JUNE / JULY 2008 2 Blue Line Magazine June / July 2008 Volume 20 Number 6

This month’s edition features the Niagara Regional Police Service’s Marine and Underwater Search and Recovery Unit on a recent practice dive. For more on this year’s Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police conference host agency, turn to page 6.

Photo: Denis Cahill, St.Catharines Standard

6 Policing the Niagara frontier 16 i mpact projectiles deserve another look The border and waterways challenge traditional Another less lethal force option policing in the Niagara region 22 getting it back in line 10 Violent video games desensitize Surveying recruitment in Canadian policing youth 24 Juvenile justice in Canada - Part 5 14 Saving lives through improved communications 27 Blue Line Trade Show in Print

46 Advertisers Index 40 K9 sniffs require reasonable suspicion 46 Back of Book 37 Book News 44 Dispatches 38 Deep Blue 21 Education & Training 36 Health & Fitness 45 Market Place 23 Odditorials 5 Publisher’s Commentary 34 Technology

Blue Line Magazine 3 JUNE / JULY 2008 JUNE / JULY 2008 4 Blue Line Magazine The ‘three ring’ rule

by Morley Lymburner tion to the problem. “That’s why like qualities of this they pay me the big bucks son,” one and I was initially The recent news flash of a donut shop he responded without look- impressed. employee being fired for giving a child a free ing up. My first hint that treat brought back memories of days gone by. The superintendent ar- all wasn’t quite right The offending supervisor hasn’t been heard rived at 7 am and picked in paradise was when from and I am sure there is more to the story, up his mail at the front I noticed that everyone but it does bring up the topic of appropriate desk. I thought he in the station quickly leadership. might scrutinize it dropped what they were Poor management skills are nothing new and be impressed doing to answer the phone and the infamous ‘Timbit’ scandal of 2008 with the order, but if it rang more than twice. took me back to my first days as a station duty he paid it no heed There was a “three ring” rule, operator at the glistening new district head- and instead barked I was told. The phone must be quarters building. We were faced with a prob- at the sergeant. “I picked up on the third ring or lem of the utmost importance one morning. A noticed a scout car has the superintendent would pick it cadet and two constables huddled around a parked over a yellow line up on the fourth and everyone at stack of letters and envelopes, unable to agree in the parking lot. I want the desk would be documented for on which order they should be stacked. the driver of the car in my neglect of duty. The superintendent had issued an edict that office.” The phone rule, along with the his mail was to be “properly sorted,” with the Without any emotion, the sergeant turned orderly envelopes, properly aligned cars and largest envelopes on the bottom and smallest and asked me to get the fleet number of the strict discipline were just a few examples of on the top. Addresses were to be face up and offending car. I did as ordered and our in- a long list of rules which ensured the HQ properly displayed. Those not complying vestigation revealed the officer had gone off was run properly and efficiently. There was a would be disciplined. duty an hour before. The sergeant called and price to pay for such efficiencies, of course, The cadet charged with sorting the super- ordered him to report back to the station. He including a difficulty attracting people willing intendent’s daily mail became very red in the mentioned as he hung up that the superintend- to work in such an environment. face as we argued. All but one of the envelopes ent was on vacation. Perplexed, I asked how The experience made me determined to were neatly stacked. The remaining one was a he knew this. avoid a promotion. On one level, I did not little shorter than its immediate predecessor, “He isn’t wearing a tie and he has started wish to risk playing monkey in the middle, but also a little wider. We measured and dis- two hours later than normal – for him that is administering the tyranny of a superior to those covered it had the exact same square inches as vacation time,” he replied. He was right. The below me. It also became painfully obvious its predecessor. What should we do? superintendent was indeed wearing a white how climbing the ladder affected people such The dilemma escalated and, just as our open necked dress shirt and black dress pants as that superintendent. voices were rising, the duty sergeant walked and was two hours later than his normal 5 Everyone at that gleaming new police by and seized the envelope. He quietly told am start. station was happy when our problem was everyone to get back to work and, without We had our orders and tried to follow resolved and the superintendent was promoted a glance or another word, fed the offending them. As a newly minted station duty opera- to deputy chief – until we saw his replacement. envelope into a shredder. He glided back to tor this was my christening under fire to the I’ll tell you about him another day. his desk, picked up his pen and continued to internal workings of a large police facility. It write. We stared briefly at the sergeant and then was also my first inkling that perhaps being busily hurried back to our duties. promoted wasn’t the gleaming ideal I had As I returned to my desk I complimented once imagined. The smaller station I had come the sergeant on his quick, if not risky, solu- from was orderly but did not have the jewel-

Blue Line Magazine 5 JUNE / JULY 2008 Policing the Niagara frontier The Border and waterways challenge traditional policing in the Niagara region by Jacquie Forgeron • A CBSA officer at another bridge detains gating a suspicious pair of men prowling an impaired driver for a breath test. If the the parking lots. Calls for service driver fails, he/she will be arrested and As the police service of jurisdiction and on a typical summer taken to a NRPS holding facility. first responder to border requests, nights can evening see Niagara • US Border Patrol calls for the NRPS Ma- present a unique challenge in meeting the Regional Police Serv- rine Unit’s assistance to pursue a vessel demand and ensuring the safety and security ice (NRPS) officers which refuses to stop and is heading to the of officers, citizens and visitors. dispatched to widely Canadian shore. The NRPS patrols one of the largest geo- varying calls across • There’s a disturbance outside a night club graphical areas of any Canadian municipal the 12 municipalities in the popular Clifton Hill tourist area of police service (1,840 square kilometres), they police. A typical Niagara Falls. Many in the growing crowd policing 12 municipalities totalling some evening shift might go as follows: are young Americans taking advantage 430,000 permanent residents. Also unique • A Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) of Ontario’s lower drinking age (19), to the region is the estimated 15,000,000 officer seizes a firearm from a person at- significantly younger than the New York annual visitors. tempting to enter Canada at one of the State age (21). The Niagara region has seven internation- region’s several international bridges and • Casino Niagara security personnel call the al border points – four vehicular (Queenston- calls in police. NRPS Casino Patrol Unit for help investi- Lewiston, Whirlpool, Rainbow and Peace

JUNE / JULY 2008 6 Blue Line Magazine two lakes separating the two countries, Trained and equipped to meet the needs it’s likely illegal entries under the cover of of the service and public, the marine unit darkness have also increased. serves in three primary job functions – polic- The NRPS and Niagara Parks Police ing area waterways, assisting the emergency (NPP) are the first to respond to calls of il- task unit on high-risk calls such as armed legal entry attempts, which are often made in persons and executing warrants, and carry- overloaded and unsafe vessels or under the ing out diving operations, both in the region railway bridge which crosses the treacherous and under contract for surrounding police Niagara Gorge. These calls frequently result services. in rescue efforts by police, endan- Members inspect vessels, gering the officers involved. investigate accidents and enforce A single agency can not ad- the Criminal Code, provincial dress both the workload and statutes and marine and naviga- security concerns that challenge tion laws, including the Canada the Niagara region. It has be- Shipping Act, small vessel and come clear that a protracted and boating restrictions and collision multi-agency response must exist. regulations, to name but a few. NRPS Chief Wendy E. Southall The unit, which consists of contends that to be effective, ef- one sergeant and ten constables forts on the waterways and land – six from the NRPS, one from must be co-ordinated. the NPP and three from the “The horrific events of Sep- RCMP – uses a secure dock at the tember 11, 2001 served to re- Canadian Coast Guard station in inforce the vital importance of Port Weller. The two agencies co- border security and vigilance Chief Southall operate in numerous search and against terrorism,” Southall states. “As the rescue operations and interdiction operations police service of jurisdiction and the first under a formal partnership. responders for incidents involving these The marine unit’s newest patrol/response international roadways, railway and water- vessel, added in 2007, is a Titan 220 inflatable ways, we take our responsibility to protect with a rigid hull which has already seen ex- the citizens of Niagara and Canada very tensive use and proved invaluable during the seriously. The professionalism and quality visit by the Greenpeace vessel My Arctic Sun- of our marine unit and the underwater search rise. Its speed and handling capability make it and recovery unit reflect that commitment and a well-rounded vessel for patrol use. solemn obligation.” Two marine unit sergeants and a con- The NRPS, RCMP, OPP, NPP, CBSA and stable have been seconded to the RCMP a multitude of U.S. partners and jurisdictions and played an integral role in three feder- have begun working on co-ordinating polic- ally funded national security initiatives. One ing initiatives to better secure the Niagara sergeant works with the National Waterside frontier, including using helicopters to sup- Security Team, another is at the Marine Se- port ground units and help locate suspicious curity Operations Centre and the constable is watercraft. part of the Mid-Shore Security Enforcement “It is through these types of co- Team. The NRPS has developed a working bridges) and three railway crossings (though ordinated initiatives that border policing relationship with these specialized units. one is out-of-service and barricaded). will become more efficient and effective,” The RCMP vessel Cape Hurd worked The NRPS is responsible for the largest Southall notes. alongside unit officers during public func- international waterways border of any juris- Niagara’s international border cross- tions such as Canal Days in Port Colborne, diction in Ontario, including 120 kilometres ings are busy around the clock, 365 days Greenpeace operations and as partners during of international border, 160 kilometres of a year. The increasing demand for police, regular patrol, provided staffing for 33 patrol shoreline and 1,500 square kilometres of wa- evolving need to adapt to new technology shifts last year. ter bordering three sides of the region (Lake – which leads to more criminal innovation During the summer months, unit mem- Ontario, Lake Erie and the Niagara River). – and expanding police adequacy standards bers attend an assortment of public functions The service works in partnership with underscore the importance of policing throughout the region and enjoy an active CBSA agents at the region’s four bridges, partnerships and co-ordination. The NRPS community presence, assisting in everything responding to hundreds of calls for service continues to build and explore strong rela- from waterfront fireworks displays and boat per year; most frequently for impaired driving tionships to serve its citizens and react to club functions to numerous festivals. concerns. Dispatches to border entry ports change and challenge. Not all duties are so pleasant. “We have can become protracted, resulting in closed seen an increase in serious vessel collisions crossings and traffic backup onto provincial Patrolling the water and a marked increase in diver fatalities,” highways and roadways with municipal The marine unit is one of the most ver- notes Supt Douglas Kane, who oversees the jurisdiction, often requiring additional, un- satile parts of the NRPS. Because crime and emergency and investigative support units. anticipated police resources. the accompanying need for police assistance “This has resulted in a corresponding increase Refugee claims have soared since 9/11 isn’t limited to land, unit members patrol in enforcement action on all waterways we and changes to the Immigration and Refu- parts of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, the Niagara patrol and participation in interdiction efforts gee Protection Act and Safe Third Country River and other area waterways, including a in co-operation with other police services on Refugee Agreement pact between the US 43 kilometre international canal system. The Lake Ontario.” and Canada. Niagara alone has experienced Welland Canal links Lake Ontario and Lake The unit has partnered with police serv- a 466 per cent increase in the number of Erie. Niagara also has infrastructure con- ices from Toronto, Peel, Hamilton, Halton individuals seeking refugee status since cerns, given that its hydro generating stations and Durham, the RCMP, Ministry of Natural 2001. With only the Niagara River and feed the entire northeast power grid. Resources, CBSA, US Coast Guard and Air-

Blue Line Magazine 7 JUNE / JULY 2008 wing and the US Department of Homeland Security. It also maintains close ties with the marine units of the Erie and Niagara County Sheriffs and Youngstown and Buffalo Police Departments. During the 2007 season, the unit contin- ued a close working relationship with Marine Security Enforcement Teams (MSET), a partnership between the RCMP, Canadian Coast Guard and local police services. The unit participated in three MSET projects, demonstrating how law enforcement agen- cies in different countries can work together to achieve a common goal. “Given the waterway challenges, we are pleased to offer the citizens and visitors of Ni- agara an exceptionally well trained and well equipped marine support service,” Kane says. “Our teams work year round with numerous other police agencies to ensure the best pos- sible service is offered in the region.”

Underwater search and recovery The NRPS Underwater Search and Recovery Unit (USRU) is a highly profes- sional, trained and equipped service capable of conducting forensic investigation and underwater recovery 24/7. All evidence it recovers is subject to continuity procedures, ensuring the best evidence rules are adhered of truth but with the additional challenge of space entry, harbour clearing, ship hull to when cases go before the courts. operating in an underwater crime scene. inspection and explosive recognition. They All members are specially trained to The ten-person unit includes two un- actively participated with advisory com- investigate, among other things: derwater explosives disposal divers, which mittees and working groups to establish a • Water related sudden deaths; support the explosive disposal unit of the collaborative mechanism to ensure public • Post mortem physiology; Niagara-Hamilton Police Explosives Disposal safety and security specific to the marine • Skeletal remains recovery; Alliance. This team recovers and renders safe environment. • Air crash investigation; underwater ordnance, commercial explosives, Connected to the largest population concen- • Weapons recovery and preservation. marine markers and improvised explosive tration in the country and a vital link in Canada’s The USRU assists in recovering vehi- devices. The USRU also provides underwater transportation network, it is not surprising that cles, vessels, aircraft, weapons, bodies and recovery and aquatic forensic services on a this NRPS unit has become the busiest munici- a variety of evidence that has found its way contract basis to the St. Lawrence Seaway and pal police diving team in Ontario. underwater, either through criminal or ac- Waterloo Regional Police Service. cidental means. In one case, the USRU was instrumental Jacquie Forgeron is a NRPS constable currently as- Forensic recovery is a specialized and in charging a Welland man with first-degree signed to the public affairs branch in St. Catharines. unique form of diving. The police diver acts murder after he staged the death of his Contact her at [email protected] for more information. as an underwater detective, using tactics, pro- 14-year-old son as a diving accident. The Niagara Regional Police is the host to the annual cedures and forensic techniques in the pursuit USRU members are certified in confined OACP Conference.

JUNE / JULY 2008 8 Blue Line Magazine The NRPS Underwater Search and Recovery Unit conducted 34 dive operations last year. It re- covered 10 vehicles and conducted four searches for evidence and 20 body search and recovery operations. The unit’s fleet consists of: • 2002 Hike 30’ command vessel • 2005 Zodiac Mark II Grand Raid vessel • 2002 Rayglass Protector 28’ rigid hull inflat- able boat • 2007 N 220 Titan 22’ rigid hull inflatable boat • Two 2003 Sea Doo GTX personal watercraft

Stats&Facts NIAGARA REGIONAL POLICE

Population: 435,125 Officers: 666 Pop to Cop: 653 CIV Members: 315 Budget: $110,944,714 Per Capita Cost: $255 Crime Clearance Rate: 33% Crime Rate Change: -1% Source: Stats Canada - 2007 - www.statscan.ca

Blue line MagaziNE 9 JUNE / JULY 2008 25 To Life Violent video games desensitizeyouth by Stephen Metelsky violence can contribute to desensitization.3 behavioural evidence supporting the causal Compared with other media, research into relationship between media violence and ag- Navigating a robotic mouth through a video game violence is sparse, yet “many of gressive behaviour(s). maze of dots in ‘Pac-man,’ a 1980s video the underlying psychological processes identi- Sales of violent video games have sky- game, is a far cry from realistically decapitat- fied in the TV-movie literature also apply to rocketed over the past few years. If they cause ing someone in ‘Postal 2,’ a popular 2003 video games”.2 Many are concerned about violence, why aren’t youths who have just game. This violent trend continues to thrive, how video games and mass media validate played them committing more murders, the as do the game makers. Profits ballooned from violence on a daily basis. There is vicarious entertainment industry would likely argue. $3.2 billion in 1995 to $7 billion in 2003.1 agreement among scientists that media depic- “Media violence exposure is not a neces- Considering that the average child spends tions of violence substantially effect children, sary and sufficient cause of violence... not some four to eight hours a day using electronic primarily by increasing aggressive and violent everyone who watches violent media becomes media,1 it’s safe to assume many have access behaviour.4 aggressive and not everyone who is aggressive to violent video games. Research on video Opinions vary on the causal connection watches violent media”5 – but there is scientific game violence has revealed a significant re- linking aggressive behaviours with exposure evidence indicating that violent media does lationship between exposure and aggressive to violent media forums. The entertainment have an affect on violent behaviour. behaviour in society.2 industry argues that there is absolutely no rela- “At this time, well over 1,000 studies As violent video games have increased, tionship between violent media and aggressive point overwhelmingly to a causal connec- so have highly publicized violent incidents behaviour(s),5 and that violence perpetuated tion between media violence and aggressive involving youths with strong affiliations to within the media is simply a societal reflection behaviour in some children,” six professional/ them. The Columbine high school shooting of what occurs in everyday life.5 medical organizations noted in a 2000 joint in 1999, for example, involved two students “If you cut the wires of all TV sets today, statement.7 Two critical implications can be obsessed with the video game ‘Doom’ – so there would still be no less violence on the derived from this. realistic that the US military licensed it to train streets in two years,” argued Motion Picture First, there is valid and reliable scientific soldiers how to shoot and kill in an effective Association of America president Jack Valenti.6 evidence from some of the most reputable US manner.3 The students rehearsed by playing it This is simply an unsubstantiated opinion not professional agencies indicating a causal rela- incessantly. Some researchers argue that this supported by scientific research. Scientists tionship between viewing media violence and repeated exposure to depictions of graphic have presented some clear and convincing the onset of aggressive behaviour(s). Second,

JUNE / JULY 2008 10 Blue Line Magazine the joint statement refers to “some” children images that will grow and fester to the point being affected, not “all,” but given the amount where you may have a full blown fantasy of violent media available, that “some” could mixed in with violence and we’ve seen the be a resounding and significant number. tragic results”.14 Probably the most damaging aspect of Ironically this documentary aired two youth overexposure to violent media is that months prior to the Columbine shooting. The the repeated depictions of violent behaviour essence of the statement serves as a template become engrained as learned behaviour. for what transpired – youth who become Learning theories predict that violent video engaged in criminality have to accept the game play can influence behaviour through consequences of their violent actions and take reinforcement, practice and observational the full brunt of the responsibility, in lieu of learning.8 Social learning theory9 explains deflecting blame elsewhere. violence at the individual level as aggression Researchers must continue exploring the vicariously learned through observation.9 behavioural evidence linking exposure to me- Bushman and Huesmann10 define ob- Grand Theft Auto IV dia violence with real world violence. Violent servational learning as the process “through media did not essentially create the violence at which behavioural scripts, world schemas about and plan proactive aggressive acts Columbine high school but it definitely contrib- and normative beliefs become encoded in a without experiencing negative affect”.10 This uted to the events. As Butterworth suggests: child’s mind simply as a consequence of the is exactly what the Columbine killers set out You take a youngster who has that pre- child observing others. Observational learning to do, planning in a premeditated manner to disposition. You put them in an environment is a powerful extension of imitation in which shoot and kill innocent students and teachers where the media shows these things (violence) logical induction and abstraction are used to as an outlet for their internalized aggression and its like a triggering effect. The media encode complex representations.” and frustrations towards students who didn’t doesn’t create, it triggers these people with Their research indicates children are make them feel a part of the school. They the disposition. susceptible to violence in both the short nonchalantly killed 13 people and wounded Joireman et al. (2003) and Anderson and and long term after observing it depicted in 24 others before killing themselves. It’s very Bushman (2002; 2001) define aggression as “a the media. Emphasis is also placed on extra difficult to determine if violent media played behaviour intended to cause immediate harm to parameters to ensure protection for children a role in this massacre. another individual when it is understood that the against prolonged and/or repeated exposure How do researchers account for youth target is motivated to avoid such harm”.15 to violent media.10 exposed to similar forms of violent media It would be difficult to understand the innate Consider the following factual scenario. who are non-aggressive? Research indicates behaviours of both Columbine killers, but it’s There are hundreds of thousands of young computer games can contribute to violent be- safe to assume they were both extremely frus- children across the world who daily play, haviour at certain times, as they may “trigger trated with different facets of their life, including unsupervised, violent video games, including aggression in certain people already predis- relationships with peers and teachers, school ‘Grand Theft Auto,’ which encourages auto posed to violence”.13 performance, etc. They were also addicted to vio- theft, car jacking, armed robbery, assault with “There are a lot of kids that are angrier lence depicted in various media forums. Based a weapon, drug use and prostitution. Another than they were 10 or 15 years ago,” notes Dr. on the behavioural evidence, it would appear that game of choice may be ‘25 to Life,’ where the Robert Butterworth, a trauma psychologist in the combination of high levels of frustration and user picks a weapon and then proceeds to hunt an Arts & Entertainment documentary. “Stress an aggressive predisposition created a ticking down and kill police officers. of the family, a lot more broken homes, kids time bomb waiting to be triggered. According to Behavioural scientists argue that repeat that don’t know any other reaction when they the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis, Dollard exposure to violent media can lead to a process are frustrated than to strike out in a violent et al. (1939) proposed: of desensitization, whereby children develop way. They don’t have anything else in their “People who are frustrated, thwarted, an- “normative beliefs that aggression is appropri- arsenal of responses. Add that to these violent noyed or threatened will behave aggressively, ate”.10 This overexposure to observing media violence can create emotional desensitization towards violence in society.7 There is no doubt that children exposed to repeat images of violence in the mass media may suffer dangerous lifelong consequences.11 Addicted to several forms of violent media – including musical lyrics, television, movies and most prominently, video games, especially ‘Doom’ -- the Columbine killers superimposed the faces of students and teachers who had wronged them in the past onto the faces of the victims depicted in the game. They played it to the point of intense obsession, constantly rehearsing shooting their victims. Research has shown youth learn behav- iours, attain knowledge and have their value systems molded via exposure to violence in the media.12 It’s difficult to speculate the exact role violent media played in the tragic Columbine scenario, as both killers ended their lives, but it undoubtedly played a significant role. Repeated exposure to emotionally stimu- lating media can significantly reduce emo- tional reactions to violence occurring in the real world. Furthermore, based on this desensitization process, youth can then “think

Blue Line Magazine 11 JUNE / JULY 2008 since aggression is a natural, almost auto- The young Montreal gunman strolled into a matic response to frustrating circumstances. local college equipped with an assault weapon Moreover, people who exhibit aggressive and long dark trench coat (similar to the Colum- behaviour are frustrated, thwarted, annoyed bine shooters) and, like them, killed himself. or threatened”.16 The aftermath of this tragedy revealed his dark This psychosocial approach details the obsession with death and violence. He had inverse relationship between frustration and created an online profile on the vampires.com aggression and is a relevant theory to explain web site which provided a detailed insight into the killers’ violent behaviours in terms of the his demented mind. motivating precursors to the shooting. The killer indicated that he hated jocks, A second relevant psychosocial theory is preppies and all people in authority. “Work ‘Displaced Aggression’. Denson et al. (2006) sucks, school sucks, life sucks, what else can theorize that this process occurs when a person I say? Life is a video game, you’ve got to die is somehow provoked but unwilling (or un- sometime,” Kimveer Gill stated.19 The frustra- able) to act against the person who initiated the 25 To Life tion-aggression hypothesis again applies, as it is provocation.17 The Columbine victims were obvious that there was a high level of aggressive not the source of the initial provocations of predispositions in his behavioural repertoire. their killers. The retaliation involved innocent developed.18 The user could assume the role of These pent up frustrations eventually surfaced bystanders who had absolutely no involvement the ‘shooter’ and role play through different sce- in a violent and aggressive response.16 or previous conflicts with them and hence was narios, using various weapons to kill teachers and The killers frustration levels are captured an act of displaced aggression 17. students. Glorified violence (contained within in other online postings, made under the user- A specific aspect of this psychosocial various forums of media) clearly perpetuates name ‘fatality666,’ including this one: theory details how these frustrated people and/or encourages copycat crime(s). “I am not a people person. I have met a will intently focus on their anger and set out Consider this statement from Lieberman handful of people in my life who are decent but I to plan a retaliatory attack 17. This sub-theme on the A&E documentary. “Each generation find the majority to be worthless. It’s not only the specifically outlines the sequence of events has been exposed to more and more media, so bullies fault, but the principal’s fault for turning a that unfolded from the onset of the original in a sense each new generation is more vulner- blind eye. It’s also the fault of the police. Anger sources of provocation to the aftermath, able to the psychological impact of media and and hatred simmers within me”.20 which involved extreme aggression displaced to engaging in copycat crime.” There were sev- Gill’s words echo the sentiments high- amongst victims with no connection to the eral documented copycat incidents resulting lighted in the theory of displaced aggression. He initial sources of conflict(s). from Columbine, including the 2006 Dawson experienced a life of frustration resulting from Art sometimes imitates life in inappropriate College shooting by a crazed gunman obsessed various sources of provocation. Adhering to the ways. A few years following Columbine, the with violent video games, including ‘Super psychosocial theory, he was intently focused video game ‘Super Columbine Massacre’ was Columbine Massacre’ and ‘Postal 2’. on his anger and planned to seek retaliation.17 His victims were not connected to him or his original sources of frustration. Furthermore, he never attended Dawson College, nor did he have any other affiliations with the school, a hallmark trait of displaced aggression. Finally, it is difficult again to pinpoint the exact role violent video games played in this tragedy, but the research has shown that repeated exposure to depictions of graphic violence can contribute to desensitization.3 The video games containing the most violence have subsequently been given an ‘M’ rating for mature. Less violent games are rated ‘T’ for teen. The M rated games contain blood and profanity and depict severe injuries and death to human and non-human characters.21 They are not to be sold to minors, yet consum- ers are overwhelmingly youth under the legal age of purchase, which varies by region. In May, 2003, Washington became the first US state to officially ban the sale of realistic ‘cop-killer’ video games to children under 17.13 The idea of allocating specific ratings to prohibit minors from buying these games is only one way to control how youth access violent media. Parents must proactively play a role, and this is not emphasized enough. It is one thing to put societal restraints on violent media via content labels and warn- ings, but parents have the ultimate control in limiting or eliminating violent content in their children’s viewing habits. As Bushman and Huesmann suggest, they need to be aware of the consequences of viewing media with repeated violence and protect their children from it.10 Health care professionals, primarily child

JUNE / JULY 2008 12 Blue Line Magazine and adolescent psychiatrists, are now being References adolescents: a 10-year review of the research”. Journal encouraged to include a ‘media history’ in 1 Vastag, B. (2004). “Does video game violence sow of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psy- aggression? Studies probe effects of virtual violence on chiatry, Vol 40(4): 392-401. medical evaluations of children, incorporat- children.” JAMA, Vol 291(15): 1822- 1824. 13 Reichhardt, T. (2003). “Playing with fire”? Nature, Vol ing it as a possible risk factor in a clinical 2 Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2001). “Effects of violent 424 (6947) : 367-368. diagnosis.12 The starting point still revolves video games on aggressive behaviour, aggressive cogni- 14 Investigative Reports (1999). Arts & Entertainment around the home environment. tion, aggressive affect, physiological arousal and prosocial Television Network: “Copy-Cat Crimes.” (Video Docu- behaviour: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. mentary) February 1, 1999. “The more that you are exposed to parents Psychological Science, Vol 12(5): 353-359. 15 Joireman, J. Anderson, J., & Strathman, A. (2003). who are loving and affectionate and who will 3 Anderson, C.A. & Dill, K.E. (2000). “Video games and “The aggression paradox: Understanding links among spend a lot of time with you (attention),” aggressive thoughts, feelings and behaviour in the aggression, sensation seeking and the consideration of Lieberman suggests, “the more you can fight laboratory and in life”. Journal of Personality and Social future consequences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 78(4): 772-790. Psychology, Vol 84(6): 1287-1302. against these ideas and images you see on 4 Gilligan, J. (2001). How to create less violent societies. Pre- 16 Bartol, C.R. (1999). Criminal Behaviour: a Psychosocial the screen.” venting Violence. London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 80-106. Approach. Prentice-Hall: New Jersey. Limiting children’s exposure to violent 5 Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2001). “Media violence 17 Denson, T.F., Pederson, W.C., & Miller, N. (2006). “The media, combined with positive family expo- and the American public: scientific facts versus media misin- displaced aggression questionnaire”. Journal of Personal- formation”. American Psychologist, Vol 56 (617): 477-489. ity and Social Psychology, Vol 90(6): 1032-1051. sure, can be a preventative measure against 6 Moore, J.W. (1993). “Lights! camera! It’s gun control 18 Couvrette, P. (2006). “Columbine game was gunman’s negative media influences. time”. National Journal, December 18 1993: 3007. favourite.” The Associated Press. From website: http:// The behavioural research has clearly shown 7 Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/4186275.html that there is a causal relationship between me- on Children ((American Psychological Association, US 19 Dimanno, R. (2006). “Montreal gunman identified,”Toronto Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Phy- Star, 14 September. From website: www.torontostar.ca dia depictions of violence and an increase in sicians, American Academy of Child, Adolescent Psychia- 20 Gombu, P. (2006). “Killer loved guns, hated people,” aggressive behaviour(s) in youths. Given the try and the American Medical Association), Congressional Toronto Star, 14 September. From website: www. recent emergence of more sophisticated violent Public Health Summit, July 26, 2000. From website: http:// torontostar.ca video games, including the recent release of the www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/jstmtevc.htm 21 Thompson, K.M., Tepichin, K., & Haninger, K. (2006). 8 Funk, J.B. & Buchman, D.D. (1996). “Playing violent “Content and ratings of mature-rated video games”. latest Grand Theft Auto game, it is vital that video games and adolescent self-concept”. Journal of Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vol researchers add to the minimal research and Communication, Vol 46, 19-32. 160(4): 402-410. continue exploring the dynamic relationship 9 Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2002). “Human aggres- between video games and violence. Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. sion”. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol 53: 27-51. 10 Bushman, B.J. & Huesmann, L.R. (2006). “Short-term Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2001) “Is it time to pull Recent tragic events have supported and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression the hypothesis that violent video games are children and adults”. Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, dichotomy?” Psychological Review, Vol 108: 273-279. desensitizing and causing youths to become Vol 160, 348-352. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood increasingly more violent. 11 American Psychological Association Commission on Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Violence and Youth (1993). “Violence and Youth: Psychol- Dollard, J., Doob, L.W., Miller, N.E., Mowrer, O.H. & Sears, ogy’s Repsonse.” Report of the American Psychological R.R. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven: Det/Cst Steve Metelsky is a a criminal investigator with Association Commission on Violence and Youth, Vol 1, Yale University Press. the Halton Regional Police Service. Contact him at steve. Washington, D.C. Warmington, J. (2006). “What lurks beneath,” Toronto Sun, [email protected] for more information. 12 Villani, S. (2001). “Impact of media on children and 15 September. From website: www.torontosun.ca

Blue Line Magazine 13 JUNE / JULY 2008 Saving lives through improved communications

cations equipment designed for federal, state/ province and local public safety agencies in by Morley Lymburner North America. Compliant equipment allows P25 communication with other agencies and mu- An Air Florida passenger jet crashed into tual aid response teams in emergencies. the 14th Street bridge in Washington, DC in Although developed primarily for public January, 1982. Just 30 minutes later, there was safety services, P25 technology and products a train accident only a few miles away. First have also been selected and deployed in pri- responders from federal, state, and local public vate systems worldwide, including railways, safety agencies quickly discovered that it was which use it for rolling stock, personnel, and extemely difficult to co-ordinate their efforts transportation vehicles. because each agency’s radios used different One of the biggest advantages to the stand- frequencies and signalling techniques. On- ard is that compliant radios can communicate scene commanders were forced to borrow each in analog mode with legacy equipment, and in other’s radios to co-ordinate activities. either digital or analog mode with other P25 The Oklahoma City bombing further em- radios. Additionally, P25-compliant systems phasized the need for interoperability. More allow for a high degree of equipment interop- than a dozen search and rescue teams arrived, erability and compatibility. each with at least 50 personnel and their own The standard uses Improved Multiband communications system which could not, for analog to digital systems only compounded the Excitation (IMBE) decoders, which were the most part, communicate with each other. problems by introducing transitional hardware designed by Digital Voice Systems Inc. to Since wire line and cell phone service was incompatibilities. encode/decode analog audio signals. damaged or overloaded, radios were the only The Association of Public-Safety Com- P25 may be used in “talk around” mode way of relaying information and requesting munications Officials (APCO) has come to without any intervening equipment between specific support. It became so bad at one point the rescue by helping to initialize and institute two radios, in conventional mode – where that an agency had to resort to sending runners Project 25 standards. Begun as early as 1989, two radios communicate through a repeater with messages. it sets up standards for all manufacturers or base station without trunking – or in a Police and other emergency services of emergency communications equipment. trunked mode where a repeater or base station across North America began accelerating their Although not legally binding, companies automatically assigns traffic to one or more communications needs post September 11th. interested in marketing their products to first voice channels. This singular watershed event displayed a responders risk losing customers if they do The P25 standard suite specifies eight open wide variety of shortcomings in emergency not comply. interfaces between the various components of communications, both within agencies and Project 25 (P25) or APCO-25 refers to a a land mobile radio system: with other agencies. The changeover from suite of standards for digital radio communi- • Common Air Interface (CAI) standard specifies the type and content of signals transmitted by compliant radios. A radio using CAI should be able to communicate with any other CAI radio, regardless of manufacturer. • Subscriber Data Peripheral Interface standard specifies the port through which mobiles and portables connect to laptops or data networks. • Fixed Station Interface standard specifies a set of mandatory messages supporting dig- ital voice, data, encryption and telephone interconnect necessary for a fixed station and P25 RF subsystem to communicate. • Console Subsystem Interface standard specifies the basic messaging to inter- face a console subsystem to a P25 RF subsystem. • Network Management Interface standard specifies a single network management scheme, allowing all management of all network elements of the RF subsystem. • Data Network Interface standard speci- fies the RF subsystem’s connections to computers, data networks or external data sources. • Telephone Interconnect Interface standard

JUNE / JULY 2008 14 Blue Line Magazine specifies the interface to public switched telephone network (PSTN) and supports both analog and ISDN telephone interfaces. • Inter RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI) stand- ard specifies the interface between RF subsystems, allowing them to connect into wide area networks. Michigan claims its public safety com- Newfoundland Constabulary munications system is the first statewide radio system to be APCO-P25 compliant. The medal for good service Motorola 800 MHz ASTRO SmartZone digital by Edo van Belkom and nine bronze medals were issued to members with trunked communications system complies between 35 and 37 years service. Following this presenta- with P25 standards for common air interface, Origins tion the medal was never awarded again. trunked operation and encryption. The origin of the new- Criteria foundland constabulary medal Presented as a commemorative medal, and for All of Michigan’s seven state police dis- for good service dates back long service. The long service awards were for 35-37 tricts are part of the system, as are a number to 1892. A Minute of the Leg- years (bronze) and 38-40 years (silver). of other public safety agencies, including park islative Counsel authorizing Insignia rangers, highway workers, county and munici- His Excellency Sir John T.N. An oval medal made of silver or bronze. The O’Brien, Governor of New- obverse features a crown over two crossed sceptres. pal police and fire departments and 9-1-1 dis- foundland (1889-1895) to Below is a scroll with the words “Pax Nobiscum.” Sur- patch centres. The complete system came on obtain a design and die for rounding this are the words “Newfoundland” on the stream in the spring of 2002 and serves more two medals, one of which was the Newfoundland Con- left and “Constabulary” on the right. On the obverse than 14,000 mobile and portable radios. stabulary Medal for Good Service. In 1893 there was are the words “For Good Service” surrounding by a a further Minute requesting the governor to proceed laurel wreath. with the procurement of the medals. The following Suspender Resources year the attorney general was directed to draw up A ring is attached directly to the insignia like the http://www.project25.org/ - Project 25 Technology regulations with reference to the granting of the Good top ring of a pocket watch. The ribbon passes through Interest Group (PTIG) home page Service Medals to members of the Newfoundland this single ring. Constabulary. Ribbon http://www.project25.us/ - Motorola Project 25 portable In 1897, several of the medals were issued in Three stripes of equal width, two of forest green on radios and information honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee as well as each side of a scarlet stripe. http://www.apcointl.org/frequency/project25/ - APCO the 400th anniversary of Giovanni Caboto’s discovery Other International Project 25 page of Newfoundland in 1497. Nothing more was done with The original dies of the medal still exist. The http://www.aeroflex.com/products/commtest/pmr/ the medal until 1918, when Governor Sir Charles Harris second medal authorized by the minute of legislative proposed that the remaining medals – discovered in the counsel in 1892 was for bravery. appnotes/p25cc.pdf - APCO-25 control channel safe at Government House in St. John’s a year earlier – Information information be presented. In November 1919 five silver medals were The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, 1 Fort http://www.p25.com/resources/P25TrainingGuide.pdf issued to members with between 38 and 40 years service, Townshend, St. John’s Newfoundland, A1C 2G2. - Daniels’ P25 Radio System Training Guide

Blue line MagaziNE 15 JUNE / JULY 2008 Impact projectiles deserve another look Another less lethal force option

by Colin Watson Performance expectations A suicidal man perches pre- Impact munitions users must cariously on a parkade railing. understand that immediate incapaci- Dressed in a heavy sweater and tation from one round may occur but very emotional, he insists that he is unlikely. Like baton strikes, they wants to jump to his death. Crisis rely on the effect of kinetic energy negotiators try to talk him away transferred to a target to cause mo- from the edge. He steps to the tor dysfunction and pain. This, concrete occasionally but climbs coupled with verbal commands and back onto the ledge if officers get the psychological effect of hearing within 30 feet. a bang and feeling the subsequent Negotiators realize he is ex- impact, contributes to the technol- tremely motivated to die and wants ogy’s effect. police to help him carry out his wish. Our intent is to incapacitate a He has been drinking and using street subject, thereby reducing or elimi- drugs. He is fatigued, intoxicated and nating the threat to officers, citizens has several times come very close and the subject. The kinetic energy to losing his balance and falling six transfer resulting from a single pro- stories to his death. jectile is at times insufficient to ac- It’s decision time. Do nothing complish incapacitation, therefore and likely watch him kill himself, requiring the cumulative effect of or attempt to save his life and ac- more than one projectile deployed cept the risk that police action may in succession. be the catalyst for his demise. Does this scenario change if he is armed Potential for death with an edged weapon? What sort and injury of force options does your agency The IACP describes the phi- currently have that may save his losophy of less lethal force op- life? Are they effective against loose tions as “a concept of planning fitting or bulky clothing? How close and force application that meets must you be to the subject? Have you trained should a court find officers, by their actions, operational objectives, with less potential for your members to act in a co-ordinated fashion created the necessity to use lethal force (Ijames, causing death or serious injury than conven- to resolve this type of scenario? 1995). Impact projectiles allow these subjects to tional police tactics” (Ijames, 2007). be engaged from a distance, often providing an It is important to recognize that impact Pre-incident planning opportunity to better use positions of cover. projectiles are simply not “non-lethal,” as Planning a successful incident resolution Unfortunately, the legacy of older technol- some literature suggests. They can and have begins long before the call is dispatched. Add- ogy has somewhat hampered police acquisition caused serious injury or death when high risk ing force options or enhancing existing ones of impact projectiles. Many officers have heard target areas such as the head and neck were is a step in the right direction to providing of deaths from bean bag rounds unintentionally impacted. The extent of injury or likelihood the best possible response to crisis situations. penetrating the bodies of subjects. This nor- of death lies with target selection. Every police agency should seriously consider mally resulted from the use of older “square” Impact projectiles usually result in some providing its officers with an impact projectile rounds where the projectile wasn’t able to “open type of injury, generally bruising, abrasions option, allowing them to intervene from a dis- up,” or where the bean bags turned sideways or contusions (Bozeman, 2005). This level is tance when action must be taken; approaching and impact on their narrow side. normally acceptable when you consider the armed, violent, or suicidal subjects puts offic- Their less than aerodynamic design also potential for self inflicted injury or injuries ers – and subjects – in jeopardy. made square bags susceptible to varying from to civilians or officers in the absence of inter- Without an intermediate distance force the intended path of flight, resulting in an un- vention. Internal injuries resulting from blunt option, officers may choose, or be forced, to predictable point of impact. The newest “sock” trauma can occur in some cases, but is far less approach a subject, particularly in circum- bean bag rounds are far more accurate, making likely, particularly when appropriate lower risk stances where they are not contained. Even minimum deployment distance and penetration target areas are utilized. It is generally accepted with conducted energy weapons (CEW) such less of an issue. Most studies documenting bean that shot placement is the single biggest factor as the Taser, there is a risk associated with bag injury patterns are now dated and use data in determining the likelihood of injury with getting close enough to be within the opera- associated with the old square bags. Although impact projectiles. We must also consider that tional deployment range. Should the situation there remains some slight risk of penetration in- some deaths have resulted from the intentional quickly escalate or the intermediate force be- juries associated with the newer technology due use of the projectile as a lethal force option. ing used fail, lethal force may result. to reduced impact surface area (MacPherson et In a study of 311 subjects impacted by some Such encounters may leave individuals als., 2000), they are a safe and accurate lower type of impact projectile, (Hubbs and Klinger, and the organization exposed to civil liability level force alternative (Ijames, 2005). 2004), found that eight died as a result of chest or

JUNE / JULY 2008 16 Blue Line Magazine neck impacts. Two of these deaths were found to gain compliance by impacting subjects with References be the result of numerous projectiles (more than frangible projectiles fired from a “paint ball” Bozeman, William P. & Winslow, James E. (2005) Medical Aspects of Less Lethal Weapons. The Internet Journal of 100 on one subject), with death occurring weeks style gun. This technology relies on the combi- Rescue and Disaster Medicine. Volume 5 Number 1. or months later. In at least one case, death could nation of pain and the release of a pepper agent Chan, JTS and Yeung, RSD (2003) A Study of police bean not be directly linked to the projectiles. when the projectile impacts a target. bag injuries in a pork model. Hong Kong Journal of Emer- Outcomes in 88 per cent of impacts ranged Taser International is developing the gency Medicine. Volume 10 Number 2. pg. 124-128 Hubbs, Ken & Klinger, David (2004) Citizen Injuries from no injury to abrasions. Most of the inju- “XREP”(extended Range Electronic Projec- from Law Enforcement Impact Munitions: Evidence from ries in the remaining 12 per cent resulted from tile), a self contained Taser cartridge fired the Field. Wound Ballistic Review. Volume 4, Issue 4 impacts to higher risk target areas such as the from a 12 gauge rifled barrel shotgun at a Pg. 9-14 head, neck, chest and spine. Death resulted distance of up to 65 feet. The unit reportedly Hubbs, Ken & Klinger, David (2004) IMPACT MUNI- TIONS: Database of Use and Effects. National Institute from only one per cent of total impacts. can incapacitate a subject utilizing Taser’s of Justice. The rates of more serious injuries and neuro muscular incapacitation technology for Ijames, Steve (1995) Less Lethal Force – Concepts and deaths in this study are artificially high, the up to 20 seconds, allowing officers time to take Consideration in the De-Escalation Philosophy. The Tacti- authors note, as they only take into account control of the subject. cal Edge. Summer 1995, Pg. 51-55 Ijames, Steve (2005) In defense of the 12-gauge “bean reported deployments of 106 agencies and rep- bag” round. Retrieved on March 29, 2007 from http://www. resent a “small portion” of total engagements. Conclusion policeone.com/pc_print.asp?vid=118328 All known deployments resulting in death Our officers faced the parkade standoff de- Ijames, Steve (2007) Impact round training & the critical were included in this evaluation, however not scribed earlier and successfully used an impact issue of “point of aim/point of impact” Retrieved February 10, 2008 from http://www.policeone.com/writers/column- all known impact projectile deployments were projectile to resolve it. That individual is alive ists/SteveIjames/articles/1266889 included, as a large number of incidents were today as a direct result of a co-ordinated police MacPherson, Duncan (2000) Comments on Impact Projec- not reported to the study. response and the availability of an extended tiles. Wound Ballistic Review. Volume 4, Issue 4 Pg. 14-15. The most common projectile used in the range, less lethal force option. MacPherson, Duncan, Hudson, Doreen & Maruoka, Rich- ard (2000) 12 Gauge Beanbag Fatality Risk Investigation. reported impacts was the 12 gauge square bean As the search for safer and more effective Wound Ballistic Review. Volume 4, Issue 4 Pg. 16-30. bag, which are now considered notoriously force options continues, agencies should close- Pepperball Technologies (2008) Pepperball products inaccurate and inherently more dangerous. ly look at all the available technology, equip page. Retrieved on April 13, 2008 from http://www.pep- Taking this into consideration, it’s expected their officers with the best available tools, and perball.com/le/applications.aspx Taser International (2008) Taser XREP information page. incidents of death and more serious injury will provide ongoing training and development. Be Retrieved on April 13, 2008 from http://www.taser.com/ be substantially reduced by using sock style realistic about capabilities. Experience and sci- PRODUCTS/LAW/Pages/XREP.aspx munitions. Unlike square bags, they do not ence show that the “one shot drop” is not the require distance for the projectile to reach its likely outcome. Injury will likely result from Cst Colin Watson is an 11 year member of the Victoria intended shape in flight. The sock round exits using impact projectiles, however weighing Police Department and the less lethal projectiles instruc- the muzzle in a deployable state and has no injury with the risk of death or serious injury tor. He has served on the regional ERT (SWAT) for seven edges or flat surfaces that can effect accuracy to a subject, citizen or police officer, it is a years and is currently second in command. He can be reached at [email protected] or reduce impact surface area. reasonable and life saving compromise.

Selection and training The type of impact munitions selected for deployment should be based on an agency’s ability to provide ongoing training. Weighing the available munitions, subject considerations and urgency of threat can be a complicated process, best done by an operator who has been “stress inoculated” through experience and training. This is particularly true with higher energy, non- conforming rounds such as the Police Ordnance AR-1 or Sage KO-1. Although their additional power increases the likelihood of incapacitation, they are less forgiving and require extra care in deployment. Training needs to be specific so as to reduce the chances of operators defaulting under stress to “centre mass” when using impact projectiles (MacPherson, 2000). In my view, point of aim is the single big- gest issue for impact projectile training. Un- intentionally impacting a high risk target area such as “centre mass” is understandable, con- sidering that this is ingrained during all pistol marksmanship training. We must therefore take care to ensure that impact projectile operators are sufficiently trained to allow them to make appropriate point of aim decisions under the stress often associated with these dynamic situ- ations. History shows that negative outcomes are likely if we fail to do so, which may result in law enforcement loosing a valuable tool.

The future Emerging intermediate distance technolo- gies may provide law enforcement with even more options. The Pepperball system seeks to

Blue Line Magazine 17 JUNE / JULY 2008 Culture and ethos in the Mountie world by Robert Lunney were dropping all around them. This was called a buffalo stand. The killing continued The parable of the buffalo until the buffalo were almost driven to extinc- The early explorers of the western plains tion. Today, buffalo are confined to parks and found the grasslands teaming with enormous conservation areas or raised as commercial herds of buffalo. They provided the staples livestock. of life for the indigenous people and all was Many years on, I encountered a buffalo on well, but when settlers arrived and the railroad a reserve in a setting reminiscent of the primor- began stretching across the plains, the buffalo dial prairie. On impulse, I called out to him. attributed to chief investigator David A. Brown became an obstacle. They blocked the rails, “Hey, old shaggy, any advice for us today?” when he released his report on the insurance interfered with construction and presented a “When times change,” he rumbled, “don’t controversy. hindrance to settlement. White buffalo hunters stand still.” Organizational culture consists of those had already hastened their demise for hides shared assumptions which have a role in and meat, but the railway encouraged more The changes I have proposed to RCMP shaping and influencing ideas, attitudes and hunters and the slaughter began. responsibilities will provide a platform for experiences, encompassing a whole way of The buffalo, secure in their herd instinct, needed fundamental reforms, but the wrench- life of a social group. Ethos is the character- were oblivious to the carnage. Hunters would ing pain of surrendering traditional roles is istic spirit and beliefs of an organization; that open fire from behind a blind but the buffalo actually the easy part. The toughest job is is, the way in which it sees itself, manages would not move, even though their kindred fixing that “horribly broken” culture, a label itself internally and sees and interacts with its clients and others outside the organization. To its members, ethos is best understood as “how we do things.” Culture and ethos are constantly evolv- ing, influenced by both positive and negative experiences. The process of cultural change is measured in months and years and is not necessarily affected by events that have a brief period of prominence or popularity.

The Duxbury Report Beginning in 2000 and again in 2007 Dr. Linda Duxbury, one of Canada’s leading workplace health researchers, carried out in- ternal surveys of RCMP workplace attitudes. The result, The RCMP Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – An Independent Report Concern- ing Workplace Issues at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, is available on the web. The Duxbury report is a searching as- sessment of serious internal issues facing the new RCMP commissioner, with commentary on workload, management, leadership and culture. She speculates that “the RCMP may be victim of the ‘success spiral’, which occurs when an organization holds on too long to a culture in the belief that what has worked in the past will continue to confer a competitive advantage in the future.” The report suggests that the RCMP has failed to realign its organizational culture to take into account new environmental realities and that this has resulted in key elements of

JUNE / JULY 2008 18 Blue Line Magazine its culture being liabilities as the organiza- for radical modifications to name, style and The commissioner’s mission is to trans- tion moves forward. She lists 75 thoughtful methods. The most successful operations are form the RCMP to a high performance or- recommendations, all valid and worthy of often heralded by selecting an outside chief ganization equal to the challenges of the 21st consideration. executive as an agent of change, and the ap- century. Sorting out the federal responsibilities According to Duxbury, the salient dissatis- pointment of James Elliott as commissioner from other distractions will make the task more fiers are related to the management of people. was an unsurprising and perceptive decision. manageable. Designing and implementing a Internal surveys reveal a startling gap in degree While charismatic leadership is often purpose-designed human resources strategy of trust, confidence and optimism between called upon for a task of this enormity, in this is the next order of business. inspector and above and other ranks. Commis- case, given the time span needed to fairly begin All of Canada will be watching to see how the sioned officers are optimistic, perhaps unreal- the process of reform, a combination of quiet RCMP responds to the challenge for change. istically so in the current circumstances. leadership coupled with first-class managerial Other ranks and police staff are more pes- skill will best fit the challenge. It is impossible Rien ne change simistic and one speculates, made cynical by to out-dazzle 17,000 police officers, each with Before I left the RCMP I used to say, in my insufficient guidance and support. Altogether, a scarlet tunic in the closet. darker moments, that the force’s motto should this suggests that factors affecting the quality The first challenge for the outside leader be “Rien ne change” (nothing changes) rather of working life, such as the enjoyment of is to instill and nurture a sense of hope and a than “Maintiens le Droit.” Sweeping structural mutual respect and dignity, are not evenly promise that remedies for vexing problems and program changes are essential and mere distributed. A workplace which values com- will be pursued with diligence. Fine words will tinkering with the levers of culture and ethos pliance before originality and ingenuity stifles not suffice; they must be followed quickly by will not suffice. These changes will be discom- organizational spirit. positive deeds. forting to serving members and staff, but the Training, promotion and career planning The preliminary steps in a change strategy needs of society transcend these concerns. are among the domains requiring urgent atten- must be experienced by as many members and Our country has a vital interest in an ef- tion. According to Duxbury, the RCMP is in a police staff as possible, as quickly as possible. fective, efficient and transparent federal police very low state of readiness for change. Under This may range from enhancing the quality service, functioning with the highest degree these conditions, the profile and style of the of working life, effectively removing barri- of integrity and skill, and staffed by individu- lead agent of change is critical. ers to job satisfaction and injecting needed als utterly devoted to the safety, security and resources, equipment or technology – but the protection of the people of Canada. There is no Leadership at all levels commissioner cannot do this alone. time to waste and no room for complacency, Managing change to culture and ethos is Most often a change agent installs a new for the public trust is in the balance. nothing new to policing; indeed, some of the leadership team committed to the cause of re- A former senior officer with the RCMP, Edmonton and largest police organizations in the democratic form. Leadership at all levels must voluntarily Peel Regional Police, Robert Lunney can be reached world have been challenged with demands commit to the program. at [email protected] .

Blue Line Magazine 19 JUNE / JULY 2008 Partnering to maintain public order by Danette Dooley Canada’s largest municipal police service is helping North America’s oldest police force train officers for its public order unit. Four members of the Toronto Police Service (TPS) went to St. John’s, Newfoundland in late April to help prepare new unit members. Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) deputy chief Bill Browne says the partnership between the two police services is nothing new. “When we reintroduced our public order unit several years ago, we looked around the country for experienced and well trained officers and our partners – the Toronto Police Service – offered the best service to us,” Browne says. The RNC unit now has more than 50 officers, ranging in rank from constable to deputy chief. Experience ranges from as little as two years of service to more than 30 years, Browne notes. As in other jurisdictions across the coun- try, the unit will be used for such things as public to know, he adds, that police are in no thing new for TPS S/Sgt Russ Cook, who crowd control and as a means of opening way trying to stop people from exercising their was among a handful of Toronto officers who the lines of communication with organizing constitutional rights. trained members when the public order unit groups before any major events take place, “In Canada people have the right to protest was first activated four years ago. Browne says. in peaceful demonstrations. So, we’re not here Cook says many Canadian forces have “If there is going to be a gathering of a to prevent any demonstrations. All we want come onboard with joint force training in large group, our officers are trained to meet to do is ensure that they are not disorderly, various aspects of police work. In Ontario, for with the organizers to work to ensure the that no one gets injured or hurt, but that the example, there are advisory boards where police event is safe and that there is no damage done demonstrators’ points are made.” issues such as the need for tactical training are to people or property.” It’s important for the The trip to Newfoundland wasn’t any- discussed among different police agencies. Thanks to standardized police training, Cook says, it’s become easier for forces to call on others to help out. “We find ourselves partnering with many police services and we ask others to come in and help us with certain events because we just don’t have the staff to facilitate,” he says. Cook says inter-agency training is win- win for all forces involved. “Yes, we come here as instructors and we have a certain level of knowledge and ability in certain areas, but we will go home with as much knowledge as the folks here have gained… they (RNC) have developed some new equipment that we’re going to be looking at and vice-versa.” Both Cook and Browne encourage other forces to also take a look at such partnerships. “Communication is the key,” Cook says. “It’s all about facilitating a safe environment for everyone.” Browne says RNC public order unit members know that the TPS officers are just a phone call away, adding “the co-operation here has been fantastic... we’re very pleased with what we have accomplished.” Danette Dooley can be reached at [email protected]

JUNE / JULY 2008 20 Blue line MagaziNE College adds post-graduate courses

by Brian Ward Working with the Waterloo Regional and Guelph police services, Conestoga College has revised its programs to offer college and university graduates more exposure to the real world. A major review of the law and security ad- ministration and police foundations programs by community services program chair Wayne Morris resulted in revisions and two new post diploma certificates for graduates.

Post-grad course The two semester advanced police studies post diploma certificate includes 20 Advanced security studies will be required to complete a third semester weeks of applied learning and two five week The college also offers a post diploma by participating in a 320-hour placement pro- practicums. Under the direction of a coach in advanced security studies for students gram as a security supervisor. officer, students will be exposed to many interested in security supervision which was Admission is capped at 20 students per parts of front line police work, including also developed with input from the field. Key program. To be considered, applicants must night shifts. They go for the first practicum players included Barber-Collins and Tone-Gar be graduates of a related college or university after 10 weeks of study, return to the college security services and the Woodbine Entertain- program, provide a clear criminal reference for another ten weeks and conclude the pro- ment Group. check and proof of Standard First Aid and gram with another five week practicum. Security studies students will be exposed CPR training. Police studies students must also So far, the OPP, London, Oxford, Strat- to security technology, investigative case prove they meet police fitness standards. ford, Guelph and Waterloo Regional police management and completing independent services and Wilfred Laurier University security projects. They will also learn about Contact [email protected] for more on police studies and [email protected] for more on the Special Constable Service have committed the supervisory aspects of their job through security program. to participating in the practicums. human resources and leadership courses and

Blue Line Magazine 21 JUNE / JULY 2008 RR-3 – The policing sector should and the results from the accredited courses. build meaningful partnerships with The application would then be processed educational institutions to facilitate the through a new “Constable-in-Training” capture of high quality candidates. Application process. The objective being The police sector is faced with a that offers of “Constable-in-Training” dilemma in terms of how it relates to col- would be made and confirmed by the time leges and universities. Currently there is the person graduates from their program duplication in terms of training provided of education. to potential recruits. Many people take RR-4 – Implement an Employee programs at educational institutions Referral Incentive Program that is devel- leading up to degrees and diplomas in oped in such a way that will increase the policing or related areas but the specific level of diversity for the organization. content elements of these credentials are Referrals are reported to be the most not recognized by police organizations. successful approach for obtaining the Typically, a two-year diploma in recruits. The majority of employees think Police Foundations from a college is policing is a good career and they would given no more (or less) credit than a two- We recommend partnership as the pre- recommend it to their family and friends. Most year diploma in any other subject area. As ferred option. The details of the proposed youth perceive that personal connections (i.e. there is no accreditation of the program or partnership approach are discussed in Section knowing a police officer) have a positive effect the people delivering it, police organizations 9.0, the highlights are: on one’s chances of becoming a police officer. cannot have confidence in the content that • Educational institutions accredited to However, referrals are typically reported to was delivered – all that is known is that the provide certain policing related programs be a passive process in most services; only a person has satisfactorily completed a two-year (curriculum to be established by the police select few take this to a more active level and diploma program. sector) and will award credits for successful are leveraging this channel effectively. This situation is inefficient and detrimental completion; Currently less than one in five police to the ability of the police sector to recruit • These credits will be regarded as pre-requi- organizations provide incentives to reward good people. sites for employment as a police officer and employee referrals. Our recommendation is Police academies train new recruits and admission into a police academy; to implement an Employee Referral Incentive often repeat material that some people have • Police academies will not duplicate programs Program that is tied to the National Application already covered in their college or university that cover the same curriculum; and Process (RR-5). programs, which is wasteful but currently • Colleges may include the accredited pro- When an applicant completes their ap- unavoidable. It creates a competitive or even grams within broader offerings, but will plication form, they will indicate an existing adversarial environment between the acad- provide realistic information to students and employee (civilian or police officer) referred emies and the colleges. applicants relating to the criteria used by them. If this applicant is hired, the employee The larger issue, however, is the misrepre- police organizations to screen candidates as who made the referral will receive a financial sentation that happens in the minds of potential suitable or otherwise. incentive from the hiring service. future recruits. Young people are led to believe All students who enrol to take the pre- Further research of best practices should that if they invest (time and money) in obtain- requisite credits for admission to a career in be conducted and investigation into the poten- ing these college diplomas or degrees, they policing will be a target population for the tial costs and benefits of such a program would will be well positioned to be hired as a police police sector. These students will be contacted need to take place to flesh out the details. officer. When they graduate they discover and invited to become a “potential candidate.”, Nonetheless, we feel that the incentive should that the qualification does not provide them which means that they will be placed on an be of a significant value if the applicant is with the advantage they had anticipated and, email list, receive communications from the hired; a cheque for $500.00 for example. coincidentally, most police organizations will police sector, their information (bio data, aca- An alternative to cash would be to have not hire them anyway because they are judged demic results, and other matters of relevance) a catalogue of items that the employee could to be too young or inexperienced. will be collected, and their progress monitored choose from. Perhaps there could be different The resulting disappointment may turn by the police sector. Such “potential candi- levels of reward for different numbers of suc- good people away from a policing career dates” will be entering into a relationship with cessful referrals. For instance, if an employee forever. the police sector and their college or university refers one successful applicant, they could The choice facing the police sector is will be an active participant. receive a first level incentive gift; if an em- either to partner with educational institutions Approximately six months prior to the ex- ployee refers three successful applicants, they in the identification, education and recruit- pected graduation of a “potential candidate” they could choose from a second level incentive ment of future police officers or to distance will be invited to apply as a Constable-in-Train- gift, and if an employee refers more than five itself from them and to communicate to the ing. If they choose to apply, then references will successful applicants, they could choose from target candidate pool the reality of the value be requested from their teachers (standardized a third level gift. attributed to such programs. format) and reviewed alongside their application NEXT MONTH: Candidate Management

JUNE / JULY 2008 22 Blue Line Magazine FORT WORTH, Texas - Tellers at the Those calls are monitored by the Norfolk Texas bank were immediately suspicious. County sheriff’s department. Inmates are even After all, it isn’t every day someone walks warned the calls are not private. in to cash a cheque with 10 zeros on it. Miller was being held on a heroin posses- But police say 21-one-year-old Charles sion charge and was a suspect in several store Ray Fuller of the Fort Worth suburb of Crow- burglaries. He now faces attempted escape and ley tried to do just that. conspiracy charges as well. Fuller now faces forgery and other charges (The Associated Press) after trying to cash a cheque for $360-billion ••• last week. The newest cop on the beat is a little Fuller, who was released after posting thin and not very well rounded. But he is $3,750 bail, claims his girlfriend’s mother effective. gave him the cheque to start a record business, Police in Neenah, Wisconsin, are using a a claim the woman denies. life-sized cardboard cutout of a policeman to In addition to forgery, Fuller has been slow speeders. charged with unlawfully carrying a weapon Officer Pam Martin says drivers hit their and possessing marijuana. breaks as soon as they see the cutout cop. Police say they found more than 50 grams But speeders shouldn’t get too cocky con- of marijuana and a .25-calibre handgun and cerning the cardboard crimefighter. magazine in his pockets. Police say they’ll alternate using real officers with speed guns and the fake one in ••• high traffic areas. One guard at the Louisiana State Peniten- tiary is a real bear. ••• A 400-pound black bear. DURHAM, N.C. - Dog isn’t this man’s The huge animal is living on the grounds best friend. of the 72-square-kilometre prison farm. Police in North Carolina say Josue Herri- That’s just fine with Warden Burl Cain, os-Coronilla, 18, drove his black Camaro on who says no inmate would want to get out the wrong side of the road and crashed into the after dark, with the chance of running into yard of a man who owns four dogs. the big old bear. Police found crushed bushes, a damaged And the animal likely has some burly fence, an inoperable car - and a fresh shoe print bruin friends. in a pile of dog feces. Prison officials report there could be eight Following an odoriferous trail down the to 10 bears living on the grounds. street, Sgt. Dale Gunter noticed a white van The big black bear was first spotted by driving toward him. a prisoner. When he asked the passenger to step out, ••• he noticed the smell of alcohol on the man’s It was a close call for one driver using a breath and evidence all over his shoes. GPS satellite navigation system. Herrios-Coronilla was charged with driv- Officials in upstate New York report ing while impaired and drinking underage and the computer consultant was following the released on $1,500 bail. gizmo’s directions a little too closely, and (The Associated Press) drove right in front of a train. Metro-North railroad spokesman Dan Bruck- er says the man got out of his car just in time. It had gotten stuck on the tracks, when the passenger train slammed into it going 96 kilometres an hour. The GPS device had told the man to take a right turn, which he did, right into the path of the speeding train. Officials say no one was hurt. The driver was given a minor summons for obstructing a railroad crossing. The railroad says the man and the car rental company would be liable for hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages. ••• DEDHAM, Mass. - A burglary suspect in Massachusetts can kiss his escape plans goodbye. Police in Dedham, Mass, say James Miller, 38, planned to escape using a handcuff key his girlfriend would pass him during either a hug or a kiss in court. But authorities say he forgot one crucial factor. He discussed the plot with girlfriend Theresa Fougere in phone calls from jail.

Blue Line Magazine 23 JUNE / JULY 2008 Part 5 - An age of enlightenment

Another impetus to reform came from the • A probation system should be introduced; Recognizing his dedication and ability, the report of the 1891 Ontario inquiry into the prison • Earned remission for good conduct should Ontario government appointed him in 1893 and reformatory system. During its deliberations, be offered; as the first superintendent of neglected and the commission examined a cross-section of the • A parole system should be adopted, as well as dependent children for the province. Through- latest theories in penology, visited a number of apprenticeship programs and boarding out; out the 1890s Kelso carried on a scheme with institutions in the United States, interviewed a • An association should be formed in every the warden of the central prison in Toronto to host of jail and prison officials and listened to a region of the province for the after-care of redirect convicted juveniles and keep them out wide variety of testimony from individuals. The released juveniles; of institutions. It was the practice for the courts commission had much to say about juvenile de- • Changes in the law should give more power to send some convicted youths to the central linquency: 16 of its 48 recommendations touched to provincial officials over such things as prison in Toronto before placing them in a directly on the subject. pardon, parole and the general supervision reformatory or industrial school. The warden The report advocated measures to prevent of delinquent children; would inform Kelso of incoming boys, and he delinquency and changes in the treatment of Though the report dealt with Ontario, it would then try to find placements for them in young offenders. Among the preventive meas- had a national impact. It heightened public foster homes. The diversion was a contraven- ures were suggestions for strict enforcement awareness and focused attention on the juve- tion of regulations, but both officials conspired of school attendance laws, municipal curfews nile reform campaign. It gave further impetus in the practice for a number of years. to keep young people off the streets at night, and encouragement to those working in the Kelso and people like him in many parts inspection and regulation of second-hand child-saving movement. of the country were able to use their influence stores and pawnshops, and assistance for child Among the specific strategies implement- and powers of persuasion to bring about a wide welfare agencies. In the area of improved treat- ed during the period was greater use of foster variety of humanitarian developments at both ment, the commission recommended that: care. Many reformers criticized the industrial the provincial and federal levels. In response • Every city and large town should have one schools and reformatories as inappropriate for to such advocacy, on 23 July, 1894, Parliament or more industrial school; dealing with problem youth. They favoured a passed the first piece of federal legislation per- • Children under 14 should not be publicly non-institutional approach that would empha- taining to juvenile delinquents, the Act respect- arrested and detained; size rescue and reform and treat young people ing Arrest, Trial and Imprisonment of Youthful • Children under 14, when it is necessary not as criminals or potential delinquents but as Offenders.5 This legislation was the culmination to hold them, should not be detained in a children in need of help and guidance. It was of a series of enactments touching on the treat- common jail but in a place entirely away a social welfare philosophy as opposed to a ment of juveniles that dated back to 1857. In from the police station; judicial one. Its supporters advocated foster that year the Legislative Assembly of Canada • All children under 14 should be tried in care, children’s courts, the intervention of passed an act providing for the more speedy special courts; welfare agencies and legislation that would trial and punishment of juvenile offenders. In • Convicted children under 14 should be more protective than punitive. 1875 the federal government made a significant never be incarcerated in a common jail, and A leading advocate of foster care and one amendment to the Act Respecting Procedure in should be sent to a reformatory or refuge of the most prominent reformers of the period Criminal Cases6 that permitted ordinary courts only as a last resort; was John Joseph Kelso. He began his career to send 16 year-olds to a reformatory instead • More use should be made of suspended as a reporter in Toronto and devoted much of prison for terms of not less than two years sentences; of his adult life to helping needy children. and not more than five. Legislation was also being introduced at the provincial levels. In 1890, for example, the British Columbia legislature passed a Reform- atory Act7 that applied to male offenders under the age of 16. It allowed for the establishment of a reformatory that would provide education, industrial training and moral reclamation. The institution admitted three categories of boys sentenced by the courts : those serving sentences of two to five years, boys transferred from jails and incorrigible or misbehaving youngsters between 10 and 13 who needed supervision. Boys in the incorrigible category could be confined for an indefinite period of not less than two years. Also, with the consent of a Supreme Court judge, on reaching the age of 12 a boy could be released and bound over as an apprentice for five years. On the other hand, boys could earn remission of their sen-

JUNE / JULY 2008 24 Blue Line Magazine tences for good conduct and could be released years shall take place with- of adult criminals, afforded more on probation at the end of one year. out publicity and separately privacy and processed separately In 1892 the federal Parliament passed the and apart from the trials of by the courts. The essence of the Criminal Code,8 which included a short section other accused persons; that legislation was that delinquents pertaining to juvenile delinquents, Trial of Ju- young persons shall be kept in would be treated not as crimi- venile Offenders for Indictable Offences, that custody separate from older nals in need of punishment but dealt mainly with the trial process. A number persons charged with criminal as young people requiring help of other sections also touched on young of- offences and separate from all and understanding. Instead of fenders. Section 9 provided that no one under persons undergoing sentences sentencing strictly based on the the age of seven years could be convicted of of imprisonment; and that nature of the offence, back- an offence. Section 10 restricted convictions young persons shall not be ground information would be of children under 14 to cases where the of- confined in lock-ups or police provided to enable magistrates fender was competent to know the nature and stations with older persons charged with to channel delinquents in a direction that would consequences of his conduct and to appreciate criminal offences or with ordinary criminals. be appropriate to their needs. Agencies outside that it was wrong. At least on paper this sec- The Act respecting Arrest, Trial and the correctional system could now intervene tion was a significant limitation and a victory Imprisonment of Youthful Offenders in- and bring a different philosophy and perspec- for reformers who had been struggling for cluded special arrangements for Ontario that tive to the treatment of young people in trouble years to have children treated more benignly recognized the new role to be played by the with the law. before the courts. Finally, section 550 provided children’s aid societies. It provided that instead Progressive legislation, the evolution of that, where appropriate and practical, trials of imprisonment, children could be placed by reformatories, industrial schools, free educa- of persons under 16 be held apart from adult the courts in the care of homes for neglected or tion and more use of foster care represented offenders and without publicity. destitute children or in charge of the Children’s substantial progress. Yet the changes fell far Although such pieces of legislation were Aid Society. Also, when any boy under 12 or short of solving or even reducing the problem steps in the right direction, they fell far short girl under 13 was charged with an offence, the of delinquency and its treatment. The entire of the comprehensive provisions that reformers court was to notify an officer of the society for system suffered from a host of problems wanted. Thus, the Act respecting Arrest, Trial the purpose of conducting an investigation including under funding, poor facilities, in- and Imprisonment of Youthful Offenders of and offering advice. After such consultation, adequate programs and untrained staff. Many 1894 was a particularly significant develop- the court could use a variety of options for institutions continued to be custodial and pu- ment. The Act provided for the separation of sentencing. They included placing the child nitive, and too many young people were still youthful offenders from contact with older in foster care, levelling a fine, suspending the being put in jail or prison. The continued high offenders and habitual criminals during their sentence or sending the child to the reforma- rates of recidivism suggested that the treatment arrest and trial, and for their commitment to tory or to an industrial school. goals of rehabilitation and prevention were places where they may be reformed and trained The 1894 Act encompassed many of the still not being achieved. to useful lives, instead of their being impris- changes that reformers had sought since at least oned. The Act also provided that the trials of the early part of the century. Children would NEXT MONTH: Drawing the Line -- The Juvenile Delin- quents Act of 1908 young persons apparently under the age of 16 now be kept away from the corrupting influence

Blue Line Magazine 25 JUNE / JULY 2008 JUNE / JULY 2008 26 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Trade Show In Print

Canada’s 12th Annual National Law Enforcement Exhibition April 29 & 30, 2008

ABOvE: The Blue Line staff from left, Mary Lymburner, Kieran Huggins, Kathryn Lymburner, Mark Reesor, Morley Lymburner, Jolene Lymburner, Susan Murray, and Bob Rodkin.

LEFT: Kathryn and Morley, of Blue Line, thank Matte Industry’s Gilbert Matte and Janet Barclay for 10 years of exhibiting. BELOW: Kathryn thanks Pat Kealey from Deeley Harley Davidson for 10 years of exhibiting at the Blue Line Trade Show.

Blue Line Trade Show in Print highlights the exhibitors of the twelfth annual Blue Line Trade Show, which was held April 29 & 30. The show provided a forum for Canadian and American companies to showcase their products and services to law enforcement professionals from municipal, provincial and federal police services, security companies, and government agencies including Canada Border Services Agency, Parks Canada, Depart- ment of National Defense, and Corrections Canada, Training courses included Detecting Deception by Verbal Analysis, Search Warrant Preparation, Covert Assignment Training, Terrorism vs Canada, Crime Scene Management, DNA: Evidentiary Uses & Misuses. The 13th annual Blue Line Trade Show will be held on April 28 & 29, 2009 in Markham, ON.

Blue lineine MagaziNE 27 JUNE / JULY 2008 Blue Line Trade Show In Print

Aearo Big Wheels Clipboards enforcement, hunting and outdoor recreation. Aearo is a leading manufacturer of Big Wheel offers clipboards for when We do this by putting more into our product hearing, eye, respiratory, head and face “Your Vehicle Is Your Office”. Our 100% than any normal person would expect – in a protection, as well as fall arrest equipment customizable, dry erase, 16”x16” 3mm thick word, we overbuild. Overbuilding improves and communication headsets. Sold under expanded P.V.C clipboards attach on your performance, shows value, and separates our the E.A.R., AOSafety, Peltor and Safewaze steering wheel and will surely be a benefit for brand in an overcrowded marketplace. For to brands, Aearo safety products offer a well- the road. It can display: code systems, phone overbuild is to overserve – an approach that earned reputation for quality, selection, listings, checklists, photos and much more. directly affects how someone is greeted by dependability and customer satisfaction. customer service,and how a boot feels in the Aearo takes pride in leading the industry Canada Goose field. The Danner name serves as a badge of in new product development and strives For over 50 years, the Canada Goose self-expression for those at the top of their to develop meaningful and innovative Tactical and Industrial Division products have vocation, as well as those who aspire to be. products that provide solutions for today’s been used across Canada by many departments workforce. Aearo’s brands are well known in the following fields: Ministry of Environ- DAVTech Analytical Services for providing personal safety products that ment, Corrections, Transport Canada, Ontario DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) are lightweight, comfortable and effective Air Ambulance, all divisions of Law Enforce- Inc has positioned itself to become a leader in at providing needed protective properties ment, and Canadian Coast Guard. Traffic Safety Products and Solutions through- all day long. To view all brands and product The line of tactical product offering out Canada. Our product line of Digital In-Car lines, go to www.aearo.com. includes: the Tactical Parka, Squall Jacket, Video, Radar, LIDAR, Emergency LED Light- Down Special Parka, Tactical Pants, Peace ing, Accident Investigation Software, Traffic Ahearn & Soper Keeper Extreme Cold Weather Parka, and Analysis Equipment, Alcohol Breath Testing For complete photo ID & access control Wilderdown Extreme Cold Weather Pant. Instruments, Drugs of Abuse Testing and all solutions, Ahearn & Soper Inc. provides For further information on our tactical and related peripherals enable us to supply the powerful and reliable card printers to person- industrial products, please contact Natalie sale while also providing authorized technical alize and encode your own identification and Gagnon at [email protected] or support for all of our lines. DAVTECH is an security cards. Our card printers print cards 416-780-9850 ext 246. authorized distributor for Digital Ally, Decatur faster and have high-definition print quality, Electronics, Laser Atlanta, Intoximeters, NPAS, while guaranteeing a low cost per card. We CanCom Sales Inc Visual Statement, Eluminator Lighting, Metro can print high resolution texts, colour logos, CanCom Sales Inc is a Canadian repre- Count, Medtox and Tri-Tech to name a few. pictures, signatures and barcodes in a few sentative & distributor for many quality law seconds. Ahearn & Soper Inc. is a 125-year enforcement products including safety equip- Deeley Harley Davidson old company providing high-tech solutions ment, communications gear and batteries. Our Deeley Harley-Davidson Canada is the to industries and agencies across Canada. products include: McKay Communications: exclusive Canadian distributor for Harley- We are proud to be making ID cards for McKay Canada offers high quality and cost Davidson motorcycles, parts, accessories and Blue Line Trade Show attendees. Ensure that effective solutions to meet all of your radio branded products and related services. your law employees are wearing Canada’s accessory needs including speaker micro- best-dressed cards - Ahearn & Soper is your phones, earpiece/surveillance kits, high noise Deister Electronic turnkey solution provider for the best card and lightweight headsets. Elvex Safety: Per- Deister Electronics develop, manufac- printing on the market. sonal protection equipment including hearing ture and distribute a wide range of security protection, tactical earmuffs, and protective products, including Electronic Verification Association of Black glasses & goggles. North American Battery and Key Management Systems. Electronic Law Enforcers Company (NABC): Quality land mobile radio verification uses a two checkpoint option ABLE is a non-profit or- batteries for all makes/models of two-way (barcode and/or proximity) and applications ganization founded in 1992 by radios and Pulse Power Chargers for automatic include security patrol, weapons control and a group of law enforcement rapid charging with conditioning. UltraLast evidence tracking. The Proxsafe Key Cabinet professionals who wanted to Alkalines and rechargeable batteries make prevents the removal of keys and small arti- make a difference in the com- NABC the solution for all of your battery cles from secured areas, holds up to 32 key munity. Our primary objectives: -To build needs. Lenbrook Canada: Quality Motorola bunches and can be expanded up to 32 cabi- bridges between Law Enforcement agencies 2-way radio products. nets. The Amantag Compact Reader sounds a and the community; -Support post secondary visible and/or audible alarm when it detects education and provide scholarship opportuni- Current Corporation transponder tagged articles being removed ties to deserving youth; -Actively participate Current Corporation supplies image in- from monitored locations. Both Key Control in community programs working with young tensified night vision, thermal imaging, xenon Systems are compatible with most existing people; -Increase awareness of the justice searchlights, and holographic weapon sights to security systems or can be stand alone. system &; -To be an advocacy for black and the Canadian Law Enforcement market. other visible minorities within our Canadian Worldwide Current Corporation manufactures Draeger Safety Canada mosaic. Our future is our youth and we must and markets Night Navigator camera systems Draeger Safety, a global company is a strive to provide them with an equitable op- to image intensified night vision, thermal im- leading manufacturer of gas detection & res- portunity to attain safety and success. aging, and day vision onboard yachts, ferries, piratory protection products and has been since police vessels, and coast guard vessels to pro- 1889. From the single-gas Draeger Pac 3000, Blue Line Magazine vide safety and security day or night. For more ultra compact, gas measuring and warning Featured will be the complete information please visit Current Corporation device to the Xam series multi-gas monitors list of books regularly listed on the at www.currentcorp.com used for confined space and toxic gas measur- Blue Line Reading Library page in ing, Draeger products protect human life and the magazine and on the website. A Danner the environment. The Draeger CMS unit is variety of Blue Line Magazine back Our sole aim is to satisfy the footwear designed for accurate, reliable measurement issues will also be available. needs of experts in the industry, military, law of hazardous gases as an electronic detector

JUNE / JULY 2008 28 Blue line MagaziNE Blue Line Trade Show In Print tube system that is fast, easy and accurate. In Glass Protection Solutions Our Electronic Air Cleaner, ideal for breathing protection Draeger offers a complete Glass Protection Solutions specializes in forensic labs, holding areas, autopsy theatres line of products from five-minute escape sys- glass fragmentation retention systems. An- and field use, cleans room air of infectious tems to disposable air purifying products all choring systems, along with security window bacteria. the way to SCBAs and four-hour rebreathers. films, provide a cost effective solution against We also specialize in Simulation and Training loss of life and property from broken glass. Impact Cases products, such as the Confined Space Train- Glass Protection Solutions is an accredited Impact Cases helps customers protect their ing Trailer, the Live Fire Training Systems, company, both with the International Win- mission critical equipment. We offer a wide the Swede Survival Flashover Systems and dow Film Association and with HanitaTek choice of ultra-rugged aluminum and injection Submarine Escape Devices. Advanced Security Systems. moulded cases that have proven themselves repeatedly in military, aerospace and law Ferno Canada Hardigg Cases enforcement applications. Impact’s aluminum Ferno’s “Driven by Mass Disaster, Emer- Hardigg designs, develops, tests, manufac- cases are manufactured from aircraft grade gency Preparedness and Tactical Operation” tures and distributes rotationally and injection aluminum making them tougher and stronger. Blue Line promotion will feature such new moulded reusable containers. The company Our Explorer line of injection moulded cases products as Microflex’s MidKnight Black now offers the largest range in the world, with are crush proof, shock proof, and designed to medical glove and Salus Marine’s Transport over 15 standard colours and over 500 standard protect even in extreme environments. For Canada, CGSB and NFPA approved SAR container sizes readily available. For several optimal protection when carrying or shipping Operations and Technician Rescue Vests as decades, the company has been the benchmark tactical gear, detection systems and coun- well as its full-line of CMC Tactical Operation manufacturer and major supplier of rugged de- termeasure equipment, look no further than product line. In addition, Ferno’s Command ployable cases for military applications. Each Impact Cases. For more information please Post shelters and the Pelican Tactical Lighting and every one of our plastic containers have call us at 1-800-881-7544 or visit our website and Protector Case product-lines will be avail- been designed, tested and proven – in the lab at www.impactcases.com today! able. See you at Booth 607. and on the ground – to withstand impact, rough handling, and the elements. Our engineers International Police Association Forensic Identification Services have designed numerous patented features, The International Police As- As a forensic artist, I specialize in: Three and we continually test products to ensure they sociation (IPA) is a fraternal Dimensional Facial Reconstructions - clay satisfy the toughest standards. organization dedicated “to unite method on original skull; Two Dimensional in service and friendship all Facial Reconstructions - drawing on transpar- IGSA Management Group active and retired members of ent paper on top of photo of the skull; Postmor- Our electroflares are immediately deploy- the law enforcement service throughout the tem Drawings - based on a facial photograph, able, environmentally friendly and safe. Ideal world.” The IPA strives to enhance the image generally of a decomposing person with severe for R.I.D.E, accident/crime scene investigations of the police in its member countries, and to facial trauma; Comprehensive Composite and spills with flammable materials, these facilitate international co-operation through Drawings - interviewing the victim and draw- rechargeable electronic and highly visible friendly contacts between police officers of ing from memory; Age Progression to a Miss- LEDs -- available in red, amber or blue -- are all continents. Membership now exceeds ing Child - age a child to current the date; Age waterproof, can float and even operate in sub- 300,000 officers in over 58 countries and is Progression to a Missing Fugitive - age the zero conditions. Electroflares come in kits of steadily rising. Membership is open to any missing fugitive to the current date; Disguise 6 in a smart charging station / carrying case serving or former Police Officer meeting the Drawings - add facial features, different hair (12V/110V). SHOW SPECIAL: 6 cone toppers requirements as set out in the Canadian Sec- styles, glasses etc; Video Sketching - identify included with each order, a value of $200.00. tion Constitution. the assailant on camera through measuring the proportions; Courtroom Sketching - quickly rendered sketches for documentation.

Gerber-Brunton We’re proud to serve those who serve our country. These law enforcement & military- related products also have National Stock Numbers associated with them. If you know what an NSN is, then we’re guessing you’ll also know how to use it.

Giantscape From your vision or ours, GIANTSCAPE will design, create, and install remarkably real life size, any size, even giant-size structures with amazing detail that result in extraordinary points of interest. Our sculptures are precision- carved from expanded polystyrene, and if large enough, fitted with internal steel armatures for added strength and mounting capabilities. Industrial grade armoured coatings are applied for reliable endurance, protection and quality. We can apply an infinite range of finishes to create the effect you desire.... absolutely EVERYTHING IS POSSIBLE!

Blue line MagaziNE 29 JUNE / JULY 2008 Blue Line Trade Show In Print

it was found, forever. Long after the scene benefit of the closed design is that it keeps the ITS Canada has been forensically examined and released, pen from drying out giving the Fisher Space I.T.S. Canada Inc. (Intelligence, Tactical, investigators can virtually return to the scene Pen an estimated 100 year shelf life. Due to Surveillance) since 1989 has been a manu- of the crime to make additional measurements its unique design and reputation for writing facturer’s agent and distributor serving the or verify witnesses’ testimony. Data can also in extreme conditions the Space Pen has be- Law Enforcement and Military industry in the be used to create compelling jury exhibits come the pen of choice for Law Enforcement, consultation, engineering, supply and service and animations allowing jurors to easily un- Military, Astronauts, Tradesmen, Fire-fighters, of advanced optical and imaging systems, derstand the layout of a crime scene. With Coast Guard and more. overt and cover audio and video surveillance close to 200 years of pioneering solutions to systems, rapid deployment and tactical devices measure the world, Leica Geosystems prod- MD Charlton Co Ltd for emergency response teams, and Technical ucts and services are trusted by professionals M D Charlton has been Security Countermeasures Systems for counter worldwide to help them capture, analyze, and providing a wide range of top technical intrusion applications. present spatial information. The site link is quality equipment to Canadian www.leica-geosystems.us/forensic . law enforcement agencies and Lamperd Less Lethal security companies for the past The Lamperd FTS system is the best Mancom Manufacturing 29 years. Featured will be MDC approach to a complete judgmental system Founded in 1972, and specializing in con- Tactical apparel, Streamlight for today’s law enforcement. The simulator trol systems, communications and electronics, flashlights, Original SWAT is based on video scenarios of high risk as- Mancom has evolved to become a global leader boots, ASP batons and tactical signments that require judgment skills and in designing the most reliable and innovative handcuffs and NEW Tunsten lights, Hatch problem solving techniques. The system is live firearms training solutions. With the robust- gloves, Hiatt handcuffs, Black Hawk tactical designed with 60% judgment applications, ness of our Touch Plus™ target equipment, gear and Gould & Goodrich nylon belt acces- and supports a full array of firearm training Mancom is a preferred vendor to numerous law sories. We will also be displaying the VidMic, software programs that will interact and stress enforcement agencies across North America a video and audio recorder and still cameria basic fundamentals of marksmanship. The including such notable organizations as the FBI in one unit. It is fully operational with 1GB unit is very portable, easy to use and very Training Academy, Royal Canadian Mounted of memory and replaces the exisitng shoulder affordable. This allows management to have Police, US Customs and Border Protection, mic and works with most radios. the option of more units to train. See Lamperd and the Sûreté du Québec. Mancom also has Less Lethal for firearms training systems, less put together a team of experts who can assist MegaTech lethal ammunition and weapon systems, and you with all aspects of your indoor, outdoor, or Mega-Tech is pleased to offer our custom- crowd control pepper spray for correctional tactical range development. ers a full-line of quality products and factory and law enforcement agencies. trained technicians. Our new Ontario installa- Matte Industries tion facilities allow us to better serve you from Leica Geosystems Inc The cartridges of conventional ball point three full service facilities. In many cases the The Leica Geosystems ScanStation, is pens are open allowing ink to be fed to the products we offer are recognized as industry a state-of-the-art forensic 3D laser scanner point. The secret behind the Fisher Space Pen standards that offer the very best in quality and which enables investigators to remotely lies in the unique design characteristics of the customer support. We will also be displaying measure, model and diagram crime scenes ink and the high precision manufacturing toler- the VidMic, a video and audio recorder and with amazing detail. The ScanStation makes ances of the ball point and socket. The ink is still cameria in one unit. It is fully operational millions of 3D measurements in just minutes fed to the ball point by gas pressure permitting with 1GB of memory and replaces the exisitng preserving the crime scene exactly the way the pen to write in any position. An additional shoulder mic and works with most radios.

MSA Canada MSA is a global company engaged in the design, marketing, manu- facturing, distribution, sales and servicing of high quality safety and instrument products. Safety has been our sole focus since 1914, when we first protected miners from lethal dan- gers underground. Our Police Line of products range from respiratory protection to unmatched ballistic protection. With today’s increasing need for specialized police protection, we have invested even more resources toward our state- of-the-art research and engineering capabilities. Our mission as MSA is to provide high-quality products, instruments and services that protect people’s health and safety throughout the world and fulfills their trust in us.

Niagara University Niagara University combines a uniquely qualified faculty and a diverse student body to pro- vide an interesting and relevant program. Courses are offered with an international perspective, as a

JUNE / JULY 2008 30 Blue line MagaziNE Blue Line Trade Show In Print number of our students work in Canada. demonstrating that police services can safely resist the hazards of dirt, dust and spills. To learn Classes integrate management and ad- operate unmanned aerial systems within civil more visit our website at www.panasonic.ca. ministration techniques, analytical and com- airspace. The next step to broader police use munication skills, decision-making abilities is with systems that can launch and recover Panasonic Security Systems and professional ethics. Students’ powers of within a standard sized residential lot. Panasonic Security products are among discrimination and judgment are enhanced, the best built in the industry. Period. enabling them to function effectively in any Overwatch Consulting Better materials, better construction, organizational environment upon graduation. Overwatch Inc. is in the Canadian market worry-free performance year after year. The Graduates know how to anticipate, address selling SAIC RTR-4 Digital X-ray units along kind of reliability that in the long run actually and correct problems faced in the criminal with a wide assortment of radiation detectors. reduces your total cost of ownership. And justice professions in an efficient, effective In addition, Overwatch provides hands-on every Panasonic product is backed by a history and ethical manner. training in the use of radiation detectors, both of innovation spanning 50 years. So it’s not search and find units and those for personal surprising experts have relied on us for eve- Ontario Gang Investigators dosimetry and alarm. One of the best radio- rything from pedestrian bridges to university Association nuclide identification instruments is the SAIC campuses. It’s security you can count on, from ONGIA is a non-profit or- GR-135 Identifier which will be on display at a name you know and trust. For more informa- ganization committed to address- the show for you to try out. The Identifier is tion visit us at www.panasonic.ca. ing the street gang phenomenon, the present standard for Canadian police forces and consists of law enforcement and military and is the hand-held unit found at Pearlene’s Designs professionals and members of all U.S. Homeland Security Ports of Entry. The Ultimate Scarf is an innovative twist on the criminal justice community throughout traditional winter wear. Designed and produced Ontario, Canada and North America. PageNet Canada in Winnipeg by fashion designer Pearlene, the ONGIA encourages its members to net- PageNet Canada is a Canadian company Ultimate Scarf appeals to anyone who has to work with their community to better educate specializing in paging and Two Way wireless spend time outdoors in winter conditions. The everyone about gang prevention, education and messaging. With the most extensive, nation- Ultimate Scarf incorporates unmatched warmth suppression. ONGIA is committed to educating wide paging network, PageNet is proud to with exceptional safety, having been endorsed youth, parents, school officials, social workers list the country’s leading law enforcement, as a safe alternative to the strangling risk as- and the community on gang related issues. EMS, health care and financial institutions sociated with traditional scarves. The Ultimate The Ontario Gang Investigators Asso- as its client base. If it’s mission critical com- Scarf is unisex, appeals to all ages, is loved by ciation works countless volunteer hours to munications you need, count on PageNet’s snowmobilers, hunters, fishermen; law enforce- deliver and maintain their training on gang advanced design, best network, best coverage ment officers, and can be ordered in custom related issues. and best price! color with your logo. Visit us at www.pearlenes. com or www.ultimatescarf.com . OPP Recruitment Panasonic Canada The OPP, one of North Panasonic Canada Inc. manufactures a Peel Regional Police America’s largest deployed full line of rugged and semi-rugged notebook Recuritment police services, plans and deliv- computers. The TOUGHBOOKTM series is Peel Regional Police is an ers law enforcement services designed to withstand the demanding conditions Equal Opportunity Employer, throughout Ontario, including of mobile professionals. Ruggedized features seeking applicants who reflect the traffic management, enforcement, include a full or partial magnesium case, a shock- diversity of our community. We criminal investigation, community policing, mounted hard drive, and sealed keyboards that are currently hiring Police Consta- and responding to calls for service. The OPP continues to recruit from diverse communi- ties to sustain a workforce representative of all Ontarians. Provincial Constable eligibility requirements include: Canadian citizen/per- manent resident; 18 years of age; physically/ mentally fit; valid Class G licence - no more than 6 demerit points/full driving privileges; Grade 12/equivalent; no criminal record for which a pardon has not been received or absolute/conditional discharge has not been sealed; and meet vision/hearing standards. Information at www.opp.ca, 1-877-677-4473, or [email protected] .

OPP UAV The Ontario Provincial Po- lice unmanned aerial vehicle will be on display. Last August the OPP not only became the first police agency, but also the first civilian agency of any type in North America, to begin regular operational use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in civilian airspace with federal government approval. This system is an initial step in

Blue line MagaziNE 31 JUNE / JULY 2008 Blue Line Trade Show In Print bles with or without policing experience and Safety (PS) and on behalf of the Canadian community at large. Cadets. Peel Regional Police is an Accredited law enforcement community, N-III is building Police Service dedicated to providing the on the success of the Canadian Association Strategic Ops Group citizens of Peel Region with the best police of Chiefs of Police and several Ontario and We are suppliers of the world’s leading service possible, utilizing the diverse skills, British Columbia police services. N-III is tools and equipment to Canadian Military, abilities, roles and views of our community. developing and implementing technology so- Law Enforcement, Security and Rescue lutions that facilitate communication, enhance Services. When lives are at stake you don’t Professional Development investigative work and prevent crime. want to second guess your equipment. That’s TSCM Group why Strategic Ops Group (SOG) delivers the The Professional Development TSCM Royal Roads University world’s leading brands to your team. Only Group Inc, specializes in providing profes- Royal Roads University is the only public the products that meet or exceed our stringent sional Technical Surveillance Counter- university in Canada exclusively devoted to standards for quality and durability are carried measures (TSCM), Communication Secu- meeting the immediate needs of working and distributed to our clients. rity (COMSEC), Electronic Countermeasures professionals. We pioneered the best model (ECM), Eavesdropping Detection (Debug- of learning by combining short on-campus Streamlight ging) and Counter-Intelligence (CI) related residencies with team-based online learn- From the ultra-bright, dependable Sting- services. Professional Development TSCM ing to enable you to maintain your life and er® -- the standard light for law enforcement Group Inc, also provides the only advanced get ahead in your career. Our applied and – to our lithium ion rechargeable flashlight TSCM certification training available in North professional programs are developed in col- like the 4.6 oz. Strion, we give police officers America under the operational umbrella of our laboration with industry experts and taught the power, performance and the features they Technical Security Branch (TSB) and TSB by leading practitioners ensuring current and need to make their jobs a little easier and a Operational Standard. immediately applicable knowledge and skills. lot safer. For those who wish to quickly complete Many of our law enforcement sales man- PQI Canada Limited an undergraduate degree, we also offer an agers are gun collectors, hunters and com- PQI Canada Limited (Pro Quip Interna- intensive on-campus model that combines petitive shooters. We believe it’s our hands-on, tional) is pleased to be a part of the upcoming years three and four of a bachelor’s degree real-world experience that leads to new ideas Blue Line Trade Show. As Canadian distribu- in 12 months. and innovations that set Streamlight apart. tor of Nova Electronics and its quality products we look forward to meeting with informed Security Equipment Corporation Thomson Carswell customers on how these products can be uti- For over thirty years Security Equipment For over 140 years, Thomson Carswell lized in their applications. Corporation (SEC) has been a leading world- has been the market leading provider of au- Nova Electronics Inc, designs and manu- wide manufacturer of self-defense sprays. thoritative information solutions for law, tax, factures quality, high-intensity LED and strobe SEC’s product line consists of: SABRE finance, accounting, and human resources warning systems for the automotive, police, Civilian Defense Sprays, FRONTIERS- professionals. With innovative online, print, fire, motorcycle, constructing and school bus MAN Bear Attack Deterrent, SABRE Dog and CD-ROM resources, Thomson Carswell industries. Nova has an LED or strobe product Attack Deterrent, SABRE Law Enforcement delivers trusted solutions that help Canadian for every application. Made in the USA, we Aerosol Projectors, Training Projectors, and professionals make better decisions, faster. look forward to showcasing, products by a Decontaminates. preferred and trusted name in innovative high SABRE provides the safest, most effec- Time Keeping Systems quality safety products. tive and highest quality defense sprays in the TimeKeeping Systems, Inc. manufactures industry. As a result of the independent test- Guard1 Plus, a system for documenting officer Prepaid Legal Care ing, Security Equipment Corporation recently patrols, cell checks, suicide watches, safety of Canada Inc received an award from the Professional Gun checks, and more. Guard1 Plus and The PIPE Legal Plans / Identity Theft Shield What Retailers Association for being “Manufacturer are currently in use in hundreds of correctional can you buy for a dollar and 18 cents a day? of the Most Potent Defense Spray”. facilities. The system includes The PIPE, an Maybe a newspaper or a cup of coffee? What extremely rugged data recorder, and Prison- about an entire day’s worth of legal rights Stand Six Inc Proof™ hardened steel checkpoints. protection? There’s no substitute for good legal Stand Six Inc is an innovative company counsel, especially today. Legal situations and that recognizes the unique health challenges TSL Aerospace Technologies Ltd questions pop up without notice. Any one of that face individuals that work in law en- TSL Aerospace Technologies are suppliers them could become a serious problem. Pre- forcement. Our founder, Brad McNish, spent of a wide range of equipment for Police, First Paid Legal helps you pre-pay for the legal help 18 years as a police officer before launching Responder, CBRN, Military and Industrial you are likely to need most. Because when a successful business manufacturing nutri- community. you’re facing a legal problem, no other legal tional products. He has now combined his Products include: a full line of portable, service plan available today gives you more experience, knowledge and manufacturing rapid deploy decontamination shelters/show- legal rights protection than a Pre-Paid Legal capabilities with his passion for the people ers systems; chemical and biological agent membership. that wear the uniform to launch Stand Six, a decontamination foams and radiation collec- multi-faceted health and wellness company. tion solution; secure ID property bags; RSDL RCMP N-III Project Stand Six has a strong emphasis on educa- (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion); a The National Integrated Interagency In- tion as it relates to maintaining and improv- new line of NIOSH approved PAPR’s with formation System (N-III) is leading the way ing all areas of health. We have developed unique full face masks using; standard re- to interoperability by providing technology many programs, nutritional products and placeable filter canisters; a new line of CBRN that supports the integrated, intelligence-led information resources that address the spe- protective suits worn by tactical teams, first law enforcement efforts of Canadian police cific needs of both active and retired police responders and the military; and a new simple services and public safety agencies. officers. We work to promote healthier bod- product for collecting, testing and detecting Led by the Royal Canadian Mounted ies within the law enforcement community the existence of peroxide based (Triacetone Police (RCMP), in partnership with Public and healthier attitudes towards police in the Triperoxide TATP) explosives.

JUNE / JULY 2008 32 Blue line MagaziNE Blue Line Trade Show In Print

University of Guelph clients to reduce training time while ensuring Xtract The University of Guelph, the University optimum outcomes for their marine teams, Xtract is your one stop software solu- of Guelph-Humber and Humber Institute of when it counts the most. VMT is located in tion to pawnshops, second-hand and scrap Technology and Advanced Learning have St. John’s, Newfoundland and has its roots metal dealer’s reporting to police and checking partnered to offer educational pathways that in Canada’s premier offshore and maritime against stolen property records. The software include tailored programming at the diploma, research community. operates on an Internet web browser and is undergraduate and graduate level in a stream- free to any participating merchant. lined manner. These programs have been spe- Whelen Canada Xtract provides instant, real time notifi- cifically designed to fully recognize and credit Whelen designs and manufactures state- cation of matches to investigators via pager, working experience gained by professionals in of-the-art visual and audible warning equip- Internet, e-mail, or digital phone. Instead the justice field. All programs are offered in ment including strobe and halogen lightbars, of submitting paper transaction reports to a convenient and flexible format for working power supplies, sirens and secondary lighting police, merchants submit their information professionals: Ladder 1: Police Foundations products. electronically. Leadership Diploma (Humber College); Lad- Without a comprehensive electronic der 2: Bachelor of Applied Arts – Justice, Gen- Winsted Group reporting system, it would be impossible to eral Degree (University of Guelph-Humber); Winsted Group Inc is a mobile video sys- extend the scope of transactional surveillance Ladder 3: Master of Arts in Leadership Studies tem specialist, providing cameras, monitoring beyond that which is already overloading (University of Guelph). and recording components to end users across police with unmanageable paper submissions. North America. The cruiser mounted Police The accumulation of information within and Virtual Marine Technology DVR system establishes a new industry bench- between departments also builds an intel- Virtual Marine Technology offers inno- mark by providing a recording loop time of up ligence repository that facilitates both better vative solutions that establish and maintain to 12 days. Multi-camera systems with remote use of police resources, and evidence-based skills in the areas of emergency evacuation audio recording capabilities ensure that your policy and planning. at sea, water-borne fast response teams, and officers have the ability to gather the evidence search and rescue. Boat operators can gain required, while stationary or in pursuit. A com- Zone Technologies critical skills in navigation through either full plete line of thermal imaging cameras enable We are a Canadian manufacturer and mas- mission, desktop, and/or web-based simula- officers to pinpoint suspects’ location in the ter distributor of emergency vehicle lighting, tion. VMT employs various combinations of dark, as well as identify any roadside hazards electronics and accessories. Zone Technolo- simulation technology, expert instruction, and such as disabled vehicles, pedestrians or wild- gies is your “one stop shop” for emergency performance management tools to enable our life entering the roadway. vehicle up fitting.

Blue line MagaziNE 33 JUNE / JULY 2008 Stolen laptops ‘phone home’

by Tom Rataj high-demand, stolen laptops are very difficult to recover. I wasn’t able to find Canadian Despite their rapidly dropping prices, statistics, but FBI figures show that two mil- laptop computers remain one of the favourite lion laptops are stolen each year and a full 97 targets of thieves. Unfortunately, they are percent are never recovered. One in ten can be also among the stolen items least likely to be expected to be lost or stolen in a given year, at recovered. a rate of at least one every minute. While many decent entry-level laptops Many large corporate owners often fail to can be had for well under $1,000, a serious have a complete or proper inventory of laptops. business-class model can easily run anywhere In situations where several users share one, a from $2,500 to $6,000 and the information theft often goes undetected and unreported it contains may be worth many times more for some time. than that. Recording the serial number and adding or the air-conditioning, printer or photocopier Most casual thieves are just interested in corporate inventory stickers generally has little repair person ruse. Walking around the suppos- the hardware, which is a high demand, easily deterrent value and is of little assistance when edly secure area unchallenged, they can very disposable ‘product’ that generally fetches a a laptop is stolen. Physical security, such as quickly grab an unsecured laptop, drop it into tidy sum when hawked at the consignment cable locks and audible alarms, are a deter- their “technician’s” bag and be off with thou- store, through e-Bay or sold for cash to a cus- rent to opportunistic thieves, but not much of sands of dollars worth of computer hardware tomer that doesn’t ask any questions. a hindrance for professionals. in a matter of minutes. Professional thieves and individuals engaged A quick review of police theft reports Fortunately, Vancouver based Absolute in corporate espionage or other more complex shows many stolen laptops were unlocked and Software offers a simple product that quite criminal endeavours may be more interested in often taken from a restricted access office area. reliably helps to reunite owners with their the valuable data contained on a laptop. An experienced thief can readily access these stolen computers. Because they are so portable and in such areas simply by using the “I belong here” poise LoJack for laptops Licensing the LoJack brand from the vehicle recovery service, the company’s Com- putrace LoJack for Laptops is the leader in a growing field of computer recovery products targeted primarily at the portable computer market. The software comes preloaded into the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) chip on laptops manufactured by many top vendors, including Dell, Lenovo, Apple, Toshiba and Gateway. The software is also available for purchase on-line directly from the company and select computer retailers. Unfortunately, it will not work on laptops from Averatec, Asus, Twinhead and Systemax due to the Phoenix Firstware Recovery Pro (Restore Utility) software that is installed on these computers. There are versions of the software avail- able for Microsoft Windows XP and Vista and Apple Mac OS X version 10.3 or higher. A single year subscription is $49.99 – three years is $99.99. While primarily designed for laptops, LoJack can also be installed on desk- top computers. Once installed and activated, it automatically starts when the computer is turned on, running as a system process (which is part of the operating system), so it starts even if the user does not log-on. To the average user (or thief) there are no traces that it is running, although an advanced user may be able to locate the process and turn it off. There is no reference to the software in the programs directory, control panel or processes

JUNE / JULY 2008 34 Blue Line Magazine tab of Windows Task Manager. The listing warrants for the ISP’s records, which will will show that the application is running, eventually help determine the stolen com- although there’s no reference to the LoJack puter’s physical address. for Laptops name. Former police officers and security pro- When a connection to the Internet is fessionals familiar with the necessary judicial established, the software ‘calls home’ to the authorizations and information required to company every 30 minutes, checking in to obtain them staff the company’s recovery see if the computer has been reported stolen. centre, working with local authorities for a The company records the Internet Protocol quick recovery. (IP) address through which the computer is The company says 75 per cent of all sto- normally connected to the Internet for refer- len laptops with its software installed are re- ence purposes. If a user normally connects covered – currently at a rate of 50 a week. from their office, home and nearby coffee shop, for example, those addresses would be Computrace complete recorded in their computer’s profile. The company also offers a corporate prod- If a computer is reported to the local uct with additional features, including utilities police and the company as being lost or to manage corporate computer inventory and stolen, the monitoring centre adds it to their assets, ensure compliance with a variety of high-alert file and the next time it connects to software licence and regulatory requirements the Internet, the centre springs to life. Soft- and track assets. ware calls the computer every 15 minutes, For organizations dealing with restricted and when it answers, its physical location is or confidential information, it also offers a initially determined by its IP address. It can remote data deletion feature, whereby every- also determine the location when the laptop thing on the computer can be erased to prevent is connected through a proxy IP address, as it from remaining in the wrong hands. is often the case in a large networked office Considering the amount of confidential environment. and restricted data police managers and The address is registered to an Internet investigators often store on laptop comput- Service Provider (ISP) which controls that ers, this software, and especially its remote block of IPs, information which is readily deletion feature, could be very effective and available. The company than contacts the beneficial. local police agency with all the necessary information to begin the process of obtain- Tom Rataj is Blue Line’s technology columnist and can ing a subpoena, production orders or search be reached at [email protected] .

Blue Line Magazine 35 JUNE / JULY 2008 Overcome the toll of stress by Brad McNish cells what to do. A disruption is stressful cortisone and thyroid hormones which because it causes major body changes as we keep you energized and focused during People today may be free from the enter an unnatural state, out of sync with the a shift. stresses that plagued prehistoric man, but earth. A cascade of changes can take place as 2) Carbohydrates should be eaten only at stress from work and social situations to- your body becomes imbalanced, including the end of your shift or afterwards, again day is just as dangerous and arguably more over-producing cortisol. regardless of when you’re working. Your detrimental in the long-term. Add the high Chronic stress over the long term can body does well with carbohydrates eaten risk job and need for constant alertness and lead to elevated levels of cortisol, which before you go to sleep because it requires police are likely under more stress than the is as dangerous to overall health as high energy for activities such as detoxification, average citizen. cholesterol is to heart disease or high blood repair and restoration. They also allow your Police officers are often overtired because sugar to diabetes. body to absorb the amino acid tryptophan of the hours they work, rotating shifts and To illustrate this, check out these condi- and other nutrients required for sleep. insufficient sleep. This fatigued state makes tions that can develop with long-term elevated Tryptophan is converted to serotonin and them physically and psychologically less able cortisol levels resulting from chronic stress: melatonin, both essential for sleep. to deal with work and social stress. • Increased levels of body fat, less muscle 3) It can be tricky at first to switch to a new The ‘fight-or flight’ response is the mass and difficulty losing weight. Chronic eating plan, but studies have shown that classic reaction to stress. Consider a zebra, stress makes you burn fewer calories and an easy way to lose weight and stick innocently grazing grass or looking for water eat more, especially carbohydrates and with it is to whip up a shake instead of when suddenly a charging lion bounds from fats, as cortisol drives up appetite. having meals or snacks where necessary. seemingly nowhere. The zebra must either • Anxiety, depression and mood swings. Be prepared. Pack healthy items that can fight or flee, and that response begins the • Reduced sex drive. be readily turned into a shake or eaten moment the stress does. The zebra’s brain • Frequent colds and flu due to an impaired on the go. and hormonal system releases a series of immune system response. 4) Supplement with a high quality vitamin stress hormones – the main one is cortisol • Increased risk for osteoporosis due to a and mineral supplement PLUS a B-vita- – which enables it to fight off or run away decrease in bone mass. min complex. Also take, at the very least, from the lion. • Increased risk for diabetes due to the a calcium/magnesium supplement, 1000 This response occurs quickly and, if the tendency for insulin resistance and high IU vitamin D and 1g of fish oil a day. zebra manages to survive and live another blood sugar. 5) Exercise tricks your body into thinking day, it goes back to its pre-stress state, plac- • Increased risk for heart disease due to the that it has dealt with your chronic stress idly going about its day-to-day activities as if tendency for elevated cholesterol, triglyc- – that you have fought off the threat or nothing had happened. The stress has become erides and high blood pressure. run away. It metabolizes stress hormones, a thing of the past. Elevated cortisol levels can be largely increases the production of anti-anxiety Police officers often have ‘lions’ charging alleviated through proper nutrition and life- hormones and also diverts your mind at them but our brains are a lot more complex style choices such as exercise. A foundational away from the source of the worry. and thus we remember these stressors. Street health program that is simple (although not Like it or not, there will always be stress officers know that they put their lives at risk always easy) to follow will help you cope and shift work, despite its effects on our engaging in undercover work, making arrests, with the daily stress of shift work and life as health. Fortunately, you can reduce and even conducting drug raids, attending domestic a law enforcement officer: eliminate some of the associated risks by be- disputes or pursuing speeding motorists. 1) All of the meals eaten during your shift, coming more aware and taking the necessary There are also other job related work regardless of when you’re working, steps to take care of yourself. stresses – conflicting task demands, short should be mainly high quality protein and staffing, court appearances and working in essential fatty acids (healthy fats). Protein This column is supplied to Blue Line readers as a potential information source and not as medical advice. Talk to your isolated rural areas, for example. increases alertness and are required to doctor before beginning new health regimens. Rotating shifts are another issue for most produce ‘day’ hormones, necessary for law enforcement officers. Shift work disrupts your body’s chemistry when you’re ac- Brad McNish, an 18 year police veteran, is president of our internal clock, which is called the circa- tive. Protein supplies the raw materials Stand Six Ltd, a multi-faceted health and wellness com- pany. He can be reached at [email protected] . dian rhythm – a complex system that signals required to produce adrenaline, hydro-

JUNE / JULY 2008 36 Blue Line Magazine The class project: How to kill a mother The true story of Canada’s infamous bathtub girls

themselves with an alibi. It wasn’t until a year later, when they were bragging about getting away with murder, that the game was up – and it was a game – “like watching Author: Bob Mitchell television or a movie,” one friend said.. $22.95 paperback - 360 pages What is most shocking about the case ISBN 1552639290 wasn’t that it was premeditated but that it Published by Key Porter Books was a class project. In the weeks leading up to the murder, many of the girls’ friends Picture this: Two teenage girls plot were involved: one told the sisters how to murder their mother. They scheme for many Tylenol-3s would do the trick; another months in advance, scouring the Internet reminded them to wear gloves and another and sharing ideas with their friends on In- made sure they thought about their alibi. stant Messenger, they commit murder one They chatted online as though they were Saturday afternoon and make it look like discussing the plot of a movie, all the while an accidental death. They nearly get away casting themselves in supporting roles. with it, but don’t cover their tracks well Mitchell masterfully weaves the story enough and are found out. Sounds intrigu- together, from the scene of the crime, back ing, doesn’t it? A great idea for a Hollywood through the planning stages of the murder, thriller, perhaps? This is no film though – it’s to the investigation and courtroom. The case real life. wasn’t simply about the murder; it was how In The Class Project, seasoned Toronto two girls set out to kill their mother amid Star journalist Bob Mitchell takes us beyond complete indifference from their teenage the headlines of “The Bathtub Girls,” the classmates. It’s as if an entire group of Mississauga murder case that shocked the people lacked conscience, compassion and nation. In January 2003, two bright teenage basic human morals. girls spent a Saturday afternoon with their Everyone knew the girls were going to alcoholic mother, watch her down her drink do it. The question is: Why didn’t anyone of choice – vodka and lemonade – and slip try to stop them? The Class Project probes her a few Tylenol-3s along the way. this question and provides chilling insight By 6:00pm, she is so out of it that they to this unforgettable story. know it’s time: they walk her to the bath- Bob Mitchell has been a reporter for room, help her undress and guide her into The Toronto Star for more than 30 the tub. Then the eldest daughter, in a cold years. He has specialized in crime and and calculated manner, holds her mother’s court reporting for more than a decade head under the water for exactly four min- after previously covering municipal poli- tics and sports. He has also won eight utes until she is dead. The sisters hop a bus ‘police story of the year’ awards. to meet friends at Jack Astor’s and provide

Blue Line Magazine 37 JUNE / JULY 2008 Your brain: Can it be trusted? by Dorothy Cotton the researchers not only asked people what group, but not the other. they thought but could see how their brains They really did experience less I like to fancy myself a scientist at times – responded to each wine. pain – not only in their minds but for rational, methodical and unbiased in my thinking When told they were getting a more ex- real, in the pain centres of their brains. and decision making. Alas, like most of us, I am pensive wine, there was actually more activity I can quote you studies that looked at so- probably deceiving. Human beings as a species in a part of the subject’s brain known to be called energy drinks and found that, as long are remarkably good at fooling themselves. involved in our experience of pleasure. That’s as people thought they were getting them, Scientists at Cal Tech and Stanford Univer- the medial orbital frontal cortex and it lights they tended to have more energy and actually sities recently illustrated this by holding a rather up like a Xmas tree when a person experiences scored higher on tests. Again, they were not odd wine tasting – not in the Napa Valley, or pleasure. There are a range of different types just imagining the good effect – there really even Niagara-on-the-Lake – but inside various of pleasure that cause activity here – some was a good effect. large and scary medical scanning devices; the of which I will not mention, as it would be It’s interesting to see how this tendency kind you visit when they think there is some- terribly rude. toward bias affects basically everything we do. thing really awful wrong with you. In other words, people tasting the wine did You buy things based not only on what you see Subjects were given various bottles of not pretend to like the expensive wine better or but your beliefs, like “this product must be bet- cabernet sauvignon, ranging in cost from $5 even delude themselves into thinking it. They ter because it costs more” or “this must work to $90 – or so they were told. Never trust a truly did enjoy it more; their brains said so. because the doctor said so and doctors know.” scientist – they lie. Although the tasters were So much for objectivity. While we may These beliefs come from experience. told all the wines were different, they were like to think we are rational beings, studies We were not born believing that things actually given just a couple of different wines, such as this suggest we are hard wired to be are better if they cost more or expecting that but with a variety of price tags attached, and biased. The brain is not a neutral organ that energy drinks make us perform better. The asked what they thought of them. The subjects just sits around pondering the information hitch, of course, is that some of the things consistently reported that the more expensive you submit. It actually seems to have its own we learn are not true. For example, it turns wines tasted better, even when they were actu- opinion about how things should turn out – and out that more expensive wines really are not ally cheaper wines. works to make sure it is right – “cooking the always better; sometimes they are just expen- Aside from the obvious conclusion you books,” so to speak. sive bad wines. might draw from this research – most people This tendency for our senses to be biased What does that have to with policing? We know squat about wine and can’t tell a cabernet is not limited to wines. We all know about hear a lot about the need for bias-free policing – sauvignon from aqua velva – two other pos- factories where two identical cars are made but and lord knows, I am not going to go near that sible explanations are obvious: sold under different brand names. The more topic, even with a ten foot pole – but if you’re • People lied about which wine they liked “prestigious” car tends to receive better over human, you are biased – and you’re kidding the best. After all, most of us don’t want to all ratings in consumer satisfaction studies. yourself if you think you are not. Remember – I be taken for unsophisticated boors. Think The buyers who paid more tend to ignore or am talking about wine and cars here. What we of the embarrassment and humiliation if play down minor faults, while the folks who believe when we go into a situation will influ- you admitted actually liking a cheap bottle paid less see the shortcomings as verification ence not only how we deal with it but even what of wine. that the car is cheap. we actually see, hear and feel. • People really were convinced that the bot- Participants in another experiment were My own pet topic is, of course, interactions tle they thought was more expensive WAS given a series of painful electrical shocks. Half with people with mental illnesses. There has better. You can see how they might manage were told the area to be shocked was being been a ton of press in the last several months to convince themselves of this – after all, it rubbed with a medication that inhibits pain – about their doing all kinds of things that ended must taste better if it costs more, and surely the rest were told it was just a moisturizer to in bad ways, both for them and the police offic- the experts know… make sure the electrodes stuck. The group told ers involved. If you read enough of this in the There is a third possibility. Maybe the they received the medication not only reported paper, you just might be convinced that people wine really did taste better when they thought less pain – but when the researchers looked at with mental illnesses are dangerous. Spot it was more expensive. As I noted, this ex- brain scans, they found the areas of the brain something shiny in such a person’s hand and periment was conducted inside a scanner and that inhibit pain were actually activated in this you just might see a knife or weapon of some

JUNE / JULY 2008 38 Blue Line Magazine sort – but if I tell you that, based on available sort of thing, I have developed a belief that it is will focus on different aspects and draw dif- data, my guess is that only about three of the common and my brain focuses in on specific ferent conclusions. 1.3 million interactions per year they have with aspects of behaviour consistent with my beliefs. So what can you do about the inherent police ended badly, you might instead see that My brain is in essence stringing me a line. bias we all have about virtually everything? shiny thing as a pen or key chain. I should also mention that bias is not inher- Whether we are talking about sizing up a The reason why this gets to be a problem ently a bad thing. We have many positive biases person’s behaviour or which bottle of wine to occupationally is because people in certain lines and sometimes being biased is a good thing. The buy, you need to fact check. Take away all the of work – like policing and prison psychologists goal of community policing, for example, is a surrounding and vaguely related information – are exposed to a skewed subset of society and safe community free from fear of crime. There and deal only with the facts. Remember, when so develop lopsided beliefs. Psychologists, for is a big difference between a crime free com- the price was not mentioned, the people who example, tend to see people who are having munity and one free from a fear of crime. tried the wines in the study were quite accurate problems and not at their best, and eventually We can create a bias in people about how in their assessments. begin to believe that no one is normal. safe they feel by developing their beliefs and If one of my friends is even having a bad assumptions in a certain way – then when they Dr. Dorothy is Blue Line’s psychology columnist, she can day, I am immediately concerned that they are are presented with information about crime be reached at [email protected] depressed or suicidal. Because I see a lot of that rates or happenings in their community, they

Winnipeg Police introduce first Tactical Team

A few members of Winnipeg Police Serv- ice’s Tactical Support Team (TST) attended a news conference last month along with Mayor Sam Katz, right, at the Public Safety Building announcing that Winnipeg will get a full-time tactical unit to assist uniformed officers in dangerous situations. Winnipeg’s Tactical Support Team has been established to enhance public and officer safety, and provide a more effective response to higher-risk events, Chief of Police Keith McCaskill said at the May 13th press conference. “The Tactical Support Team will provide Winnipeg with a safer and more effective way of dealing with calls for service where there is violence, the threat of violence, or weapons,” said Chief McCaskill. “The Team will also add to our overall efficiency and effectiveness by performing other police related duties, when they are not in tactical use.” The TST consists of 15 highly trained emergency response unit members, who will support uniform and plainclothes units by providing tactical entry in higher-risk events such as search warrants where weapons are believed to be present. TST will also support officers responding to weapons and related calls where there is increased risk of violence. This will enable the Service to enhance the safety of respond- ing officers and the public.

Blue line MagaziNE 39 JUNE / JULY 2008 K-9 sniffs require reasonable suspicion

by Mike Novakowski

The Supreme Court of Canada has recently ruled in two cases on the legality of police using drug detection dogs to sniff out controlled substances. The court was divided on what the law required however, taking care to distinguish drugs searches (as routine criminal investigations) from cases involving explosives, guns or other public safety issues, which may change the analysis and justify dog use in those cases.

The Kang-Brown bus depot sniff In R. v. Kang-Brown, 2008 SCC 18, a three member plain clothes police team and sniffer dog patrolled a Greyhound bus termi- nal as part of a Jetway project, which looks for drugs, weapons, proceeds of crime, or other contraband at airports, bus depots, or train stations. The accused, Mr. Kang-Brown got off an over-night bus from Vancouver carrying a bag high over his shoulder. This, along with an elongated stare, rubbernecking and an odd circling of the bus, drew the officer’s attention and they spoke with him. The officer asked Kang-Brown for consent to search the bag but the accused pulled it away as he was about to touch it and appeared agitated and panicked. The officer signalled for the dog handler to bring over Chevy, trained in detecting illegal drug odours with a track record of 90 to 92 percent accuracy. The dog immediately indicated the presence of drugs in the bag, which had been placed on the ground. Kang-Brown was arrested and 17 ounces of cocaine was found in the bag and a small amount of heroin in his clothing. At trial in the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench the accused sought exclusion of the evi- dence under s.24(2) of the Charter because, he argued, police violated his right, among others, to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure. The dog sniff was a warrantless search and therefore unreasonable. The trial judge concluded the odour emanating from the bag voluntarily brought into a public transportation facility wasn’t information in which he had a reasonable expectation of privacy. Kang-Brown then appealed to Canada’s highest court, which needed to determine found the use of the dog a search “because of intruded to a certain extent on the (accused’s) whether he had a reasonable expectation the significance and quality of the information right to territorial privacy: members of the of privacy, thereby making the dog sniff a obtained about concealed contents.” public have historically used bus terminals to search; if there was a search, whether it was Justice Deschamps concluded Kang- travel as a means of exercising their freedom unreasonable; and if it was unreasonable, Brown showed he had a subjective expectation of mobility, security screening wasn’t done whether the trial judge erred in not excluding of privacy because he held the bag close to his routinely in this terminal and there were no the evidence. body and made it clear to police – both ver- signs indicating that a luggage search was bally and physically – that he wanted to control possible (paras. 175-176). Was there a search? access to it. Objectively, the dog alert “allowed However, she also recognized the privacy All nine judges agreed that there was a for a strong, immediate and direct inference to interest was low. The search was in a public search which, for constitutional purposes, oc- be made about the contents of the (accused’s) place and the technique used was mini- curs when the state intrudes upon a person’s bag and this involved a certain intrusion on mally intrusive. Similarly, Justice Bastarache reasonable expectation of privacy. Justice Bin- informational privacy.” She continued: stated: nie (with Chief Justice McLachlin concurring) The conduct of the police in this case also In my view.... A subjective expectation of

JUNE / JULY 2008 40 Blue Line Magazine privacy is evidenced by the protective manner statutory framework. There was no Charter breach and therefore no in which the (accused) carried his bag and his They concluded police breached Kang- reason to enter into a s.24(2) enquiry. refusal to allow a voluntary search to occur. Brown’s s.8 rights and found the evidence From an objective perspective, it is signifi- inadmissible under s.24(2). They would allow The case for generalized cant that the odour identified by the dog wasn’t the appeal and set aside the conviction. Two suspicion accessible to humans and that its detection other judges commented that if police already Bastarache agreed with Binnie and Des- provided immediate information about the had reasonable grounds to believe contraband champs that the common law allows sniffer contents of the (accused’s) luggage. This court was present as these four judges required, us- dog use on the basis of a reasonable suspi- has held that informational privacy protects ing a dog would have been superfluous and cion, but also in some cases, such as public “a biographical core of personal information unnecessary; another two observed dog use bus terminals or schools, that a generalized which individuals... would wish to maintain would only expedite a more intrusive search. suspicion is all that’s required. Rather than and control from dissemination to the state. requiring a reasonable suspicion relating to This would include information which tends The case for reasonable a specific individual, as police had here, it to reveal intimate details of the lifestyle and suspicion would have also been appropriate for them to personal choices of the individual”. Four judges found that all police required randomly search the luggage of all passengers The information collected about the was a reasonable suspicion to conduct this in the depot if they reasonably suspected drug contents of the (accused’s) bag falls within search at common law. In Binnie’s view, activity there, and passengers were aware their this biographical core and both a subjective officers were entitled to call in a dog where baggage may be sniffed: and objective expectation of privacy have they have reasonable grounds to suspect the In my view, it is, in some circumstances, thus been established (reference omitted, presence of contraband. appropriate for police to conduct random para. 227). However, two of these judges (Binnie with searches using sniffer dogs on the basis of Bastarache also found the privacy expecta- McLachlin concurring) ruled police did not generalized suspicion. Allowing this type of tion at a bus terminal was significantly lower, meet the required standard. Binnie concluded search recognizes the important role sniffer unlike that associated with border crossings the search wasn’t authorized by law, nor was dogs can play not only in detecting crime but and airports, where the state has an interest in it conducted reasonably. He felt police acted also in preventing and deterring crime. Given security and fighting illegal activity. merely on speculation and initiated the war- the accuracy and efficiency of sniffer-dog Since the search wasn’t authorized by rantless search on inadequate grounds. searches, it is reasonable to conclude that statute, the court examined whether it was Since the search was conducted without their known presence, or potential presence, at authorized at common law, and if so, which reasonable suspicion, the dog’s alert did not particular locations would have a significant legal standard triggered the power. provide valid grounds for the arrest. How- preventative effect. Allowing random searches ever, Binnie noted, if there was a reasonable in certain situations also has the benefit of Appropriate standard suspicion for the sniff, the positive alert by avoiding inappropriate profiling and reducing Three separate legal standards were Chevy, in light of his accuracy, would have any embarrassment which may be associated examined: given police grounds to proceed with an with a targeted search (para. 246). 1. Reasonable and probable cause: the on-the-spot warrantless verification search In this case, it was unnecessary for Bas- equivalent of reasonable grounds to believe, of Kang-Brown’s bag. Then, after the hand tarache to determine whether the dog use was the standard generally required for searches search confirmed drugs, an arrest could follow. reasonable on the basis of a generalized suspi- and seizures under Canadian law. An arrest prior to this hand search would have cion because he found police had a reasonable 2. Reasonable suspicion (or reasonable been premature, Binnie said. (individualized) suspicion. He also found the grounds to suspect): a lower standard which As for the admissibility of evidence, search was minimally intrusive. The dog did Binnie described as “something more than Binnie found it should have been excluded. not touch or even sniff Kang-Brown, didn’t a mere suspicion and something less than a Police lacked the reasonable suspicion re- bark, wasn’t aggressive and was only inter- belief based upon reasonable and probable quired to exercise this “exceptional power” ested in the bag. The alert was also subdued. grounds.” Deschamps noted this standard has in the absence of prior judicial authorization. The dog simply sat down. been equated to an articulable cause (but a Further, although drug trafficking is a serious The alert was immediate. It did not take mere hunch would be insufficient). matter, so too are the constitutional rights of long nor create an inconvenience for Kang- Deschamps opined that this intermedi- the travelling public. Brown. The only personal information re- ate standard was justifiable because of the The other two judges (Deschamps with vealed was the presence or absence of one of lower privacy expectation and the minimal Rothstein concurring) held police met the nec- the nine drugs the dog was trained to detect. instrusiveness of the dog sniff – it occurred essary reasonable suspicion standard to justify The dog did not interfere with his bodily integ- in a public place, could only detect drugs, the search. Deschamps found the trial judge rity in any way, and no stigma was attached to wasn’t random and was used as a last resort properly considered global view of the facts, having a bag sniffed at a bus depot. He wasn’t in a progressing investigation. or totality of the circumstances, in concluding frisked, nor was his bag opened and searched. 3. Generalized suspicion: this does not re- the experienced and trained officer had met the It wasn’t an embarrassing process. quire a reasonable or individualized suspicion requisite standard. In the end, six of the nine judges would related to a particular person, but rather relates She was critical of Binnie’s approach in have excluded the evidence, while three would to a particular place or event, Bastarache deconstructing “the evidence in microscopic have allowed it. Thus Kang-Brown’s appeal explained. Random searches could be appro- detail, piece by piece and stage by stage... was allowed and his conviction overturned. priate on the basis of a generalized suspicion Breaking the conduct of the police down that drugs were likely on the premises, in his by stages to determine whether each piece The A.M. school sniff view. This search power would not only serve of evidence is relevant or probative instead In R. v. A.M., 2008 SCC 19, a high school to detect crime, but to prevent and deter it. of considering the evidence as a whole as principal, concerned about the presence of it naturally unfolded results in an artificial drugs in his school, offered police a standing analysis, she said. invitation to bring in drug detector dogs. Two The case for reasonable grounds In my view, this recasting of the facts nei- years later, three police officers with a dog Four judges (Justice Lebel with Justices ther accurately nor fairly reflects the totality arrived one morning and asked permission Fish, Abella and Charron concurring) refused of the facts and circumstances confronted by to go through the school, which was imme- to lower the threshold for using a drug sniffing the police in this case. diately granted. Students were told to remain dog from the general standard to reasonable As well, Deschamps found the search was in their classrooms and the random search suspicion or the even looser test of generalized conducted in a reasonable manner. The dog was begun. suspicion. They declined to craft new common passively indicated by sitting down. Once it The dog alerted on one of several unat- law rules reducing the standard, finding police alerted, the positive indication provided rea- tended backpacks lying next to a gym wall. investigative powers arising from dog use was sonable grounds to make the arrest and then An officer looked through it and found 10 better left for Parliament to establish a proper search the bag by hand incidental to that arrest. bags of marijuana, 10 “magic mushrooms,” a

Blue Line Magazine 41 JUNE / JULY 2008 pipe, lighter, rolling papers and a roach clip. Although a student’s expectation of A.M.’s wallet and identification were also in privacy is lessened in a school setting, it the backpack. He was charged with possession nonetheless existed and wasn’t abandoned by of marijuana and psilocybin for the purpose leaving backpacks in the gym when directed to of trafficking. their classrooms. The dog sniff also permitted An Ontario Court of Justice judge con- an inference about the precise contents of its cluded there were two searches, one by the source. It was specific and meaningful infor- drug dog and the other by the officer. He also mation, concealed in an enclosed place where found that, although it was disguised as a the accused had a continuing expectation of school search, it was really a police search and privacy. This is unlike a thermal image, which there were no reasonable grounds to believe only shows activities in a house generated drugs would be found. Both searches were heat, or electricity records which are known unreasonable and the evidence was excluded to third parties. under s.24(2). “By use of the dog, the policeman could The case was eventually appealed to ‘see’ through the concealing fabric of the the Supreme Court of Canada to determine backpack,” said Binnie. whether rights were breached and whether the Nor was the Crown’s argument that there evidence was properly excluded at trial. can be no reasonable expectation of privacy in contraband accepted by most of the judges. Was there a search? nesswomen riding along on public transit or The sniff of the backpack was therefore a Seven judges concluded there was a search going up and down on elevators in office tow- search. since A.M. had a reasonable expectation of ers would be outraged at any suggestion that Bastarache also found A.M. had a reason- privacy in the contents of his backpack. Binnie the contents of their briefcases could randomly able, but significantly diminished, expectation explained that the positive alert led immedi- be inspected by police without “reasonable of privacy in his backpack when it was sniffed. ately to the warrantless physical examination suspicion” of illegality... Subjectively, backpacks frequently contain of the contents, stating as part of his privacy As the accused did not testify, the question personal items students wish to keep private. analysis: of whether or not he had a subjective expec- Objectively, the odour the dog detected The backpacks from which the odour ema- tation of privacy in his backpack it must be wasn’t accessible to humans and its detection nated here belonged to various members of the inferred from the circumstances. While teen- provided immediate information about the student body, including the accused. As with agers may have little expectation of privacy contents. This revealed a “biographical core briefcases, purses and suitcases, backpacks from the searching eyes and fingers of their of personal information” about A.M. and his are the repository of much that is personal, parents, I think it obvious that they expect the personal choices that would otherwise have particularly for people who lead itinerant contents of their backpacks not to be open to been kept secret from the state. Nor is an indi- lifestyles during the day, as in the case of the random and speculative scrutiny of the vidual required to be physically in possession students and travellers. police. This expectation is a reasonable one of an object to have a reasonable expectation No doubt ordinary businessmen and busi- that society should support (paras. 62-63). of privacy in it. Deschamps (with Rothstein concurring) found the dog sniff from an empirical per- spective may have been a search (the positive indication enabled police to accurately as- certain what was inside it) but not from a constitutional perspective. A.M. did not have a subjective expectation of privacy. Students and parents were aware of a drug problem and that there was a zero tolerance policy, and also knew sniffer dogs might be used. Nor was the expectation of privacy ob- jectively reasonable. The school had a known drug problem, the backpack was unattended, it was a non-personal search and A.M. wasn’t present during it. It was in plain view and he wasn’t wearing or carrying it. The investigative technique was also relatively non-intrusive. The drugs could be detected without opening the backpack and could not convey any information other than their presence. Deschamps concluded that us- ing the dog did not intrude upon a reasonably held privacy interest and therefore s.8 wasn’t engaged. Police didn’t need to have individu- alized grounds for the dog sniff so there was no need to determine whether the search was reasonable or whether s.24(2) applied.

Was it reasonable? The warrantless search was presumptively unreasonable unless it met the requirements of being authorized by a reasonable law and conducted in a reasonable manner. Lebel (with Fish, Abella and Charron con- curring) ruled the search was neither justified by statute nor common law. Police were not using the dog to narrow a search under the authority of a warrant, nor was it being car-

JUNE / JULY 2008 42 Blue Line Magazine ried out by school authorities on the basis of However, unlike a transit terminal where a reasonable suspicion. there is a generalized, ongoing suspicion Binnie (with McLachlin concurring) about drug activities, Bastarache wasn’t concluded police had a common law power prepared to accept that this conclusion ap- to use the dog as part of their duty to inves- plies to all schools. Rather, the random use tigate crime and bring perpetrators to justice. of sniffer dogs there requires a suspicion that This common law power is subject to Charter “drugs will be located at that specific loca- compliance but because the dog sniff was tion at the specific time the search is being minimally intrusive and tightly targeted performed.” (alerts only to contraband drugs with a high In this case police did not act on a cur- degree of accuracy), reasonable and probable rent reasonable suspicion drugs were present. grounds standard wasn’t required. If it were Although the principal was concerned about the required standard, police would already drug use, that was insufficient to justify the have enough to get a warrant for a physical random searches. Thus, the absence of a search without the dog confirmation and there generalized suspicion resulted in a s.8 breach, would be no need to deploy it. Instead, police but the evidence was nevertheless admissible, are entitled to use sniffer dogs on the basis since it was non-conscriptive and the Charter of a reasonable suspicion in the context of a breach wasn’t serious. routine criminal investigation. The search occurred where there was a A reasonable suspicion requires a subjec- diminished expectation of privacy and the tive belief backed by objectively verifiable breach was neither deliberate nor willful. indications – a reasonably well educated The constitutional violation was inadvertent guess is not sufficient. This lower standard and police acted in good faith. Trafficking is is appropriate because a properly conducted a serious crime and the evidence was crucial search requires no physical contact with the to the Crown’s case. Its exclusion, not its person or object sniffed and discloses only the admission, would bring the administration presence of illegal drugs – and in this case, the of justice into disrepute. dog had an enviable record of accuracy. Like Kang-Brown, in the end, six of Further, police do not need prior authori- the nine judges would have excluded the zation as they are already lawfully present evidence, while three would have allowed it. when the search occurs. Thus the Crown’s appeal was dismissed and “If the sniff is conducted on the basis of A.M.’s acquittal was upheld. reasonable suspicion and discloses the pres- ence of illegal drugs on the person or in a Visit www.blueline.ca/resources/caselaw for complete backpack or other place of concealment, the cases. You can email Mike Novakowski at caselaw@ police may… confirm the accuracy of that blueline.ca . information with a physical search, again without prior judicial authorization.” Without this minimal standard of reason- able suspicion, the use of the dog will breach s.8. In this case, Binnie agreed with the trial judge that this search was a random specula- tive one, not based on reasonable suspicion and the evidence was properly excluded. As a note, Binnie ruled A.M. had not been unlawfully detained under s.9 of the Charter when the principal instructed all students to remain in their classrooms during the search. The announcement was for the purpose of maintaining order and discipline under On- tario’s Education Act. Bastarache viewed the sniff as falling within police powers of preserving the peace and preventing crime – identifying indi- viduals carrying illegal drugs to ensure a safe school environment. These searches are also minimally intrusive, expedient, cause mini- mal inconvenience and reveal only whether drugs are present in a non-threatening man- ner. A.M. was not present during the search, his bodily integrity was not interfered with and there was no embarrassing or humiliat- ing encounter. Bastarache balanced a student’s privacy interests with the public’s interest in prevent- ing and deterring the presence of drugs in schools. He found schools are an environ- ment where it is appropriate to base random searches of bags on a lower standard of a generalized suspicion, provided reasonably informed members of the public would be aware random searches may be used. There is no need for an individualized suspicion about a particular student.

Blue Line Magazine 43 JUNE / JULY 2008 A makeover for Victoria

Francois Pepin, 42, the man who gunned down Police Department Laval police Cst. Valerie Gignac through his apartment door was sentenced last month to life in prison with no chance of parole for 12 years. A plea bargain with the Crown saw him plead guilty to second-degree murder instead of facing a trial on first-degree murder. Gignac, 25, died Dec. 14, 2005, while responding to a routine call about a man making noise at an apartment building in Laval, north of Montreal. Crown prosecutor Louis Bouthillier acknowledged Pepin’s mental problems but noted one disturbing element in the case was Pepin’s possession of high-powered rifles, despite a court order he not own weapons. •••• RCMP Assistant Commissioner Mike McDonell The Victoria Police Department recently strategic plan and rebranding after becoming has taken over as the command- hired a public relations firm to help design their interim police chief last November because he ing officer of the force’s Ontario Division. The 32-year RCMP vet- new logo, which replaces the city crest with a was concerned Victoria was “lagging behind” eran is now responsible for a di- silver police badge. The change also includes other police departments. vision with some 1,400 officers at a moniker name makeover in which the agency A new strategic plan released last month 13 detachments and a $156 mil- will promote its name as “Vic PD” in all future calls upon police to increase the feeling of lion budget. McDonell has spent the past two-and-a-half years as promotional material and their web site. safety among citizens, add volunteers to the the head of the RCMP’s national Interim police Chief Bill Naughton ex- force and boost Block Watch and Crime Free security criminal investigation section. The Ontario plained the change is key to putting a modern Multi-Housing programs. A glossy 32-page branch of the RCMP are mostly involved with crimi- face on the police. It is hoped the new look and document called Strength and Spirit was nal intelligence and other federal enforcement ac- tivities. McDonell will be replacing retiring Assist- concepts will help Victoria recruit new officers produced, showing photos of officers of ant Commissioner Michel Seguin who most re- amid what Naughton called slick “Hollywood” various gender and ethnic backgrounds in cently moved to Ottawa as director of Parliamen- recruitment tactics of competing police forces. the community. It is to be delivered to every tary Accommodation Services. •••• Naughton said he began working on the household. Gerry McNeilly, the former executive director of Legal Aid Manitoba has resigned this position to become director of Ontario’s new Independent Police Review System. He has been hired to head the arm’s length body that will vet com- plaints against municipal and pro- vincial police in that province. The new agency was created follow- ing a report by Patrick LeSage, former chief jus- tice of the Ontario Superior Court. McNeely, who is originally from Toronto, assumed his new position at the end of May. The Independent Police Review Act, 2006 entrenches an independent and trans- parent police complaints system, centred around a new civilian organization, led by McNeilly. •••• Canada’s age of sexual consent has been bumped up two years to 16 as of May 1st. The change means adults who have sex with boys or girls aged 14 and 15 years old could face criminal charges. Canada’s age of consent has been 14 since 1892. Canada’s age of consent will now be in line with other countries, such as Britain and Australia, and most American states. •••• According to the analysis by Patrick Monahan - dean of Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, an analysis of 2007 Supreme Court cases suggests the nine judges were more sharply divided in their decisions and most of them sided with po- lice. He points out that 2007 was a time of greater conflict among the top judges who took longer to write decisions and turned out fewer than in the past. According to Monahan the highest court in the land put out the lowest number since 1975. Monahan says that in five cases involving individu- als alleging that the government and police had vio- lated their right to freedom of expression, all five claimants lost.

JUNE / JULY 2008 1 44 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 45 JUNE / JULY 2008 The qualities of leadership Are leaders born or taught? by Chris Lewis Benchmark indicators The qualities of a good leader are: From my days playing high school sports • Integrity; to working on a ship, belonging to service clubs • Ethical behaviour; and associations and right through my policing • Setting the example; career, I’ve always been in awe of good leaders • Making timely and fair decisions, for the and disappointed by weak ones. right reasons; In studying what makes leaders tick, I real- • 360 degree communication; ized I could learn from all of them – some as • Encouraging and supporting; examples of bad leadership, others as good. I • Giving credit where credit is due and ac- don’t have all the answers, but my 22 years of cepting blame; When a good leader makes a wrong deci- experience as a police manager and supervisor • Being accountable and accessible; sion, they admit it and accept the blame, rather has taught me that nothing impacts the morale • Treating others fairly and equitably ; than passing it on to someone else. of police officers more than leadership. • Encouraging those they lead and accepting Good leaders can keep morale high when suggestions/feedback. Management vs. leadership the chips are down, while bad leaders can Leaders can inspire love, respect, fear, hate There are huge differences between ‘man- turn things upside down when conditions are – and sometimes all of the above. Some of these agers’ and ‘leaders.’ Managers understand otherwise wonderful. are beneficial, while others are consequences. policy, ensure efficiencies and checks and ‘People skills’ are crucial – knowing your people balances in the system and that staff follow An effective leader and understanding their emotions is one of a the rules. Leaders are visionaries, challenge The job of a leader, according to a com- leader’s most important jobs. This is a challenge the status quo, focus on people and inspire monly accepted definition, is to “get things in a large organization, but knowing a person’s them to do their best. done through influencing others.” A leader name, what inspires them and a little about them In a perfect world, all police leaders “significantly affects the thoughts, feelings really goes a long way in developing bonds. would have the right mix of leadership and and/or behaviours of a significant number of You might not be remembered for how management skills. In the real world, I’d take individuals,” writes author Howard Gardner. good you were at your specific job, but you a leader any day of the week and ensure they Leading isn’t about making yourself look will be remembered for how you treated peo- are supported by good managers to dot the i’s good – it’s making your people look good ple along the way. are cross the t’s. while they meet the needs of the client. Being a Most great leaders were born to lead. OPP leader isn’t about building your own résumé – Making decisions Commissioner Julian Fantino, for example, it’s building the résumés of those you lead. Encouraging and accepting suggestions would have excelled at leading any organiza- Although an effective leader must possess doesn’t always mean following them. A strong tion, public or private. a variety of specific skills, the most critical is leader will take all of the input they receive, syn- always putting the good of the people being thesize it with their understanding of internal and Developing leaders served and within their organization before any external factors and make a decision. The key is Some of the important skills seen in great personal needs or agenda. It comes down to to get the right input and consider it. Sometimes leaders, such as the ability to communicate, come ‘doing the right things for the right reasons.’ it will cause you to go a better way. naturally to some. We all know people who are captivating speakers and good listeners, for ex- ample – but these skills can also be learned. Training, development and mentoring can help mold leaders. While not a panacea, there are numerous books, tapes and seminars on 5.11 Tactical 2 LETS 20 leadership and all contain useful lessons. Some Accident Support Services 35 Mega Tech 33 closing thoughts: APS Distributors 26 Motorola 9 • It takes great leaders to develop great Blue Line Library 47 Original Shoe Co 37 leaders. Bosik Technologies 43 Pentax Technologies 48 • We need to ensure there are good leaders CACP Traffic Committee 21 Pride in Service 37 throughout our organization, because mo- Cdn Police Knowledge Network 19 SEALS Action Gear 24 rale suffers without it. Poor morale often Seneca College 25 leads to poor relationships and reduced CIPS Close Protection 23 quality of service. Cogent Systems 13 Starfield Lion 18 • No matter what our job or position, we Copeland Engineering Inc 14 Thomson Carswell 23 should all lead by example – at work, Dalhousie University 34 Treaty Three Police Service 39 play and in our personal lives. It’s hard to Glentel 15 Triform 17 develop good leaders if you do not set a Groupe Techna 11 Underwater Kinetics Canada 35 good example. Henry’s 19 Victoria Police Department 35 • To be effective, a leader must always do the Hutton Communications 4 Whitmore & Hobbs 42 right things for the right reasons. Impact Cases 12 Wolverine Supplies 43 Infrared Technologies Canada 13 Chris Lewis is a deputy commissioner with the Ontario Provincial Police and is currently the provincial commander of field operations.

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