is examined. limited research excavation had been under­ Archaeological excavation of a series of trenches, designed to taken. elucidate the evolution of the ponds from their origins in the This research was designed to answer a wide late 12th or early 13th century, is described. There is general range of questions about fishponds that were agreement between the archaeological and historical evidence. urgently in need of answer as outlined by Aston (1988, 4) and Chambers with Gray (1988, 113-35). It particularly attempted to INTRODUCTION concentrate on recovering information on the constructional methods employed in building The site of the Augustinian priory of South­ the ponds and obtaining reliable dating evi­ wick stands within the grounds of a land Naval dence. Base, HMS Dryad. Before the Second World War, this land had been occupied by South­ wick Park, the estate of Southwick House, FOUNDATION home of the Borthwick-Norton family. During the war the site was purchased by the Ministry Southwick Priory began its existence c. 1128 of Defence whose agents, the Property Services within the outer bailey of Portchester Castle. Agency, managed the land at the time of the Controversy over this foundation has been excavations. recently elucidated by Mason (1980, 1-10) Prior to the summer of 1985, the greater part who has identified William de Pont de l'Arche, of the earthworks here under discussion had a former sheriff of Hampshire, as the true not been identified as they lay under thick founder (Mason 1980, 1). Previous literature woodland a short distance to the north of the had attributed the foundation to Henry I in present surviving priory ruins. At the end of 1133 (Cox 1903, 164). This has now been May 1985 much of this cover was removed by proved to have been a deliberate falsification the Royal Navy, under the direction of the by the canons who were anxious to obtain a then acting Estate Manager, Lt-Comm. B prestigious patron after the decline of the Pont Reeve. This revealed the full extent of the de 1'Arche family during the civil wars of earthwork remains. The Navy then contacted Stephen's reign (1135-54). With the death of the present author for his advice on the William c. 1148, the canons sought to remove discovery and to consult him as to the viability themselves to a more suitable site at South­ of restoration of the site. This resulted in wick, the Castle site being too cramped for money being put forward by the PSA (SE their growing needs. It would appear that this Region) for excavations to be undertaken prior move had been effected by 1150 because from to the reinstatement of the ponds. On the this date the foundation ceases to be referred advice of this author plans to reinstate the to as that of the canons of Portchester. Docu­ whole site were modified to the reinstatement ments dated from early in 1150 refer to the of an upper water-filled pond only. It was canons of Southwick. Building works seems to 54 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY B Fig 1. Site location plans Cl'KRIK: snilllUICK I'KIORY FISHPONDS EXCAVATIONS 1987 55 have reached a fairly advanced stage at 1985, 271). These tertiary deposits consist of Portchestcr, as the canonical church had been undulating countryside divided by the numer­ completed before the move took place. This ous small streams draining the valley of a building was hereafter included in the priory's minor Hampshire river, the Wallington. This possessions and was used as the parish church river and its tributaries lie between the large of Portchester. Excavations of parts of the outcrop of chalk called Portsdown on the south church and the claustral buildings were under­ and the main mass of the Hampshire taken by Baker and much useful information chalklands on the north. On the south side of relevant to the history of the priory was Portsdown, which gave its name to the hun­ uncovered (1977, 97-120). dred, is a narrow coastal strip, of which the royal manor of Portchester was once dominant (Munby 1985, 270-95). TOPOGRAPHY (Fig 1) The geology of the Wallington valley depos­ its begins on the lower northern slopes of The area in which Southwick stands has been Portdown, where there is a covering of Read­ described as a 'wcaldcn landscape in ing Beds of sand and clay. This, in turn, is miniature, formed by the prominent chalk overlain by a strip of London Clay which outcrop of Portsdown and the tertiary deposits extends as far as the lower slopes of the of the Forest of Bere syncline behind' (Munby northern main chalklands, where Reading Fig 2. Southwick and the Priory fishponds 56 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Beds break the surface once more (Munby 1985, 274—5). The Forests of Bere dominates these claylands, although by the later 12th century at the latest, settlement had penetrated liberally throughout the southern half of the valley and had also encroached, in a more scattered form, into the northern forest. The Forest of Bere as a legal entity was probably a Norman creation but there is evi­ dence to suggest that large areas of woodland existed in the area in Saxon times (Munby 1985, 271). The boundaries of this forest extended from Havant in the east to the river Meon in the west. Considerable areas still survived in 1814 when it was finally disaf­ forested. This is evident from large extents of woodland still in existence at the present time. The priory site is situated in the present Southwick Park about 200m to the east of the village where the gravel promontory widens out into a low hill comprising an outcrop of Bagshot Sands (Fig 2). Such deposits are common in the Wellington catchment area, particularly on the northern side of the main river where they occur as a linear succession of heathlands such as Wickham Common, Walton Heath, Southwick Park and Purbrook Heath, following the line of the old Roman road from Wickham to Bedhampton. Munby has suggested that this was the most easily penetrated line of communication through an area of heavy claylands and forest in early times (1985, 275). The priory seems to have taken its name from a farm known as the 'south wic'; that is the south dairy farm, a common English Fig 3. Plan of the fishponds, showing location of exca­ settlement name (Ekwall 1960, 432). vation trenches THE FISHPOND EARTHWORKS AND THE PRIORY WATER SUPPLY (Fig 3) bulk of the water enters the upper pond through a modern drainage culvert that is The original water supply for the ponds in the connected to storm water drains serving the former priory precinct probably emanated naval base. Another source of water at present from springs arising from the side of the low includes the run off from ditches in the sandy hill on which the present naval base, woodland to the east of the site. These drains HMS Dryad, now sits. It is considered that the all converge into the present ditch to the north spring line would have occurred somewhere of the upper pond. This ditch turns south- just below the 35m OD contour. Today the westwards around the north-east corner of the CURRIE: SOUTHWICK PRIORY FISHPONDS: EXCAVATIONS 1987 57 pond to become the old diversion ditch of the but of a less regular form, the top north-east pond system. However, the water draining off part of the pond being indented by about 5m of the woodlands does not reach this far as it is off the alignment of the main eastern bank. channelled into the pond through an under­ This indenture corresponds in negative with a ground pipe under the north bank of that similar off-set in the outer western bank. pond. Whereas the indenture on the east bank serves The fishponds appear to have been con­ to increase the area of the pond, that on the structed in a small, shallow valley aligned eastern bank of the outer enclosure reduces north-south towards the main river the size of the western enclosure by projecting Wallington. There are three cross valley banks into the ponded area. spanning the width of this valley, which would The dividing bank of the lower pond has an appear to have been as little as 25m across. extremely shallow gradient on its east side, The first of these banks forms the back, or although it is scarped much more sharply on north bank of the present upper pond, cur­ the west. As described above, this feature rently known as Monk's Pond. This is, on divides the lower enclosure into two roughly average, 29m OD along its top and there is equal rectangular areas. There is a significant evidence to suggest that a small, relatively difference in the western rectangular area in unstructured pond existed in the valley that it is subdivided into smaller pond-like bottom above it. It is therefore considered that compartments. The most southerly of these is the ditch behind this bank described above is a L-shaped being approximately 20m by 20m at recent feature. its widest points. There is a definite leat cut The purpose of this small pond was thought through the dividing bank leading into the to act principally as a reservoir to collect water eastern part of the lower enclosure.
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