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Fat Bodies and Liver Mass Cycles in Sceloporus Grammicus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from Southern Hidalgo, México

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Fat Bodies and Liver Mass Cycles in Sceloporus Grammicus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from Southern Hidalgo, México Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(2):164-170 Submitted: 23 August 2008; Accepted: 10 May 2009 FAT BODIES AND LIVER MASS CYCLES IN SCELOPORUS GRAMMICUS (SQUAMATA: PHRYNOSOMATIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN HIDALGO, MÉXICO AURELIO RAMÍREZ-BAUTISTA1,3, DANIEL HERNÁNDEZ-RAMOS1, ALBERTO ROJAS MARTINEZ1, AND JONATHON C. MARSHALL2 1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, A.P. 1-69 Plaza Juárez, C.P. 42001, Pachuca, Hidalgo, México 2Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84408, USA 3e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT.—We describe changes in liver and fat body mass of males and females of the viviparous lizard, Sceloporus grammicus from southeastern Hidalgo, México. The changes in the masses of the liver and fat bodies of males and females are usually asynchronous. Typically, reproductively active males and females deplete fat body reserves and experience increased liver mass. However, we observed maximum fat body and liver masses during spermatogenesis (July-August) and vitellogenesis (July-November). In females, the liver and fat body masses decreased while carrying developing embryos. This pattern demonstrates the ability of these lizards to bolster energy reserves during reproductive activity and the high energetic cost associated with embryo development. Also, this response pattern is similar to other populations of this species and to some other species of temperate lizards. Key Words.—fat body; liver body; Mesquite Lizard; reproductive cycle; Sceloporus grammicus. INTRODUCTION Anolis nebulosus (Ramírez-Bautista and Vitt 1997), Cnemidophrous (= Aspidoscelis; Reeder et al. 2002) Fat bodies and liver masses in lizards store energy for communis (Ramírez-Bautista and Pardo-De la Rosa use during times of high energetic demand such as the 2002), C. lineatissimus (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2000), breeding season (Selcer 1987). Amphibians and reptiles and S. jarrovii (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2002), male and have within the peritoneal cavity pairs of solid fat bodies female fat body and liver mass cycles correlate either anchored to the kidneys or near the rectum. These negatively with reproductive activity (Ramírez-Bautista are important resource storehouses needed for and Vitt 1997; Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2000, 2002). In hibernation and breeding (Ramírez-Bautista 1995). another example, males of Urosaurus bicarinatus Although the liver of lizards serves an immunological showed the same pattern as above but females did not role, another major function is glucose metabolism (Ramírez-Bautista and Vitt 1998). Rather, vitellogenesis (DeMarco and Guillette 1992). The liver removes correlated positively with an increase in fat body and surplus glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen liver mass, indicating little energetic costs for female (Ramírez-Bautista 1995), and lizards adopt feeding reproduction. Within the species S. grammicus, strategies that store energy within these structures in the variations of this pattern have even been noted between most efficient manner (Ramírez-Bautista 1995). Lizards different populations of the same species (Ramírez- with higher foraging success store more energy in their Bautista et al. 2006). fat bodies and livers than poorly foraging individuals. In this study, we expand on the results of Ramírez- This promotes faster growth rates and ultimately greater Bautista et al. 2006 and describe the fat body and liver survivorship (Derickson 1976; Ramírez-Bautista 1995). glycogen cycles of S. grammicus in Hidalgo, Mexico. Studies on fat body and liver glycogen cycling exist We use these results to infer how these populations for the Anolis carolinensis (Dessauer 1955), Aspidoscelis manage resources throughout the year. This kind of life tigris (Goldberg and Lowe 1966), Sceloporus graciosus history information is vital for making wise conservation (Derickson 1974), and S. jarrovi (Goldberg 1972). and management decision (Bury 2006). Seasonal fat body and liver mass cycles generally correspond to seasonal changes in resource demand MATERIALS AND METHODS (Derickson 1976; Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2000, 2002). Several studies on fat-body and glycogen cycling We obtained 124 male and 164 female S. grammicus patterns target lizard species in the tropical and from the Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles temperate environments of México. For example, in (CNAR-IBH, n = 171) and Museo de Zoología, Facultad 164 Herpetological Conservation and Biology 20 20 (H) . 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 Photoperiod Temperature C) Photoperiod (H) . C) Photoperiod ( 10 10 Precipitation 8 8 PrecipitationPrecipitation (mm ) (mm ) 6 6 4 4 Temperature Temperature ( Temperature (°C) Photoperiod (H) 2 2 0 0 July June May April July May March August June January April October August February March January November October December September February November December September MonthMonth FIGURE 1. Monthly temperature, photoperiod, and precipitation based on 30-yr means recorded at the meteorological station of the Pachuca, Hidalgo, México (Garcia 1981). Photoperiod data were acquired from the Astronomical Almanac (1984). de Ciencias (MZFC; N = 117) both from Universidad width to obtain testicular, follicle, and eggs/embryo Nacional Autónoma de México. Specimens came from volumes (V), which we calculated using the formula for localities in southeastern section of the state of Hidalgo, the volume of an ellipsoid: V = 4/3πa2b, where a is one- México (19°59´20´´N, 98°27´57´´W, elevation = 2000– half the shorter diameter and b is one-half the longest 2648 m) during a 10 yr period from 1985 to 1995. diameter. Testicular and follicular volumes are indicators The climate of the study area is dry and temperate of reproductive activity (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2002, with maximum temperatures and rainfall occurring in the 2006). The smallest females with vitellogenic follicles summer (June-August). Mean annual precipitation is in their reproductive tracts provided an estimation of the 427.4 mm (Garcia 1981; Fig. 1). The dominant plant minimum size (in SVL) at sexual maturity. We communities are mesquite, grassland, and oak-pine considered a male to be sexually mature if it had forest (Rzedowski 1978). We obtained climatic and enlarged testes with an enlarged and highly convoluted metereological data from 1950 to 1980 from the epididymide (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2002). meteorological station of Pachuca. We procured Because organ mass may vary with SVL of the lizard, photoperiod data from the Astronomical Almanac we first calculated regressions of log10 – transformed (1984). organ mass data of males and females SVL (Ramírez- Because sample sizes were small for individual Bautista et al. 2000). For significant regressions, we months, we pooled data from all localities and all years calculated residuals from the regression of organ mass to describe monthly changes of fat body and liver mass on SVL to produce SVL-adjusted variables (Schulte- and gonads volume of males and females. We recorded Hostedde et al. 2005). We use these residuals to describe snout-vent length (SVL), length and width of testes, the monthly changes of the fat body and liver mass. We length and width of left and right vitellogenic follicles performed ANOVA to analyze statistically monthly (gonad volume), and width and length of ovulated eggs variation in organ masses. We included only months for or embryos (for egg/embryo volume). We recorded all which n ≥ 3. We used the Bonferroni-Dunn post hoc- measurements to the nearest 0.1 mm with calipers test to identify differences among months. In addition, (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2002). We removed and took we used correlation analysis to identify associations masses of liver and fat bodies to the nearest 0.0001 g on among climate variables such as temperature, an electronic balance. We used gonadal length and precipitation, and photoperiod (Fig.1) and monthly mean 165 Rameriz-Bautista et al.—Fat bodies and liver mass cycles in Sceloporus grammicus FIGURE 2. Male and female fat bodies and liver cycles of Sceloporus grammicus from southeastern Hildago, México Data are mean (± 1 SE) residuals from a regression of log10 fat body mass (g) against SVL, and log10 liver mass (g). Samples sizes are given at each data point in both male and female fat body charts. Upper case characters label the respective month and lower case characters show statistical differences with other months. mass of fat bodies and livers (Ramírez-Bautista et al. following months: February versus July, and June versus 2002). We presented means ± SE unless otherwise July, October and November (Fig. 2). Liver masses indicated. We performed all statistical analyses with showed slight fluctuations from February to June, but Statview IV (Abacus Concepts, Inc., Berkeley, CA, from June to July they increased significantly, and 1992). We used α ≤ 0.05 to assign significance when continued to show significant differences until applying statistical decision theory. November (Fig. 2). Fat body mass differed significantly (Games-Howell P RESULTS = 0.003) between the following months: February versus May, July and November; May versus June, July, and Body Size and Sexual Maturity.—Sexually mature October; June versus July and November; July versus males ranged from 40 to 68 mm SVL (mean = 53.5 ± August and November, and October versus November 0.63 mm, n = 124), and females ranged from 40 to 67 (Fig. 2). Male liver mass cycle had a consistent seasonal mm (51.7 ± 0.47 mm, n = 164). Average adult male pattern, whereas
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