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The Eocene-Oligocene Transition: a Review of Marine and Terrestrial Proxy Data, Models and Model-Data Comparisons David K

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The Eocene-Oligocene Transition: a Review of Marine and Terrestrial Proxy Data, Models and Model-Data Comparisons David K https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-68 Preprint. Discussion started: 18 May 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. The Eocene-Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons David K. Hutchinson1, Helen K. Coxall1, Daniel J. Lunt2, Margret Steinthorsdottir1,3, Agatha M. De Boer1, Michiel Baatsen4, Anna von der Heydt4,5, Matthew Huber6, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser2, Lutz 5 Kunzmann7, Jean-Baptiste Ladant8, Caroline H. Lear9, Karolin Moraweck7, Paul N. Pearson9, Emanuela Piga9, Matthew J. Pound10, Ulrich Salzmann10, Howie D. Scher11, Willem P. Sijp12, Kasia K. Śliwińska13, Paul A. Wilson14, Zhongshi Zhang15,16 1. Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10 Sweden 2. School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK 3. Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden 4. Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 5. Centre for Complex Systems Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 15 6. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA 7. Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Germany 8. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, USA 9. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK 10. Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, UK 20 11. School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, USA 12. Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 13. Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark 14. University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK 15. Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, China 25 16. NORCE Research and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway Correspondence to: David K. Hutchinson ([email protected]) Abstract. The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) from a largely ice-free greenhouse world to an icehouse climate with the first major glaciation of Antarctica was a phase of major climate and environmental change occurring ~34 million years ago 30 (Ma) and lasting ~500 kyr. The change is marked by a global shift in deep sea d18O representing a combination of deep-ocean cooling and global ice sheet growth. At the same time, multiple independent proxies for sea surface temperature indicate a surface ocean cooling, and major changes in global fauna and flora record a shift toward more cold-climate adapted species. The major explanations of this transition that have been suggested are a decline in atmospheric CO2, and changes to ocean gateways, while orbital forcing likely influenced the precise timing of the glaciation. This work reviews and synthesises proxy 35 evidence of paleogeography, temperature, ice sheets, ocean circulation, and CO2 change from the marine and terrestrial realms. Furthermore, we quantitatively compare proxy records of change to an ensemble of model simulations of temperature change across the EOT. The model simulations compare three forcing mechanisms across the EOT: CO2 decrease, paleogeographic 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-68 Preprint. Discussion started: 18 May 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. changes, and ice sheet growth. We find that CO2 forcing provides by far the best explanation of the combined proxy evidence, and based on our model ensemble, we estimate that a CO2 decrease of about 1.6x across the EOT (e.g. from 910 to 560 ppmv) 40 achieves the best fit to the temperature change recorded in the proxies. This model-derived CO2 decrease is consistent with proxy estimates of CO2 decline at the EOT. 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Review Since the last major review of the EOT (Coxall and Pearson, 2007) the fields of palaeoceanography and palaeoclimatology 45 have grown considerably. New proxy techniques, drilling and field archives of Cenozoic (66 Ma to present) climates, have expanded global coverage and added increasingly detailed views of past climate patterns, forcings and feedbacks. A plethora of new proxy records capture near and far-field signals of the onset of Antarctic glaciation. Meanwhile, efforts to simulate the onset of the Cenozoic ‘icehouse’, using the latest and most sophisticated climate models, have also progressed. It is now possible to compare model outputs with one another, as well as against a growing body of climate proxy data. Here we review 50 both observations and modelling literature of the EOT. From the marine realm, we review records of sea surface temperature, as well as deep sea time series of the temperature and land ice proxy d18O and carbon cycle proxy d13C. From the terrestrial realm we cover plant records and biogeochemical proxies of temperature, CO2 and vegetation change. We summarise the main evidence of temperature, glaciation and carbon cycle perturbations and constraints on the terrestrial ice extent during the EOT, and review indicators of ocean circulation change and deep water formation, including how these changes reconcile with 55 paleogeography, in particular, ocean gateway effects. Finally, we synthesise existing model experiments that test three major proposed mechanisms driving the EOT: (i) paleogeography changes, (ii) greenhouse forcing and (iii) ice sheet forcing upon climate. We highlight what has been achieved from these modelling studies to illuminate each of these mechanisms, and explain various aspects of the observations. We also 60 discuss the limitations of these approaches, and highlight areas for future work. We then combine and synthesise the observational and modelling aspects of the literature in a model-data intercomparison of the available models of the EOT. This approach allows us to assess the relative effectiveness of the three modelled mechanisms in explaining the EOT observations. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1.2 defines the chronology of events around the EOT, and clarifies the terminology 65 of associated events, transitions, and intervals, thereby setting the framework for the rest of the review. Section 2 reviews our understanding of palaeogeographic change across the EOT, and discusses proxy evidence for changes in ocean circulation and ice sheets. Section 3 synthesises marine proxy evidence for sea surface temperatures (SST) and deep-ocean temperature change. Section 4 synthesises terrestrial proxy evidence for continental temperature change, with a focus on pollen-based reconstructions. Section 5 presents estimates of CO2 forcing across the EOT, from geochemical and stomatal-based proxies. 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-68 Preprint. Discussion started: 18 May 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. 70 Section 6 qualitatively reviews previous modelling work, and Section 7 provides a new quantitative intercomparison of previous modelling studies, with a focus on model-data comparisons to elucidate the relative importance of different forcings across the EOT. Section 8 provides a brief conclusion. 1.2 Terminology of the Eocene-Oligocene transition Palaeontological evidence has long established Eocene (56 to 34 Ma) warmth in comparison to a long term Cenozoic cooling 75 trend (Lyell and Deshayes 1830, p99-100). As modern stratigraphic records improved, a prominent step in that cooling emerged towards the end of the Eocene. This became evident in early oxygen isotope records (d18O) from deep-sea benthic foraminifera, which show an isotope shift towards higher d18O values (Kennett and Shackleton, 1976; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975), subsequently attributed to a combination of continental ice growth and cooling (Lear et al., 2008). In the 1980s the search was on for a suitable Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) to define the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (EOB). 80 Much of the evidence was brought together in an important synthesis edited by Pomerol and Premoli Silva (1986). The GSSP was eventually fixed at the Massignano outcrop section in the Marche region of Italy in 1992 (Premoli Silva and Jenkins, 1993) at the 19.0 m mark which corresponds to the extinction of the planktonic foraminifer family Hantkeninidae (Coccione, 1988; Nocchi et al., 1986). Massignano is the only place where the EOB is defined unambiguously; everywhere else the EOB must be correlated to the Massignano section, whether by biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, isotope stratigraphy or other 85 methods. Coxall and Pearson, (2007, p 352) described the EOT as "a phase of accelerated climatic and biotic change lasting 500 kyr that began before and ended after the E/O boundary". Recognizing and applying this in practice turns out to be problematic due to variability in the pattern of d18O between records and different timescales in use. Widespread records now show the positive 90 δ18O shift with increasing detail. A high-resolution record from ODP Site 1218 in the Pacific Ocean revealed two δ18O and δ13C 'steps' separated by a more stable 'plateau interval' (Coxall et al., 2005; Coxall and Wilson, 2011). The EOT brackets these isotopic steps with the EOB falling in the plateau between them (Coxall and Pearson, 2007; Coxall and Wilson, 2011; Dunkley Jones et al., 2008; Pearson et al., 2008). However, while two-step δ18O patterns have now been interpreted in other deep sea records, thus far largely from the Southern Hemisphere (Figure 1) (Bohaty et al., 2012; Borrelli et al., 2014; Coxall 95 and Wilson, 2011; Langton et al., 2016; Pearson et al., 2008; Wade et al., 2012; Zachos et al., 1996), there is often ambiguity in their identification. In particular, while the second d18O step, ‘Step 2’ of Coxall and Pearson (2007), is an abrupt and readily correlated feature, the first step (Step 1 of Pearson et al., 2008; EOT-1 of Coxall and Wilson, 2011) is less often prominent than at Site 1218, particularly in benthic records (Fig. 1). Furthermore, some records have been interpreted to show more than two d18O steps (e.g. Katz et al. 2008). Benthic δ13C records provide a powerful stratigraphic tool in deep ocean sediments.
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