Constitutive Elements of Hunting Tourism in the Bačka Region (, )

Constitutive Elements of Hunting Tourism in the Bačka Region (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Dragin, Aleksandra1 Introduction with (Slavonija and Baranja) from Hunting tourism is a complex phenome- Bačka Palanka in the south, parallel to the non, whose continuation is caused by dif- , up to the state border with Hun- Abstract ferent factors, i.e. constitutive elements. gary forms western border of the Bačka re- The constitutive elements of hunting tour- Hunters’ Association of Vojvodina points gion. The north border of the Bačka region ism in the Bačka region are represented by out that hunting tourism is defined by spa- overlaps with the state border with Hunga- the following components: spatial, moti- tial, time and technical-technological and ry, from the village of Bački Breg in the west vational, technical-technological, organ- legal component. Furthermore, motiva- to the Tisa in the east. izational and employees, legal and time tional and organizational component are Hunting grounds on agricultural soil component. Spatial component deals with as well constitutive elements of hunting in the Bačka region are conceptualized as the position and basic features of hunt- tourism in the Bačka region. (Figure 1). open hunting grounds for breeding, protec- ing grounds (size, structure and capaci- tion and use of small and large game (hare, ty). Motivational component comprises pheasant, field partridge and doe deer). game species observed through their qual- One open hunting ground is established itative and quantitative aspects. Technical in each of the following15 in component is represented through sever- the Bačka region - , Kanjiža, , al structures: hunting and tourism, hunting , , Kula, Mali Iđoš, Odžaci, and game breeding, hunting and protec- Vrbas, Bač, Bačka Palanka, Bački Petrov- tion, receptive and tourism, etc. Organi- ac, Žabalj, , and . Two open zational and employees component is a hunting grounds are established in munic- complex system of different factors: users ipalities of Ada and Bačka , whereas of hunting grounds, state bodies, comple- three hunting grounds are established in mentary values and contents bearers, and each of the following municipalities: Bečej, mediating agencies (primarily in propagan- and , whereas Novi Sad da and sale of tourist arrangements). Legal and municipalities share component refers to the legal and sub-le- one hunting ground. gal acts, statutes, the books of regulations Furthermore, eight fenced hunting which define the hunting tourism and grounds are established in the Bačka re- hunting issues. Time component manifests Figure 1 The constitutive elements of gion. Their basic purpose is intensive hunting tourism in the Bačka region in the season-bound nature of hunting and breeding, protection and use of large game the stay period of tourist hunters. The cited constitutive elements are the – deer and doe deer, wild boar and mou- Constitutional elements may be observed only stable basis for the existence and de- flon. One hunting ground is established on as both restricting and supporting factors velopment of hunting tourism resources in the territory of each of the following mu- of hunting tourism in Bačka. the Bačka region and their tourist market nicipalities: Subotica, Sombor, Apatin and offer. Odžaci, and two hunting grounds on the Key words: hunting tourism, constitutional territory of the of Bač and elements, the Bačka region Spatial component Bačka Palanka, and one hunting ground The Bačka region is situated in southern for the territory of Novi Sad, Titel, Sremski part of Pannonian (Carpathian) plain and Karlovci, and Inđija municipalities. north-western part of the Autonomous There are seven hunting grounds situ- Province of Vojvodina, i.e. in north-western ated by fishing ponds in the municipali- part of Serbia. It occupies the area of 9.244 ties of Sombor, Apatin, Odžaci, Bač, Novi km2, between 45º16´ and 46º22´ of the north Sad, Žabalj, and Bečej on the territory of geographic latitude and 18º36´ and 20º37´of the Bačka region (Figure 2). the east geographic longitude. The east bor- When traffic communication is - con der of the Bačka region overlaps with the cerned, hunting grounds have high quality main flow of the Tisa (the border with the communication due to the road network of 1 Aleksandra Dragin Banat region) and stretches from the state public transport. The major access to the Faculty of Natural Science, Department border with to the mouth of the hunting grounds in the Bačka region is by for Geography, Tourism and Hotel Tisa into the Danube. The river Danube means of the following road lines: interna- Management, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, forms the south border (the border with the tional highway E-75 (-Novi Sad-

Geographica Pannonica 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Srem region). The part of the state border Subotica), Novi Sad-Bečej-Senta-Horgoš, 44 Aleksandra Dragin

Figure 2 Hunting grounds in the Bačka region Open hunting grounds: 1 - “Subotička pеščаrа” (Subоticа), 2 - “Pаnоniја” (Bаčkа Tоpоlа), 3 - “Zаpаdnа Bаčkа” (Sоmbоr), 4 - “Krivаја” (Mаli Iđоš), 5 - “Kruškоvаc” (Аpаtin), 6 - “Vеliki bački kаnаl” (Kulа), 7 - “Lаlinskе livаdе” (Odžаci), 8 - “Kоviljаk” (Vrbаs), 9 - “Bоđаnski rit” (Bаč), 10 - “Pаlаnаčki rit” (Bаčkа Pаlаnkа), 11 - “Bаčkа” (Bаčki Pеtrоvаc), 12 - “Pоdunаvljе” (Futоg), 13 - “Nеоplаntа” (Nоvi Sаd), 14 - “Gоrnji Srеm” (Nоvi Sаd), 15 - “Dоrоškа” (Titеl), 16 - “Stаrа Tisа” (Žаbаlj), 17 - “Kаmеni Bunаr” (Tеmеrin), 18 - “Nаdаlj” (Nаdаlj), 19 - “Turiја” (Turiја), 20 - “Plаvšа” (Bаčkо Grаdištе), 21 - “Srеdnjа Bаčkа” (Srbоbrаn), 22 - “Bеčејski sаlаši” (Bеčеј), 23 - “Čik” (Bаčkо P. Sеlо), 24 - “Dоnji Rit” (Mоl), 25 - “Gоrnji Rit” (Аdа), 26 - “Sеnćanski sаlаši” (Sеntа), 27 - “Kаpеtаnski Rit” (Kаnjižа) Fenced hunting grounds: A - “Subotičke šume” (Subotica), B - “Kozara” (Sombor, Bački Monoštor), C - “Apatinski rit” (Apatin), D - “Kamarište” (Odžaci), E - “Ristovača” (Bač), F - “” (Bač), G - “Karađorđevo” (Bačka Palanka, Bač), H - “Koviljski rit” (Novi Sad, Titel, Semski Karlovci, Inđija) Hunting grounds by fishing ponds: I - “Kоlut” (Sоmbоr), II - “Svilојеvо” (Аpаtin), III - “Srpski Milеtić” (Odžаci), IV - “Mоstоngа” (Bаč), V - “Mаli Dunаv” (Nоvi Sаd), VI - “Jеgričkа” (Žаbаlj), VII - “D-Ribnjаk” (Bеčеј)

Novi Sad-Srbobran-Bačka Topola, Suboti- the total area of 1,986,076 ha in Vojvodina due to the abundance of waterfowls (ducks ca, Novi Sad-Vrbas-Sombor-, Novi Province, out of which 852,149 hа (40.90%) and geese) and other winged game, of high Sad-Odžaci-Sombor-Bački Breg and Novi are situated in the Bačka region. The size of significance for hunting tourism in the Sad-Bačka Palanka-Odžaci. These traffic open hunting grounds range from 121,781 Bačka region (Figure 5). lines are connected with local roads, en- hа (Western Bačka) to 121,781 hа (“Plavša”, Marshes, reed marshes and water areas abling direct access to hunting grounds. Lovački savez Vojvodine, 2000). in all hunting grounds in the Bačka region Within the hunting grounds, traffic is per- The major forest complexes stretch along (by fishing ponds, open and fenced hunt- formed on dirt roads. or near the Danube, whereas “Danube elite ing grounds) cover the area of 15,550.60 The Bačka region, a lowland region hunting grounds” (Kozara, Apatinski rit, ha (1,68% of the total area of the Bačka re- with fertile soil and favourable climate, Kamarište, Danube Hunting Area - Plavna, gion). has been transformed into an agricultur- Ristovača, Karađorđevo, and Koviljski rit) The capacity of tourist destination al district with intensive production. The cover the area of 40,188.60 hа (Figure 4). (tourist-ecological capacity) is represented largest hunting areas inhabited by the fol- The forests are primarily habitats of large by the maximum number of people present lowing wild game: roe deer, pheasant, hare, game.Hunting grounds are used for inten- on a certain location (in this case hunting partridge and quail are mostly to be found sive game breeding and shooting of high- ground or a part of the hunting ground) on agricultural soil (Figure 3). Various wa- value trophy game. without causing permanent damage or terfowls are found in swamps and reed Hunting grounds by fishing ponds rep- degradation to the location and without

marshes. Hunters’ associations control resent the third specific tourist destination lessening the quality of recreational ex- 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica 45 Constitutive Elements of Hunting Tourism in the Bačka Region (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Figure 3 Cadastre structure of open Figure 4 Cadastre structure of fenced Figure 5 Cadastre structure of hunting hunting grounds in the Bačka region hunting grounds in The Bačka region grounds by fishing ponds in the Bačka perience (Mathieson and Wall, in Јоvičić, stock of wild game in the hunting areas in Although the total population of roe 1998). Although the method for calculat- Vojvodina Province (Table 1). deer in spring records the increase, the ing the capacity of a certain destination Hare population has shown decreasing stock size is still small. The main reason type has not been established yet, the ca- tendency in the last five years. The main lies in inadequate professional control of pacity of a hunting ground could generally reasons for this condition are observed the game – disturbed balance between sex- be compared with the capacity of a nature through the increased hunt of hares (due to es, unfavourable age and trophy structure, park (15-70 visitors a day per ha, European the decrease in the number of pheasants), inadequate spring counting which leads to Commission (1994), in Jovičić, 1998). How- unfavourable climate conditions (abun- unrealistic shooting plans, etc. (Lovački ever, the main features of hunting tour- dance of rain during reproductive period, savez Vojvodine, 2000). Therefore, it is ism in the Bačka region are not manifest- the highest in the period 1982-2000), in- necessary to remove those negative ele- ed through large concentration of tourists tensive agriculture, etc. (Lovački savez Vo- ments within the wild game control. and their high pressure on the environ- jvodine, 2000). There is 64.86% of the total red deer ment during the mass summer and winter Also, the number of pheasants has shown population, 45.10% of the total wild boar tourist seasons (change in habitat condi- decreasing tendency, this being the result population, 32.30% of the total roe deer tions, water, air and soil pollution, inad- of deteriorated habitat conditions, decrease population, 100% of the total fallow buck equate and excessive construction, dis- in releasing breeding stock from artificial population, and 100% of the total mouflon turbances of tradition, culture and living production (due to lower profit from for- population in hunting grounds of Vojvo- conditions of domicile population, etc.). eign tourist hunters, unfavourable econom- dina Forests public enterprise in the Bačka ic condition in the country, lack of the appli- region as compared to the total stock of Motivational component cation of regulation measures in the shelters, wild game species in the hunting grounds The basic motivational issues within the etc.). The capacities of artificial breeding of of Vojvodina Province. (Table 2). tourist offer are game shooting, sale of pheasants were expanded in 2003 (Mali Iđoš, The significant role of game breed- high-quality trophy breeding game and Ada, and Mol), which is considered a positive ing process in fenced hunting grounds is game meat, as well as releasing breeding trend in breeding (Maletin, 2005). supported by the data on the total game stock to other hunting areas. Thus, the fact The tendency of decline has also been stock compared to 21.20 times larger are- that wild game is a partially restorable re- observed within partridge population in as of open hunting grounds in the Bačka source of restricted capacity should be tak- the last few years. Certain measures should region. The population of red deer is esti- en into consideration. be taken to increase the total population of mated to 2,023 in the Bačka region (2004) In hunting areas controlled by hunt- game species, for example decreased hunt and in Serbia to approximately 6,000. De- ers’ associations of the Bačka region, there pressure, improvement of habitat condi- spite the intensive production, the to- is 51.15% of the total hare population, ap- tions which have become critical for game tal population is rather small compared proximately 43.31% of the total pheasant survival (intensive agriculture, etc.). More- to neighbouring countries. For example, population, 27.22% of the total partridge over, the foundation of partridge farms for there are about 90,000 red deer, and about population, and 45.95% of the total roe artificial, intensive production would im- 600,000 roe deer in Austria, which could deer population in comparison to the total prove the situation. be compared to the size of all hunting are- Table 1 Major breeding game stock in open hunting grounds in Table 2 Major breeding game stock in hunting grounds of Vojvodina the Bačka region and Vojvodina Province in 2004 (Beuković M. et Forests public enterprise in 2004 (J.P.Vojvodinašume, 2005) al., 2004) Red Wild Roe Fallow Wild game Mouflon Wild game Hare Pheasant Partridge Roe deer deer boar deer buck Bačka 141.236 50.817 12.920 18.330 Bačka 2.023 1.643 770 68 168

Geographica Pannonica 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica Vojvodina 276.132 117.339 47.473 39.894 Vojvodina 3.119 3.643 2.384 68 168 46 Aleksandra Dragin

Plate 1 Hunters’ house - Hunting ground “Apatinski rit” (Photo: Aleksandra Dragin) as (8,242,891 ha) and the number of fenced humans, additional investments in build- 2005a). Namely, it is necessary to catego- hunting grounds in Serbia (Leitner, cited ing hunting-technical objects relating to rize the objects according to the Statute on in Živković, 2005). the number of the main game breeds and minimal conditions and categorization of their spatial distribution are necessary. hospitality objects, which is under juris- Technical-Technological Component Receptive-tourist structure compris- diction of the Republic Ministry of Trade, The elements referring to hunting areas and es the accommodation objects for tourist Tourism and Services, in order to profes- game stock are hunting-technical, hunting- hunters (hunters’ houses and hunters’ lodg- sionally approach the protection issues of breeding, and hunting-protective objects, es, hotels, salas farms, restaurants, etc.) and offer and demand. i.e. fences, raised hides, drinking holes, accompanying objects in hunting tourism. feeding plots, salting points, coach houses, There are about 100 hunters’ lodges and Organizational and Personnel shooting lines, livestock feed storage, seed 20 hunters’ houses on the territory of the food storage, pheasant farms, game shelters, Bačka region. Apart from the head offic- Component objects for preventive measures, etc. es of a certain hunters’ association, there The term tourist organization stands for For the purposes of improving the hab- are also available premises for members in the coordinated activities which provide itat conditions, some artificial devices are hunters’ lodges. On the contrary, hunters’ the most successful connections between placed in hunting grounds (feeding plac- houses offer accommodation facilities in- powers and actions of tourism factors di- es, salt-licks, watering places). This is how tended only for tourist hunters. rected towards achieving prescribed goals the game living conditions and the tro- Due to the fact that accommodation fa- in tourism, as an economic, cultural, so- phy quality are improved. During winter cilities (hunters’ houses, hunters’ cottages) cial and political phenomenon, by means and dry periods of the year, the very sur- for the hunting tourism purposes are not of special instruments (Vukićević, 1991). vival of the game would be seriously en- subjected to current categorization system Similarly, a hunting tourism organization dangered without those technical means in Serbia, they are internally grouped into (organizational personnel component as one (Dragin, 2005b). Over 4,000 feeding plots categories by the bodies controlling the of constitutional elements of hunting tour- for small game, 1,640 feeding plots for big hunting grounds in which the accommo- ism in the Bačka region) is a complex sys- game (except from feeding places for deer dation is situated. With the aim of improv- tem of various factors: hunting ground users and wild boars that are mainly to be found ing hunting tourism offer in the Bačka re- (hunters’ organizations and other subjects in in fenced hunting grounds), 500 water gion, the future period would be essential control of the hunting grounds), state subjects, places and 170 shelters are placed in differ- for conducting the categorization of ac- complementary values and content holders ent hunting grounds in the Bačka region. commodation facilities in hunting tour- and mediator agencies (primarily involved in Considering the fact that game and habitat ism according to official categorization the process of propaganda and sale of tourist conditions are increasingly endangered by principles of hospitality objects (Dragin, arrangements). Those components represent

Plate 2 Hunters’ house - Hunting ground “ Kamarište” (Photo: Aleksandra Dragin) 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica 47 Constitutive Elements of Hunting Tourism in the Bačka Region (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Scheme 1 Creators of hunting tourism product of The Bačka region (according to Maletin, about contemporary issues on hunting and 2005, modified) hunters’ associations, etc. HUNTING GROUNDS USERS The Hunters’ Codex of Serbia (Hunt- ers’ Association of Serbia) covers the fol- Hunters’ Association of Serbia lowing issues: hunters’ relation towards Hunters’ Association of Vojvodina the nature; hunter and wild game; hunter Hunters’ Public Enterprise The State Army fishing organizations and hunter’s weapons and equipment; re- organizations “Vojvodinašume” lation of hunters towards national proper- ty; hunters’ interrelations; a hunter and a Hunters’ societies/ Headquarters dog; supervision of the codex implementa- groups tion and Final Provisions (Hunter’s Asso- “Lovoturs” ciation of Serbia, 2004) “Quattro Cervi” The Law on Tourism regulates the follow- Agency ing sectors: I Basic provisions; II Planning and development of tourism (Integral plan- STATE SUBJECTS ning, Areas of importance for tourism and Departmental ministries in charge of hunting, tourism, environmental protection and their sustainable usage, Area organization of ecology, industry, and finances on national, republic, or provincial level, local government tourism, Stimulating measures, Tourist or- COMPLEMENTARY VALUES AND CONTENT HOLDERS ganizations, etc.); III Tourist tax and tour- Enterprises, manufacture (equipment, souvenirs, services) ist development tax; IV Tourism develop- ment fund; V Activities of travel, i.e. tourist Traffic (international and within hunting tourism destination - locality) agencies; VI Services in tourism (1. Services Receptive elements of hospitality (hotels, motels, salas estates, restaurants, etc.) of tourist professionals, 2. Special services for Local community (local government, individuals, etc.) special aspects of tourism - Services in the hunting tourism, Services in congress tour- Institutions and cultural centres – museums, galleries, cultural artistic associations, etc. ism, etc.); VII Catering activity; VIII Nauti- MEDIATOR AGENCIES (PROPAGANDA AND SALE CHANNELS) cal activity; IX Supervision; X Penal provi- Tourist agencies (specialized or non-specialized in hunting tourism) sions; XI Final and transitional provisions (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No Tourist organizations (of municipal, provincial, republic or national level) 45/05). The Law was adopted on May 31, 2005 Tourist information centres and became effective on June 8, 2005. Media – press, TV shows, etc. The previous law on tourism (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No 35/94, basic elements of organizational and per- ing Ground, Monitoring, Penal Provisions, 38/94 and 48/99) did not cover the provi- sonnel structure of hunting tourism in the Transitory and Final Provisions (“Official sions regulating the hunting tourism as a Bačka region. Every element contributes not Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Serbia” selective form of tourism. Aimed at broad- only to the present condition, but also to the No: 34/93). Ministry of Agriculture, For- ening the legislation issues on the hunting possibilities of the improvement of hunting estry and Waterworks in cooperation with tourism, the Hunters’ Association of Ser- tourism offer. Therefore, cooperation and Hunters’ Association of Serbia and other bia elaborated the draft of a new section in coordinated trends and programmes of the relevant subjects is preparing the draft of the Law on Tourism, addressing it to the development of those elements form the base the Law on Hunting in concordance with Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Services. for the success. contemporary conditions and specific fea- Article 78 of the Law on Tourism (adopt- From the point of view of time, space tures of hunting and hunting tourism in our ed in 2005) states: For the purpose of this and quality, hunting tourism organiza- country, and in following the principles of tion is the holder, instrument and execu- the laws on hunting in EU countries. tive holder of economic plan in hunting The Hunter’s Association of Serbia, ac- tourism sector. (Prentović, 2005) cording to the Article No 7 of this Statute Hunting tourism organization of the shall perform the following measures and Bačka region can be shown and presented activities: will establish the base of the Law using various schemes. All the elements act and other regulations as well as of hunting as the creators of hunting tourism product politics; will be in charge of the application of the observed area (scheme 1). of the Law on Hunting, Statute and other regulations and international conventions Legal Component on hunting; will apply contemporary profes- Hunting tourism is regulated by the Law sional and scientific achievements and trends on hunting, the Statute with other corre- when managing hunting grounds; will elab- sponding legal acts and the Book of Reg- orate plans and programmes and coordinate ulations of Hunters’ Association, Serbian their realization; will strengthen the organi- Hunters’ Codex, the Law on Tourism, etc. zation of the Association and development of The Law on Hunting consists of the fol- hunters’ ethics; will monitor and coordinate lowing issues: Basic Provisions, Wild Game the work of hunters’ associations –mem- Protection, Hunting Grounds and Areas, bers; will work on the realization of projects Management of Hunting Grounds, Funds of mutual interest in cooperation with oth- for the Promotion of Wild Game Breed- er organizations, institutions and enterpris- ing and Protection, Hunting and the Use es; will develop cooperation with education- of Game, Prevention and Compensa- al and scientific institutions; will organize Plate 3 Pheasant farm – Hunting ground

Geographica Pannonica 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica tion for Damages, Guarding of the Hunt- scientific conferences; will inform members “Ristovača” (Photo: Jaroslav Pap) 48 Aleksandra Dragin

Law, hunting tourism shall include organ- ization and conduction of the stay of hunt- ers-tourists, their reception and accommo- dation, mediation in the organization and conduction of the hunts, renting of the hunt- ing equipment as well as other services all in connection with the stay of hunters-tourists. The provider of the services shall be obliged to render services from Paragraph 1 of this Article in accordance with this Law and regulations governing hunting and protection of the environment. (Official -Ga zette of the Republic of Serbia No 45/05) The supervision of tourist agencies and tourist guides shall be carried out by the ministry inspection under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Servic- es. However, there are certain tourist agen- cies involved in hunting tourism operating without licenses. The supervision over catering facilities (e.g. hunters’ houses) shall also be carried Plate 4 Games – mouflon (Photo: Jaroslav Pap) out by the ministry in charge of health by nical-technological, organizational and hunting tourism in the Bačka region, in means of employing sanitary inspectors; personnel, legal and time component). concordance with its constitutive ele- and by the ministry in charge of finances Motivational and spatial component ments, tries to establish hunting tourism especially when the payment of the tourist (wild game, hunting areas) are not only product on the tourist market. The prod- tax and the tourist development tax is con- powerful means of attracting demand but uct is represented as integral, i.e. complex cerned (Official Gazette of the Republic of also the determinants of the scope, struc- group of partial elements: attractive ele- Serbia No 45/05). ture, and character of tourists who recog- ments (wild game, natural and anthropo- One of the crucial problems in the sec- nize the attractiveness of the Bačka region. genic complementary tourist values), ac- tor of hunting tourism in our country is Organizational and personnel component cessibility (geographical, industrial and disparity between domestic laws and regu- as an extremely complex system demands economic distance), organizational ele- lations and the international ones, e.g. new synchronized activities of all subjects in- ments (scope and structure of personnel, regulations in European Union in the sec- volved. At present, technical-technological marketing activities, sale channels, etc.), tor of veterinary health regulations do not component is important from the aspect of material elements (tourist infrastructure recognize our veterinary documents (the existence and improvement of hunting ar- and substructure), economical – financial result of which is blocked export of wild eas; and maintenance of the optimal stock elements (prices of integral hunting tour- game meat to EU countries). of wild game. It comprises receptive-tour- ism product and partial hunting tourism ist structure with the aim of offering ba- product). Time Component sic and complementary services in hunt- The most intensive turnover in hunting ing tourism. Thus, the legal component References tourism occurs in autumn, during typical- provides basic outline of hunting economy Beuković, M., Zeremski, M., Novkov, M., ly low season, and winter, during high sea- and hunting tourism in the Bačka region. Đaković, D. 2004. Sadašnje stanje i per- son; quite opposite to the areas attractive in All the above mentioned features lead spektive lovnog turizma u Vojvodini. other segments of tourist demand – seaside, to the conclusion that market offer of Lovačke novine 11, 24-26. towns, and other zones (Marić, 2003). The season bound character of hunting tourism contributes significantly to broader disper- sion in time and space of the total tourism turnover and expenditures, and additional- ly to economic effects with assigned roles in equal regional development. Generally, hunting tourism in the Bačka region is characterized by short term stays (2-3 days approximately) of foreign tourist hunters in hunting areas. Thus, improve- ment of hunting tourism of the considered area is performed by means of marketing plan, which would pay special attention to the organization, offer of content and forms of services rendered. Conclusion Hunting tourism in the Bačka region is characterized by complexity, i.e. multi-lev- el feature, which is the result of constitu-

tive elements (spatial, motivational, tech- Plate 5 Roe deer (Photo: Jaroslav Pap) 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica 49 Constitutive Elements of Hunting Tourism in the Bačka Region (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Vukićević, M. 1991. Ekonomika i organi- zacija turizma. Institut za geografiju, Novi Sad. pp. 1-165. Documentation Public Enterprise“Vojvodi našume” (2005). Dragin, A. 2005a. Ugostiteljski objekti za smeštaj lovaca-turista u turističkoj po- nudi Vojvodine i mogućnosti unapre- đenja. Turizam 9, 181-183. Dragin, A. 2005b. Strategija održivog tu- rizma lovnih prostora Vojvodine. Zbor- nik radova Departmana za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo 33 & 34, 255-264. Živković, D. 2005. Stanje i mogućnosti lov- nog turizma u orgađenim lovištima J.P. Srbijašume. Draslar partner, Beograd. “Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Serbia” No: 34/93. “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia” No: 35/94, 38/94 and 48/99. “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia” No: 45/05. Jovičić, D. 1998. Turizam i životna sredina u kontekstu održivog razvoja. PMF, In- stitut za geografiju, Novi Sad (PhD. de- gree Thesis, unpublished). Lovački savez Vojvodine 2000. Dugoročni program razvoja lovstva Vojvodine od 2000 do 2010. godine. Novi Sad. Lovački savez Srbije 2004. Kodeks lovaca Srbije. Lovački savez Srbije, Beograd. Maletin (Dragin), A. 2005. Lovno-turistič- ki resursi Bačke. PMF, Departman za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, Novi Sad (M.A. degree Thesis, unpublished). Marić, P. 2003. Lovstvo, prirodno-ekološ- ke, ekonomske i organizacione osnove i funkcije. Institut ekonomskih nauka, Beograd, pp 1-164. Prentović, R. 2005. Lovni turizam. PMF, Departman za geografiju, turizam i ho- Plate 6 Pheasant (Photo: Jaroslav Pap) telijerstvo, Novi Sad, pp 1-204. Geographica Pannonica 09/2005 Pannonica Geographica 50