Competition, Competitive Repulsion, and Coexistence (Faunal Equilibriums/Exclusion Principle/Niche/Ecologic Range)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Competition, Competitive Repulsion, and Coexistence (Faunal Equilibriums/Exclusion Principle/Niche/Ecologic Range) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 69, No. 11, pp. 3151-3155, November 1972 Competition, Competitive Repulsion, and Coexistence (faunal equilibriums/exclusion principle/niche/ecologic range) P. J. DARLINGTON, JR. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Contributed by P. J. Darlington, Jr., August 14, 1972 ABSTRACT This manuscript is concerned with con- it related to competition? It can be argued that fox and rabbit cepts rather than abstruse details or mathematics. Dis- compete for the energy the rabbit or for the space cussed are: competition; extended competition, proposed represents for competition in the strict sense, extended and modified the rabbit occupies; if there were fewer foxes there would be by all related interactions including predation, parasitism, more rabbits. Predation can have additional, indirect effects. disease, and even cooperation, all of which can be "weapons If a predator depends on one species of prey, the prey may of competition"; competitive repulsion, proposed for survive indefinitely, with only limited population fluctuations. the sum of forces that determine spacings, including But if the predator utilizes two prey species, one may be re- ecologic spacings, of individuals and populations; Darwin (biotic) equilibriums; competitive extinction, Gause's duced to extinction. In this case, one species of prey becomes principle, limited and limiting resources, and single- extinct as a result of the presence of the other. Is this com- resource competition; de facto coexistence of competing petition? Disease and parasitism can have similar effects; species, exemplified by green plants competing for sun- species that tolerate them can eliminate or those that light; niche competition; the two concepts of competitive repel exclusion; devision of resources and of their utilizers; do not. AMayr (ref. 1, p. 75), quoting Haldane, calls disease a cause and effect in real situations; and niches, niche "weapon of competition." A recent note in Nature (2) sum- overlap, and coexistence. Stressed is the complexity of the marizes an apparent example: tsetse-fly-carried trypano- real world, and the confusion that can and does arise from somes, tolerated by native African big game but fatal to many modeling it too simply. incoming herbivores (e.g., to cattle brought by man) may This manuscript is not concerned with abstruse details or protect the African fauna against immigrants from other mathematics, but is a reassessment of some general ecological continents. Is this competition? and evolutionary concepts. These concepts, including those of Attempts to answer these questions and to fix a precise competition, repulsion, biotic equilibrium, exclusion, coexis- biological definition of competition do not seem to clarify the tence, and the niche, are under intense study now by both subject. Recognition of different categories of competition naturalists and mathematical biologists, but are not con- seems more likely to do so. Of the many categories that might sistently defined and not yet adequately understood. In order be distinguished, I shall now propose and discuss three: ex- to facilitate understanding among all interested persons, I tended competition, single-resource competition, and niche think it is important to define and discuss these concepts in competition. terms consistent as possible with ordinary usage. Extended competition and competitive repulsion THEORY The term extended competition is now proposed to include competition, in the strict sense, extended and modified by Definitions and categories of competition any and all related processes and interactions, including preda- In ordinary usage "competition" means a contending of rivals tion, parasitism, disease, and even cooperation-cooperation for almost anything, either directly by almost any means is a "weapon of competition" if success of the cooperators ("all is fair in love and war") or indirectly (as for resources or reduces the success of competing forms. This totality of inter- markets in commerce). Biologists usually define "competi- actions is, of course, Darwin's "struggle for existence." It can tion" more narrowly, as including only actions and inter- be considered as "competition for places in the world" and as actions (or exploitations and interferences, or "active de- including "any interaction among (plants and) animals, no mand") of individuals or species seeking the same "resources." matter how complex and indirect it may be, that is or may be This definition is intended to be precise but in fact is not, for disadvantageous to any of them" (ref. 3, I. 23). it leaves open the question of what "resources" are. Food and A useful, evocative term derived from "extended compe- (for green plants) light clearly are resources that are com- tition" is competitive repulsion (see physicists' "repulsion" peted for. Many biologists would say that competition occurs among atoms), now proposed for the sum of all forces that also for such things as mates and territories. But are mates determine the spacings (including ecologic spacings), and and territories resources? Is a multidimensional "niche" a thus the numbers, both of individuals in populations and of resource? Is space as such a resource? If so, are places in a populations everywhere. [I coined this term, then found that biota or simply places on the earth resources? E. 0. Wilson (ref. 4, p. 195) had already used "repulsion" ill Biologists usually exclude predation from their definition a similar but more restricted way, and it may well have been of competition, and this raises further questions. When a fox used by other biologists.] Competitive repulsions determine kills and eats a rabbit, is this competition, and if not, how is biotic equilibriums. The existence of biotic equilibriums is one 3151 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 3152 Zoology: Darlington Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69 (1972) of the fundamental facts of evolution, biogeography, and Gause said (not in exactly these words) that extinction of one ecology. It is not a new discovery of mathematicians, but has of two competing populations will follow when a resource been recognized since Darwin (ref. 5, p. 109), who said, competed for is completely utilized (he said "completely seized"); and in Gause's model limitation of the resource was . .as from the high geometrical powers of increase of all organic beings, each area is already fully stocked with inhabi- the only factor limiting growth of the populations. The prin- tants, it follows that as each selected and favored form increases ciple that Gause did in fact expound may reasonably be called in number (of individuals), so will the less favored forms de- Gause's principle and may be restated thus: two populations crease. .. But we may go further than this; for as new forms (species) cannot long coexist if they compete for a vital re- are continually and slowly being produced, unless we believe source limitation of which is the direct and only factor limiting that the number of (species) goes on perpetually and almost both populations. As thus restated, the principle is, I think, indefinitely increasing, numbers must inevitably become extinct. valid without exception. This is the first statement of the relation between additions The relatively simple competition involved in this case may and subtractions of species that produces biotic equilibriums. be called single-resource competition. It may occur among the Because Darwin did state this relation, even though impre- most diverse organisms. For example, grass-attacking viruses, cisely, and in order to emphasize the continuity of this and grasshoppers, geese, and cattle may compete for grass, many other concepts from the pre-mathematical era of biology and any one of them may cause competitive extinction of any to the present, I propose that the equilibriums that determine other. numbers of individuals and of species in "each area" be called Darwin equilibriums. Limited and limiting resources Evidences of such equilibriums in time and space, and their Resource competition does not always lead to extinction. Two relation to competition, have been summarized elsewhere or more species that compete for an essential resource often (ref. 3, p. 553), thus: seem to coexist, and obvious ways can be suggested in which Throughout the recorded history of (animals), whenever the they may do so. For example, two species that depend on the record is good enough, the world as a whole and each main same resource may coexist if their populations are limited by part of it has been inhabited by . fauna(s) that (have) been separate density-dependent factors (say, each by its own virus reasonably constant in size and adaptive structure. Neither disease) so that the two together do not fully utilize the re- the world nor any part of it has been overfull of animals in one source. A case like this is analyzed mathematically and graph- epoch and empty in the next, and no great ecological roles have ically by Wilson and Bossert (ref. 8, chap. 3, p. 161, Fig. been long unfilled . Existing faunas show the same balance. 18, case 4). A more complex case (competition for light by Every continent has a fauna reasonably proportionate to its diverse plants) is considered below. In these cases, limitation area and climate, and each main fauna has a reasonable pro- of the resources no longer directly and simply limits the popu- portion of herbivores, carnivores, etc. This cannot be due to chance. Something holds the size and composition of faunas lations, and the cases do not invalidate Gause's principle. within limits in spite of continual changes and successions in Cases like these emphasize the need to distinguish limited separate phylogenetic groups. Only (extended) competition from limiting, and directly and simply from indirectly and com- can do this, and to do it competition (competitive repulsion) plexly limiting resources. The world is a limited area; all re- must be a fundamental, ever-present force (maintaining faunal sources are limited; and all normal populations will increase to equilibriums).
Recommended publications
  • Predators As Agents of Selection and Diversification
    diversity Review Predators as Agents of Selection and Diversification Jerald B. Johnson * and Mark C. Belk Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-801-422-4502 Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 29 October 2020; Published: 31 October 2020 Abstract: Predation is ubiquitous in nature and can be an important component of both ecological and evolutionary interactions. One of the most striking features of predators is how often they cause evolutionary diversification in natural systems. Here, we review several ways that this can occur, exploring empirical evidence and suggesting promising areas for future work. We also introduce several papers recently accepted in Diversity that demonstrate just how important and varied predation can be as an agent of natural selection. We conclude that there is still much to be done in this field, especially in areas where multiple predator species prey upon common prey, in certain taxonomic groups where we still know very little, and in an overall effort to actually quantify mortality rates and the strength of natural selection in the wild. Keywords: adaptation; mortality rates; natural selection; predation; prey 1. Introduction In the history of life, a key evolutionary innovation was the ability of some organisms to acquire energy and nutrients by killing and consuming other organisms [1–3]. This phenomenon of predation has evolved independently, multiple times across all known major lineages of life, both extinct and extant [1,2,4]. Quite simply, predators are ubiquitous agents of natural selection. Not surprisingly, prey species have evolved a variety of traits to avoid predation, including traits to avoid detection [4–6], to escape from predators [4,7], to withstand harm from attack [4], to deter predators [4,8], and to confuse or deceive predators [4,8].
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators
    diversity Review Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators Andrés Ordiz 1,2,* , Malin Aronsson 1,3, Jens Persson 1 , Ole-Gunnar Støen 4, Jon E. Swenson 2 and Jonas Kindberg 4,5 1 Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (O.-G.S.); [email protected] (J.K.) 5 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The effects of human disturbance spread over virtually all ecosystems and ecological communities on Earth. In this review, we focus on the effects of human disturbance on terrestrial apex predators. We summarize their ecological role in nature and how they respond to different sources of human disturbance. Apex predators control their prey and smaller predators numerically and via behavioral changes to avoid predation risk, which in turn can affect lower trophic levels. Crucially, reducing population numbers and triggering behavioral responses are also the effects that human disturbance causes to apex predators, which may in turn influence their ecological role. Some populations continue to be at the brink of extinction, but others are partially recovering former ranges, via natural recolonization and through reintroductions.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Neutrality Evolves Through Local Adaptive Niche Evolution
    Regional neutrality evolves through local adaptive niche evolution Mathew A. Leibolda,1, Mark C. Urbanb, Luc De Meesterc, Christopher A. Klausmeierd,e,f, and Joost Vanoverbekec aDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; cDepartment of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; dKellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060; eDepartment of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060; and fProgram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology & Behavior, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 Edited by Nils C. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved December 11, 2018 (received for review May 22, 2018) Biodiversity in natural systems can be maintained either because Past theoretical work in this area suggests that, depending on niche differentiation among competitors facilitates stable coexis- assumptions, the effects of local adaptation can either cause com- tence or because equal fitness among neutral species allows for peting species to diverge (17) or converge (18–22) in niche traits, their long-term cooccurrence despite a slow drift toward extinc- facilitating niche partitioning or neutral cooccurrence of species, tion. Whereas the relative importance of these two ecological respectively. This research, however, neglects the regional scale mechanisms has been well-studied in the absence of evolution, the and the process by which communities assemble through re- role of local adaptive evolution in maintaining biological diversity peated colonization, extinction, and competition.Taking this through these processes is less clear. Here we study the contribu- more regional perspective, local adaptive evolution can generate tion of local adaptive evolution to coexistence in a landscape of evolution-mediated priority effects wherein early colonizers adapt to interconnected patches subject to disturbance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Planktivorous Fishes: Their Evolution, Feeding Behaviours, Selectivities, and Impacts
    Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167 (1987) 97 0 Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht - Printed in the Netherlands A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts I Xavier Lazzaro ORSTOM (Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement eri Coopération), 213, rue Lu Fayette, 75480 Paris Cedex IO, France Present address: Laboratorio de Limrzologia, Centro de Recursos Hidricob e Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Hidraulica e Sarzeamento, Universidade de São Paulo, AV,DI: Carlos Botelho, 1465, São Carlos, Sï? 13560, Brazil t’ Mail address: CI? 337, São Carlos, SI? 13560, Brazil Keywords: planktivorous fish, feeding behaviours, feeding selectivities, electivity indices, fish-plankton interactions, predator-prey models Mots clés: poissons planctophages, comportements alimentaires, sélectivités alimentaires, indices d’électivité, interactions poissons-pltpcton, modèles prédateurs-proies I Résumé La vision classique des limnologistes fut de considérer les interactions cntre les composants des écosystè- mes lacustres comme un flux d’influence unidirectionnel des sels nutritifs vers le phytoplancton, le zoo- plancton, et finalement les poissons, par l’intermédiaire de processus de contrôle successivement physiqucs, chimiques, puis biologiques (StraSkraba, 1967). L‘effet exercé par les poissons plaiictophages sur les commu- nautés zoo- et phytoplanctoniques ne fut reconnu qu’à partir des travaux de HrbáEek et al. (1961), HrbAEek (1962), Brooks & Dodson (1965), et StraSkraba (1965). Ces auteurs montrèrent (1) que dans les étangs et lacs en présence de poissons planctophages prédateurs visuels. les conimuiiautés‘zooplanctoniques étaient com- posées d’espèces de plus petites tailles que celles présentes dans les milieux dépourvus de planctophages et, (2) que les communautés zooplanctoniques résultantes, composées d’espèces de petites tailles, influençaient les communautés phytoplanctoniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Competition Shapes Biological Rhythms and Promotes Temporal Niche
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.055160; this version posted April 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 2 3 Resource competition shapes biological rhythms and promotes temporal niche 4 differentiation in a community simulation 5 6 Resource competition, biological rhythms, and temporal niches 7 8 Vance Difan Gao1,2*, Sara Morley-Fletcher1,4, Stefania Maccari1,3,4, Martha Hotz Vitaterna2, Fred W. Turek2 9 10 1UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Campus Cité Scientifique, CNRS, University of 11 Lille, Lille, France 12 2 Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America 13 3Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy 14 4International Associated Laboratory (LIA) “Perinatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”: University of Lille, 15 Lille, France; CNRS-UMR 8576, Lille, France; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 16 Italy 17 18 19 * Corresponding author 20 E-mail: [email protected] 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.055160; this version posted April 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Can More K-Selected Species Be Better Invaders?
    Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) (2007) 13, 535–543 Blackwell Publishing Ltd BIODIVERSITY Can more K-selected species be better RESEARCH invaders? A case study of fruit flies in La Réunion Pierre-François Duyck1*, Patrice David2 and Serge Quilici1 1UMR 53 Ӷ Peuplements Végétaux et ABSTRACT Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical ӷ CIRAD Invasive species are often said to be r-selected. However, invaders must sometimes Pôle de Protection des Plantes (3P), 7 chemin de l’IRAT, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France, compete with related resident species. In this case invaders should present combina- 2UMR 5175, CNRS Centre d’Ecologie tions of life-history traits that give them higher competitive ability than residents, Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), 1919 route de even at the expense of lower colonization ability. We test this prediction by compar- Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France ing life-history traits among four fruit fly species, one endemic and three successive invaders, in La Réunion Island. Recent invaders tend to produce fewer, but larger, juveniles, delay the onset but increase the duration of reproduction, survive longer, and senesce more slowly than earlier ones. These traits are associated with higher ranks in a competitive hierarchy established in a previous study. However, the endemic species, now nearly extinct in the island, is inferior to the other three with respect to both competition and colonization traits, violating the trade-off assumption. Our results overall suggest that the key traits for invasion in this system were those that *Correspondence: Pierre-François Duyck, favoured competition rather than colonization. CIRAD 3P, 7, chemin de l’IRAT, 97410, Keywords St Pierre, La Réunion Island, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Interspecific Competition: • Lecture Summary: • Definition
    BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences • Week 5: Interspecific Competition: • Lecture summary: • Definition. Semibalanus balanoides • Examples. James P. Rowan, http://www.emature.com • Outcomes. • Lotka-Volterra model. Chthamalus stellatus Alan J. Southward, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/ BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 5: Interspecific Competition Slide - 1 2. Interspecific Competition: • Like intraspecific competition, competition between species can be defined as: • “Competition is an interaction between individuals, brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply, and leading to a reduction in the survivorship, growth and/or reproduction of at least some of the competing individuals concerned” BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 5: Interspecific Competition Slide - 2 3. Interspecific competition between 2 barnacle species (Fig. 8.2 after Connell, 1961): “Click for pictures” BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 5: Interspecific Competition Slide - 3 4. Gause's Paramecium species compete interspecifically (Fig. 8.3): BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 5: Interspecific Competition Slide - 4 5. Tilman's diatoms exploitation/scramble (Fig. 8.5): BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 5: Interspecific Competition Slide - 5 6. A caveat: “The ghost of competition past:” • Lack observed 5 tit species in a single British wood: • 4 weighed 9.3-11.4g and 1 weighed 20.0g. • All have short beaks and hunt for insect food on leaves & twigs + seeds in winter. • Concluded that they coexisted because they exploited slightly different resources in slightly different ways. • But is this a justifiable explanation? Did species change or were species eliminated? • Connell (1980) emphasized that current patterns may be the product of past evolutionary responses to competition - “the ghost of competition past” ! BIOS 6150: Ecology - Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbivore Physiological Response to Predation Risk and Implications for Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics
    Herbivore physiological response to predation risk and implications for ecosystem nutrient dynamics Dror Hawlena and Oswald J. Schmitz1 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 Communicated by Thomas W. Schoener, University of California, Davis, CA, June 29, 2010 (received for review January 4, 2010) The process of nutrient transfer throughan ecosystem is an important lower the quantity of energy that can be allocated to production determinant of production, food-chain length, and species diversity. (20–23). Consequently, stress-induced constraints on herbivore The general view is that the rate and efficiency of nutrient transfer up production should lower the demand for N-rich proteins (24). the food chain is constrained by herbivore-specific capacity to secure Herbivores also have low capacity to store excess nutrients (24), N-rich compounds for survival and production. Using feeding trials and hence should seek plants with high digestible carbohydrate with artificial food, we show, however, that physiological stress- content to minimize the costs of ingesting and excreting excess N. response of grasshopper herbivores to spider predation risk alters the Such stress-induced shift in nutrient demand may be especially nature of the nutrient constraint. Grasshoppers facing predation risk important in terrestrial systems in which digestible carbohydrate had higher metabolic rates than control grasshoppers. Elevated represents a small fraction of total plant carbohydrate-C, and may metabolism accordingly increased requirements for dietary digestible be limiting even under risk-free conditions (25). Moreover, stress carbohydrate-C to fuel-heightened energy demands. Moreover, di- responses include break down of body proteins to produce glucose gestible carbohydrate-C comprises a small fraction of total plant (i.e., gluconeogenesis) (14), which requires excretion of N-rich tissue-C content, so nutrient transfer between plants and herbivores waste compounds (ammonia or primary amines) (26).
    [Show full text]
  • Is Ecological Succession Predictable?
    Is ecological succession predictable? Commissioned by Prof. dr. P. Opdam; Kennisbasis Thema 1. Project Ecosystem Predictability, Projectnr. 232317. 2 Alterra-Report 1277 Is ecological succession predictable? Theory and applications Koen Kramer Bert Brinkman Loek Kuiters Piet Verdonschot Alterra-Report 1277 Alterra, Wageningen, 2005 ABSTRACT Koen Kramer, Bert Brinkman, Loek Kuiters, Piet Verdonschot, 2005. Is ecological succession predictable? Theory and applications. Wageningen, Alterra, Alterra-Report 1277. 80 blz.; 6 figs.; 0 tables.; 197 refs. A literature study is presented on the predictability of ecological succession. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories are discussed in relation to competition between, and co-existence of species. The consequences for conservation management are outlined and a research agenda is proposed focusing on a nonequilibrium view of ecosystem functioning. Applications are presented for freshwater-; marine-; dune- and forest ecosystems. Keywords: conservation management; competition; species co-existence; disturbance; ecological succession; equilibrium; nonequilibrium ISSN 1566-7197 This report can be ordered by paying € 15,- to bank account number 36 70 54 612 by name of Alterra Wageningen, IBAN number NL 83 RABO 036 70 54 612, Swift number RABO2u nl. Please refer to Alterra-Report 1277. This amount is including tax (where applicable) and handling costs. © 2005 Alterra P.O. Box 47; 6700 AA Wageningen; The Netherlands Phone: + 31 317 474700; fax: +31 317 419000; e-mail: [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra. Alterra assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Interspecific Killing Among Mammalian Carnivores
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC vol. 153, no. 5 the american naturalist may 1999 Interspeci®c Killing among Mammalian Carnivores F. Palomares1,* and T. M. Caro2,² 1. Department of Applied Biology, EstacioÂn BioloÂgica de DonÄana, thought to act as keystone species in the top-down control CSIC, Avda. MarõÂa Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; of terrestrial ecosystems (Terborgh and Winter 1980; Ter- 2. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology and borgh 1992; McLaren and Peterson 1994). One factor af- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, fecting carnivore populations is interspeci®c killing by California 95616 other carnivores (sometimes called intraguild predation; Submitted February 9, 1998; Accepted December 11, 1998 Polis et al. 1989), which has been hypothesized as having direct and indirect effects on population and community structure that may be more complex than the effects of either competition or predation alone (see, e.g., Latham 1952; Rosenzweig 1966; Mech 1970; Polis and Holt 1992; abstract: Interspeci®c killing among mammalian carnivores is Holt and Polis 1997). Currently, there is renewed interest common in nature and accounts for up to 68% of known mortalities in some species. Interactions may be symmetrical (both species kill in intraguild predation from a conservation standpoint each other) or asymmetrical (one species kills the other), and in since top predator removal is thought to release other some interactions adults of one species kill young but not adults of predator populations with consequences for lower trophic the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamical Analysis of Predator-Prey Model Leslie-Gower with Omnivore
    Predator-Prey Model Leslie-Gower with Omnivore 126 (Exviani et al) Dynamical Analysis of Predator-Prey Model Leslie-Gower with Omnivore Rina Exviani1*, Wuryansari Muharini Kusumawinahyu2, Noor Hidayat3 1Master Program of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Abstract This article discussed a dynamical analysis on a model of predator-prey Leslie-Gower with omnivores which is modified by Lotka-Volterra model with omnivore. The dynamical analysis was done by determining the equilibrium point with its existing condition and analyzing the local stability of the equilibrium point. Based on the analysis, there are seven points of equilibrium. Three of them always exist while the four others exist under certain conditions. Four points of equilibrium, which are unstable, while the others three equilibrium point are local asymptotically stable under certain conditions. Moreover, numerical simulations were also conducted to illustrate the analytics. The results of numerical simulations agree with the results of the dynamical analysis. Keywords: local stability, omnivore, predator-prey models, the equilibrium point. INTRODUCTION species are omnivores. This model is constructed Lotka-Volterra model was firstly introduced by assumming there are just three species in such Lotka in 1925 and Volterra in 1926 [1]. Lotka- an ecosystem. The first species, called as prey Volterra’s study has produced a simple model of (rice plant), the prey for the second and the third predation or interaction between two species in species. The second species, called as predator an ecosystem. They also have introduced classi- (carrion), only feeds on the first species and can cal Lotka-Volterra model, which is currently de- extinct with prey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Present Status of the Competitive Exclusion Principle
    TREE vol. 1, no. I, July 7986 could be expected to rise periodically some other nuclear power stations 6 Bumazyan, A./. f1975)At. Energi. 39, (particularly during the spring snow are beinq built much nearer to these 167-172 melting) for many years. cities than the Chernobyl station to 7 Mednik, LG., Tikhomirov, F.A., It is very likely that the Soviet Kiev. The Chernobvl disaster will Prokhorov, V.M. and Karaban, P.T. (1981) Ekologiya, no. 1,4C-45 Union, after some initial reluctance, affect future plans, and will certainly 8 Molchanova, I.V., and Karavaeva, E.N. will eventually adopt the same atti- make a serious impact on the nuclear (1981) Ekologiya, no. 5,86-88 tude towards nuclear power stations generating strategy in many other 9 Molchanova, I.V., Karavaeva, E.N., as was adopted by the United States countries as well. Chebotina. M.Ya., and Kulikov, N.V. after the long public enquiry into the (1982) Ekologiya, no. 2.4-g accident at Three Mile Island in 1979. 10 Buyanov, N.I. (1981) Ekologiya, no. 3, As well as ending the propaganda of Acknowledgements 66-70 the almost absolute safety of nuclear The author is grateful to Geoffrey R. 11 Nifontova, M.G., and Kulikov, N.V. Banks for reading the manuscript and for power plants and labelling them as (1981) Ekologiya, no. 6,94-96 comments and editorial assistance. 12 Kulikov, N.V. 11981) Ekologiya, no. 4, ‘potentially dangerous’, the US gov- 5-11 ernment also recommended that 13 Vennikov, V.A. (1975) In new nuclear power plants be located References Methodological Aspects of Study of in areas remote from concentrations 1 Medvedev, Z.A.
    [Show full text]