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Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)In a Woodland Savanna
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Ecology Volume 2013, Article ID 769587, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769587 Research Article Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)in a Woodland Savanna J. J. Viljoen,1 H. C. Reynecke,1 M. D. Panagos,1 W. R. Langbauer Jr.,2 and A. Ganswindt3,4 1 Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa 2 ButtonwoodParkZoo,NewBedford,MA02740,USA 3 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4 Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa Correspondence should be addressed to J. J. Viljoen; [email protected] Received 19 November 2012; Revised 25 February 2013; Accepted 25 February 2013 Academic Editor: Bruce Leopold Copyright © 2013 J. J. Viljoen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To evaluate dynamics of elephant herbivory, we assessed seasonal preferences for woody plants by African elephant breeding herds in the southeastern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2002 and 2005. Breeding herds had access to a variety of woody plants, and, of the 98 woody plant species that were recorded in the elephant’s feeding areas, 63 species were utilized by observed animals. Data were recorded at 948 circular feeding sites (radius 5 m) during wet and dry seasons. Seasonal preference was measured by comparing selection of woody species in proportion to their estimated availability and then ranked according to the Manly alpha () index of preference. -
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF KINKÉLIBA (COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM), A WEST AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANT By CARA RENAE WELCH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry written under the direction of Dr. James E. Simon and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum), a West African Medicinal Plant by CARA RENAE WELCH Dissertation Director: James E. Simon Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Fam. Combretaceae) is an undomesticated shrub species of western Africa and is one of the most popular traditional bush teas of Senegal. The herbal beverage is traditionally used for weight loss, digestion, as a diuretic and mild antibiotic, and to relieve pain. The fresh leaves are used to treat malarial fever. Leaf extracts, the most biologically active plant tissue relative to stem, bark and roots, were screened for antioxidant capacity, measuring the removal of a radical by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, anti-inflammatory activity, measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and glucose-lowering activity, measuring phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in an H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Radical oxygen scavenging activity, or antioxidant capacity, was utilized for initially directing the fractionation; highlighted subfractions and isolated compounds were subsequently tested for anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering activities. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the crude leaf extract were fractionated leading to the isolation and identification of a number of polyphenolic ii compounds. -
Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Morphodynamic response of a dryland river to an extreme flood Morphodynamics of bedrock-influenced dryland rivers during extreme floods: Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa David Milan1,†, George Heritage2, Stephen Tooth3, and Neil Entwistle4 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 2AECOM, Exchange Court, 1 Dale Street, Liverpool, L2 2ET, UK 3 Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK 4School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK ABSTRACT some subreaches, remnant islands and vege- the world’s population (United Nations, 2016). tation that survived the 2000 floods were re- Drylands are characterized by net annual mois- High-magnitude flood events are among moved during the smaller 2012 floods owing ture deficits resulting from low annual precipita- the world’s most widespread and signifi- to their wider exposure to flow. These find- tion and high potential evaporation, and typically cant natural hazards and play a key role in ings were synthesized to refine and extend a by strong climatic variability. Although precipi- shaping river channel–floodplain morphol- conceptual model of bedrock-influenced dry- tation regimes vary widely, many drylands are ogy and riparian ecology. Development of land river response that incorporates flood subject to extended dry periods and occasional conceptual and quantitative models for the sequencing, channel type, and sediment sup- intense rainfall events. Consequently, dryland response of bedrock-influenced dryland ply influences. In particular, with some cli- rivers are commonly defined by long periods rivers to such floods is of growing scientific mate change projections indicating the po- with very low or no flow, interspersed with in- and practical importance, but in many in- tential for future increases in the frequency frequent, short-lived, larger flows. -
Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae)
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 38 Pharmaceutical Crops, 2013, 4, 38-59 Open Access Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae) Amadou Dawe1,*, Saotoing Pierre2, David Emery Tsala2 and Solomon Habtemariam3 1Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon, 2Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Ma- roua, Cameroon, 3Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Cen- tral Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Abstract: Combretum is the largest and most widespread genus of Combretaceae. The genus comprises approximately 250 species distributed throughout the tropical regions mainly in Africa and Asia. With increasing chemical and pharma- cological investigations, Combretum has shown its potential as a source of various secondary metabolites. Combretum ex- tracts or isolates have shown in vitro bioactivitities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, anti-inflammatory, anti-snake, antimalarial and antioxidant effects. In vivo studies through various animal models have also shown promising results. However, chemical constituents and bioactivities of most species of this highly diversified genus have not been investigated. The molecular mechanism of bioactivities of Combretum isolates remains elusive. This review focuses on the chemistry of 261 compounds isolated and identified from 31 species of Combretum. The phytochemicals of interest are non-essential oil compounds belonging to the various struc- tural groups such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenanthrenes and stilbenoids. Keywords: Combretum, phytochemistry, pharmacology, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity. INTRODUCTION is sometimes persistant, and especially in climbers it forms a hooked wooded spine when the leaf abscises. -
Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air Is
Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air is so easy round-trip to Jo’burg (JNB)! Full details to come on this in AFS Trip Tips with info about flights, overnight options, packing, etc. We urge you to fly in a day early to arrive Jun 18. Full details to come on all air options, overnight options and packing in AFS trips tips. Day 1: Fri, Jun 19 Chisomo Safari Camp, Kruger Private Reserves Our land tour officially begins! We gather early morning at JNB Airport and fly an hour to Kruger. We arrive in time for lunch and a short rest before heading out on your first afternoon game drive. South Africa This vast country is undoubtedly one of the most culturally and geographically diverse places on earth. Fondly known by locals as the 'Rainbow Nation', South Africa has 11 official languages and its multicultural inhabitants are influenced by a fascinating mix of cultures. Discover the gourmet restaurants, impressive art scene, vibrant nightlife and beautiful beaches of Cape Town; enjoy a local braai (barbecue) in the Soweto Township; browse the bustling Indian markets in Durban; or sample some of the world’s finest wines at the myriad wine estates dotting the Cape Winelands. Some historical attractions to explore include the Zululand battlefields of KwaZulu-Natal, the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg and Robben Island, just off the coast of Cape Town. Above all else, its remarkably untamed wilderness with its astonishing range of wildlife roaming freely across massive unfenced game reserves such as the world-famous Kruger National Park. With all of this variety on offer, it is little wonder that South Africa has fast become Africa’s most popular tourist destination. -
Do Protected Areas Really Work to Conserve Species? a Case Study of Three Vulnerable Woody Species in the Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso
Do protected areas really work to conserve species? A case study of three vulnerable woody species in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso Lassina Traoré, Tene Kwetche Sop, Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba, Salifou Traoré, Karen Hahn & Adjima Thiombiano Environment, Development and Sustainability A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development ISSN 1387-585X Environ Dev Sustain DOI 10.1007/s10668-012-9399-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Environ Dev Sustain DOI 10.1007/s10668-012-9399-8 Do protected areas really work to conserve species? A case study of three vulnerable woody species in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso Lassina Traore´ • Tene Kwetche Sop • Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba • Salifou Traore´ • Karen Hahn • Adjima Thiombiano Received: 5 July 2012 / Accepted: 27 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract Natural vegetation and native plant species contribute significantly to the daily needs of local people especially in developing countries. This exerts a high pressure on local species and jeopardizes the conservation of the most vulnerable plants. -
Review on Combretaceae Family
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 58(2), September - October 2019; Article No. 04, Pages: 22-29 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Review on Combretaceae Family Soniya Rahate*, Atul Hemke, Milind Umekar Department of Quality Assurance, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Dist-Nagpur 441002, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 06-08-2019; Revised: 22-09-2019; Accepted: 28-09-2019. ABSTRACT Combretaceae, the family of flowering plants consisting of 20 genus and 600 important species in respective genus. The two largest genera of the family are Combretum and Terminalia which contains the more no. of species. The members of the family are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Most members of the trees, shrubs or lianas of the combretaceae family are widely used medicinally. The members of this family contain the different phytoconstituents of medicinal value e.g tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Most of the species of this family are used as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal. The biological activities of the some members of this family yet not found. Apart from the medicinal value many members of the Combretaceae are of culinary and ornamental value. Keywords: Combretaceae, Tannins, Flavonoid, Terminalia, Combretum. INTRODUCTION species of Combretum have edible kernels whereas Buchenavia species have edible succulent endocarps. he family combretaceae is a major group of Chemical constituents like tannins are also found in fruits, flowering plants (Angiosperms) included in the bark, leaves, roots and timber in buchenavia and order of Myrtales. Robert Brown established it in T terminalia genera. Many of the species are reputed to 1810 and its inclusion to the order is not in dispute. -
Effects of Sub-Chronic Administration of Diospyros Mespiliformis Hochst
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 02 (05); 2012: 60-64 ISSN: 2231-3354 Effects of Sub -Chronic Administration of Received on: 02-02-2012 Revised on: 16-02-2012 Accepted on: 11-04-2012 Diospyros Mespiliformis Hochst (Ebenaceae) DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2508 Root Extracts on Some Biochemical Parameters in Mice Ali A. Jigam, Usman T. Abdulrazaq, Rukkaya S. Suleiman and Patience S. Kali ABSTRACT The effects of medium term administration of crude Diospyros mespiloformis root extracts on some biochemical parameters were investigated in mice. Forty mice were divided into two groups of twenty animals each. Animals in group I were gavaged with the root extracts at 400mg/kg/body weight for five weeks. Group II received normal saline (0.09%w/v NaCl) and served as controls. Whole body weights, fresh organ weights, packed cell volume (PCV) and some serum biochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods. Ali A. Jigam, Usman T. Abdulrazaq, Results showed minimal variati on in whole body weights and packed cell volumes of animals Rukkaya S. Suleiman and given the extracts. Also values for some organ weights, triacyglycerides (148.25± 2.78 mg/dL), Patience S. Kali Malaria and Trypanosomiasis and Alkaline Phosphatase (41.50± 1.71 mg/dL) were not significantly (p > 0.05) different Research Unit, Department of between test and control animals in the final week. However, heart (0.74%), lungs (4.43%), Biochemistry, Federal University of glucose (113.92 ± 2.43 mg/dL), total proteins (4.75 ± 1.25mg/dL), Aspartate Transaminase Technology, Minna, Nigeria. (40.50 ± 1.50 µL) and Alanine Transaminase (43.52 ± 4.50µL), were significantly (p < 0.05) different between the animals administered D. -
Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Importance of Diospyros Mespiliformis in Northern Benin
Gnonlonfin et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (200 – 207 pp) Traditional knowledge and cultural importance of Diospyros mespiliformis in Northern Benin GNONLONFIN L.1*, OUINSAVI C1, GOUWAKINNOU G.2, FANDOHAN B.3, HOUETCHEGNON T. O.1 1 University of Parakou, Republic of Benin, Doctoral School of Agronomic and Water Sciences Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Research (LERF) 2 Laboratory of ecology, botanic and plant Biology (LEB) 3 Université nationale d’agriculture, École des sciences et techniques, de conservation et de transformation des produits agricoles, BP 114, Sakété, Bénin Corresponding Author: [email protected], +22997113964 Abstract: African ebony tree (Diospyros mespiliformis) an important indigenous fruit tree has been little documented. The present study was carried out to assess local knowledge, use value and cultural importance of the species. From 9 ethnic groups, 2130 people were interviewed in the study area using semi-structured questionnaires. Principal Component Analysis was applied to analyze the use value and the cultural importance of D. mespiliformis for the different ethnic groups. All interviewees in the study area knew at least one use of D. mespiliformis. The various uses identified were food, fruits and leaves are edible by human (100 %), medicinal (93%), handicraft (21%), firewood (46%), commercial and sale (34%), fodder, leaves are eaten by animals (31%), other (22%). The various parts involved in these types of uses were: fruits [shell (22%) and pulp (62%)], bark (27%), leaves (9%), roots (3%) and stem (10%). The ethnic group consensus values for D. mespiliformis parts showed that the barks and leaves are used the most. -
Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
BALTIC FORESTRY PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF AFRICAN COMBRETACEAE R. BR. BASED ON /.../ A. O. ONEFELY AND A. STANYS ARTICLES Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Sequence ALFRED OSSAI ONEFELI*,1,2 AND VIDMANTAS STANYS2,3 1Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Erasmus+ Scholar, Institute of Agricultural and Food Science Vytautas Magnus University, Agricultural Aca- demy, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. 3Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, LT-54333 Kaunas district, Lithuania. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Phone number: +37062129627 Onefeli, A. O. and Stanys, A. 2019. Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Se- quence. Baltic Forestry 25(2): 170177. Abstract Combretaceae R. Br. is an angiosperm family of high economic value. However, there is dearth of information on the phylogenetic relationship of the members of this family using ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Previous studies with electrophoretic-based and morphological markers revealed that this family is phylogenetically complex. In the present study, 79 sequences of rbcL were used to study the phylogenetic relationship among the members of Combretaceae of African origin with a view to provide more information required for the utilization and management of this family. Multiple Sequence alignment was executed using the MUSCLE component of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Version X Analysis (MEGA X). Transition/Transversion ratio, Consistency index, Retention Index and Composite Index were also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum parsimony (MP) and Neighbor joining methods. -
Phase 1 AIA / HIA Sabie Hydro Project, Hazyview
SPECIALIST REPORT PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED SABIE HYDRO POWER (PTY Ltd) PROJECT, ON PORTION 17 OF THE FARM TEVREDE 178 JT, HAZYVIEW, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE REPORT COMPILED FOR RHENGU ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MR. RALF KALWA P.O. Box 1046, MALELANE, 1320 Cell: 0824147088 / Fax: 0866858003 / e-mail: [email protected] SEPTEMBER 2016 ADANSONIA HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS C. VAN WYK ROWE E-MAIL: [email protected] Tel: 0828719553 / Fax: 0867151639 P.O. BOX 75, PILGRIM'S REST, 1290 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) regarding archaeological and other cultural heritage resources was conducted on the footprint for the proposed Sabie Hydro Power project next to the Sabie River near Hazyview. The study area is located on portion 17 of the farm TEVREDE 178JT, Hazyview. The farm is situated on topographical maps, 1:50 000, 2530 BB (SABIE) & 2531 AA (KIEPERSOL), which is in the Mpumalanga Province. The study area is situated on 2530 BB SABIE. This area falls under the jurisdiction of the Ehlanzeni District Municipality, and Thaba Chweu Local Municipality. The National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 (1999)(NHRA), protects all heritage resources, which are classified as national estate. The NHRA stipulates that any person who intends to undertake a development, is subjected to the provisions of the Act. The applicants (private landowner with some shareholders) in co-operation with Rhengu Environmental Services are requesting the establishment of a hydro facility on the Sabie River near Hazyview. There was a hydro facility on the farm approximately 40 years ago and the new one will follow more or less the same route and alignment. -
Of the Proposed Vhembe-Dongola National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa
gotze.qxd 2005/12/09 10:52 Page 45 Analysis of the riparian vegetation (Ia land type) of the proposed Vhembe-Dongola National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa A.R. GÖTZE, S.S. CILLIERS, H. BEZUIDENHOUT and K. KELLNER A.R. Götze, S.S. Cilliers, H. Bezuidenhout and K. Kellner. 2003. Analysis of the ripar- ian vegetation (Ia land type) of the proposed Vhembe-Dongola National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Koedoe 46(2): 45-64. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458. The establishment of the Vhembe-Dongola National Park has been an objective of sev- eral conservationists for many years. The ultimate objective is that this park would become a major component of a transfrontier park shared by Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The aim of this study was to identify, classify and describe the plant com- munities present in the Ia land type of the proposed area for the park. Sampling was done by means of the Braun-Blanquet method. A total of 70 stratified random relevés were sampled in the Ia land type. All relevé data was imported into the database TUR- BOVEG after which the numerical classification technique TWINSPAN was used as a first approximation. Subsequently Braun-Blanquet procedures were used to refine data and a phytosociological table was constructed, using the visual editor, MEGATAB. From the phytosociological table four plant communities were identified and described in the Ia land type. The ordination algorithm, DECORANA, was applied to the floristic data in order to illustrate floristic relationships between plant communities, to detect possible gradients in and between communities and to detect possible habitat gradients and/or disturbance gradients associated with vegetation gradients.