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Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River, China

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Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River, China http://www.paper.edu.cn Environ Monit Assess DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-9599-5 Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, China Chenglian Feng & Xinghui Xia & Zhenyao Shen & Zhui Zhou Received: 7 October 2006 /Accepted: 12 December 2006 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coal and wood burning. PAHs may cause potential are important organic contaminants with great signif- toxic effect but will not cause acute biological effects icance for China, where coal burning is the main in sedimentary environment of the Wuhan section of source of energy. In this study, concentrations, the Yangtze River. distribution between different phases, possible sour- ces and eco-toxicological effect of PAHs of the Keywords Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) . Polycyclic Yangtze River were assessed. PAHs in water, sus- aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Sediment . Sources . pended particulate matters (SPM) and sediment Suspended particulate matters (SPM) . Yangtze River samples at seven main river sites, 23 tributary and lake sites of the Yangtze River at the Wuhan section were analyzed. The total concentrations of PAHs in Introduction the studied area ranged from 0.242 to 6.235 μg/l in waters and from 31 to 4,812 μg/kg in sediment. The Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiqui- average concentration of PAHs in SPM was 4,677 μg/kg, tous contaminants in different compartments of higher than that in sediment. Benzo(a)pyrene was environment. Due to their toxic, mutagenic and detected only at two stations, but the concentrations carcinogenic characteristics, PAHs are considered to were above drinking water standard. The PAHs level of be hazardous to the biota and environment. These the Yangtze River was similar to that of some other compounds are generally produced by natural and rivers in China but higher than some rivers in foreign anthropogenic processes and can be introduced into countries. There existed a positive relationship be- the environment through various routes. Anthropo- tween PAHs concentrations and the TOC contents in genic input from incomplete combustion, oil spills, sediment. The ratio of specific PAHs indicated that domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, as PAHs mainly came from combustion process, such as well as atmospheric fallout of vehicle exhaust and industrial stack emission have caused significant : : : accumulation of PAHs in aquatic environment. C. Feng X. Xia (*) Z. Shen Z. Zhou It is believed that the environmental fate and State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, behavior of PAHs are ultimately determined by their School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China physicochemical properties and sediment character- e-mail: [email protected] istics, such as organic content, size distribution and C. Feng partition coefficient. For example, a positive linear e-mail: [email protected] relationship has been demonstrated between PAH 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Environ Monit Assess concentrations and the total organic carbon (TOC) in distribution in the three phases of surface water, sediment (Simpson, Mosi, Cullen, & Reimer, 1996). sediments and SPM has not been particularly reported Because of their low water solubility and high in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. partition coefficients, these compounds are strongly The purpose of the present research was to sorbed to the particles associated with the organic determine the concentration, distribution and sources compounds of solid phase matrix and can be of PAHs in water, sediment and SPM phases of the deposited to the underlying sediments. Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. Samples at In order to minimize or prevent the adverse effects seven main river sites and 23 tributary and lake sites of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), many studies of the section were collected in both high-water and illustrated the fate of PAHs in natural environments. low-water seasons in 2005. PAH concentrations in the PAHs occurrence in some European river waters were three phases were analyzed. Also, molecular-ratio extensively investigated (Manoli & Samara, 1999; method was applied to identify possible sources of Notar, Leskovsek, & Faganeli, 2001; Soclo, Garrigues, PAHs. Finally, the potential toxic effects of PAHs in & Ewald, 2000). In China, the major investigation the Yangtze River were assessed. focused on PAHs concentrations of offshore water and sediments (Mai et al., 2001; Zhou & Maskaoui, 2003). In addition, PAH distribution of inland rivers Materials and methods in some big cities such as Hangzhou and Tianjin were also investigated (Shi et al., 2005; Zhu, Chen, & Wang, Study area 2004). The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and Wuhan section is in the middle reach of the Yangtze the third longest river in the world. It is one of the River. There are many tributaries and lakes converg- most important rivers for water supply and irrigation ing to the main river in the Wuhan section. Among in southern China. Wuhan is the capital city of Hubei them the longest tributary is the Han River, which province and a very important city along the stores almost 10,000,000 kw water energy and mainstream of the Yangtze River. The population of extends as long as 1,577 km with the average water Wuhan is about 7.86 million with a density of 919 flow of 1,640 m3/s. A total of 30 sampling stations in persons/km2. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the mainstream and its tributaries of the Wuhan Wuhan city accounted for about 31% of the whole section were selected (Fig. 1). Seven stations were GDP of Hubei province in 2004. Wuhan section of located in the main river, and 23 stations were located the Yangtze River provides about 764,660,000 m3 in the tributaries. The Jinkou sampling station (Station water per year for domestic, industrial and agricultural 2) represents the inflow to the Wuhan section of the uses of Wuhan city (Hubei Statistical Bureau, 2005). Yangtze River. The Wuhanguan (Station 18) and Wuhan city has five basic industries including Yujiatou (Station 19) stations reflect the PAHs electronic information, automobiles, steel, bioengi- contamination level after the main tributaries (such neering and pharmaceutics. Its industry is becoming as Han River) merge into the main river. The Yangluo stronger and stronger (Xiong, Gan, & Luo, 2004). In sampling station (Station 29) represents contamina- the past few decades, with the industrial and econom- tion level after the Yangtze River flow out of the ic development, water pollution has become more and Wuhan section. more serious, especially for the organic pollution. A few researchers have studied the pollution of organ- Sample collection and pre-treatment ochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of some sections of the Yangtze Samples were collected in July 27–30, 2005 (high River (Jiang, Xu, Martens, & Wang, 2000; H. L. Liu, water season) and December 6–10, 2005 (low water M. Liu, Cheng, & Ou, 2005). As for PAHs pollution, season). Surface sediment samples were collected although a few investigations have been carried out in using a pre-cleaned grab sampler and water samples some sections of the Yangtze River, most of them were collected using 3 l pre-cleaned aluminum jars focused on only one or two phases (Liu et al., 2001; with on-site extraction. Suspended particle samples Xu, Jiang, Wang, Quan, & Martens, 2000). PAH were taken with a press filter (0.8 μm, glass fiber 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Environ Monit Assess Fig. 1 Map of sampling sites in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River (1. Jin- shui, 2. Jinkou, 3. Dongjing River, 4. Zhuankou, 5. Dongfengzha, 6. Baish- azhou, 7. Tangxun River, 8. Houguan Lake, 9. Long- yang Lake, 10. Moshui Lake, 11. Xunsi River, 12. Dong Lake, 13. Yanxi Lake, 14. Changfengqiao, 15. Qinduan River, 16. Guocikou, 17. Jijiazui, 18. Wuhanguan, 19. Yujia- tou, 20. Luojiadun, 21. Lijiadun, 22. Fu River, 23. Zhujia River, 24. Xiao Bay, 25. Hou Lake, 26. Tianxingzhou, 27. Qingshangang, 28. Wuhu, 29. Yangluo, 30. Daoshui River) filter membrane). All sediment, suspended particle Chemicals and water extracts were quickly carried back to the laboratory where they were stored at 4°C before Standard PAHs in a mixture were obtained from state further analysis. standard center (Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH PAH-Mix9), Water samples were extracted using a solid-phase these compounds are as follows: naphthalene (Nap), extraction (SPE) system (Supelco). The SPE car- acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine tridges were first conditioned with 10 ml methanol (Fle), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (An), fluoran- followed by 10 ml de-ionized water. Two liters of thene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), water samples were filtered by 0.45 μm membrane chrysene (Chr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo and then water samples passed through the cartridges (k)fluofanthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), at a flow rate of 6 ml/min under vacuum. Following dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), benzo(ghi)perylene extraction, the cartridges were eluted with 10 ml (BghiP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (InD). All solvents dichloromethane. The volume of the extracts was used for sample processing and analysis (dichloro- reduced by N2 blow-down in a water bath and was methane, acetone, hexane petroleum ether, cyclohex- adjusted to 0.5 ml volume with methanol for analysis. ane, methanol) were HPLC grade. Anhydrous sodium After the sediment and SPM were freezing dried, sulfate was of analytical grade and was activated at they were grounded and sieved (100 mesh). Ten 450°C to remove impurities before using. grams of sediment was extracted three times based on the modified procedure of International Organization Analytical method for Standardization (1998); the detailed procedure for the pretreatment of sediment and SPM samples has The physicochemical properties of sediment were been described in the previous research (Li, Xia, & detected at the Analytical and Testing center.
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