Raster () Graphic File Formats & Standards Contents

• Raster (Bitmap) Images • Raster Output • Digital Or Printed Images Options • Resolution • References • Colour Depth • Alpha • Palettes • Antialiasing • Compression • Colour Models • RGB Colour Model • CMYK Colour Model • LAB Colour Model Raster (Bitmap) Images

• Made up of a grid, or raster of small squares, called . • An image using this method is drawn with a group of pixels to create the appearance of the object.

http://www.sthelens.oxon.sch.uk/ICT/Graphics/Graphics/Raster_Example1.jpg

Return to contents Raster (Bitmap) Images

• To edit, you work with groups of pixels. • Work best with photographic or paint style images. • Are device dependent, that is, they have a defined size and are not easily scaled up. • Up scaling can cause the “jaggies” (ragged edges). • To avoid this, get correct image size first or use special anti-aliasing (smoothing) software or algorithms (maths sums) to enlarge. • Common paint/imaging software are Photoshop, Paint.NET, The Gimp.

Return to contents Digital Or Printed Images

• Most photos are called continuous tone images as there is an illusion of constant transition of colour or shades of greys. • based images work the same way as each pixel can be coloured independently to create a smooth, continuous transition of colour. • Non digital also creates this illusion using half tone dots. These are rows of small dots that create the appearance of different colour or grey shades.

Return to contents Resolution

• Resolution: Refers to the unit of measurement to determine the following. • Image Resolution, the size of an image file in pixels, called pixels per inch (PPI) or (DPI) • Monitor Resolution, the way an image is displayed on your monitor called dots per inch (DPI) • Output Device Resolution, the quality of a final printed image, measured as either dots per inch (DPI) or lines per inch (LPI). Resolution

• Dots per inch or DPI: The dots a medium can display. In a a dot is a pixel. Maths Idea - one inch = 25.4 millimetres. • For example: • A 640 x 480 pixel image created at 75dpi (ppi) would have a size of 8.53”x 6.4” or 217mm x 163mm. • An 10” x 8” photo image that is to be printed at 150dpi (ppi) would need an image resolution of 1500 x 1200 pixels in your application. • A 1 inch (2.5cm) image at 72dpi (ppi) contains 5,184 pixels. That is multiplying 72 pixels x 72 pixels with a file size of 6Kb. If it was a 150dpi (ppi) image, it would contain 22,500 pixels. That is, multiplying 150 pixels x 150 pixels. Resolution

• Aspect Ratio: The relationship between height and width in an image, for example, 1.33:1 for a very basic computer screen. Film/video can be between this value and 2.35:1 depending on film type or projection system. • A few resolution & aspect ratios. • 1920 x 1080, 1.78:1 – Common wide screen monitor & HD resolution • 2048 x 1536, 1.33:1 - Moderate print resolution. • 4096 x 3072, 1.33:1 - High print resolution • 5656 x 4240, 1.33:1 – 24 megapixel camera photo resolution

Return to contents Colour Depth

• Colour Depth: A measure of how many colours each pixel in an image is capable of displaying. • For example, in an 8 bit image each pixel is represented by 8 bits or 1 byte of data and allow the pixel to be any one of 256 colours. • Other colour depth options are • 24 bit: A maximum of 16,777,216 colour possibilities which is almost the full range of colours our eyes can detect. In this model there are 8 bits each of red, green & blue. Each of these 3 channels can display 256 levels of brightness. • 48 bit: Known as deep colour. It expands the colour range possibilities from millions to billions. It gives a vividness and colour accuracy that also gets rid any on-screen colour banding, for tonal transitions that are very smooth and changes of colour that are very subtle.

Return to contents Alpha Channel

• Alpha Channel: An optional 8 bits of image data that provides information about . • It is added onto RGB data that defines an image to turn a 24 bit image into a 32 bit image. • The alpha channel provides 256 levels of intensity. This is used to vary the transparency of the image against a background. • An alpha channel functions as a mask or matte to allow parts of a image to be seen while the rest is replaced with a background image. 0 (black) is fully transparent & 256 (white) is opaque in the alpha channel • It is used for composition of complex 3D renders, compositing of scenes in video post production, in Photoshop as layer masks or in digital video editing for overlaying video. Alpha Channel

Alpha Channel Example

(a) Foreground image (FG) image with opaque and translucent objects. (b) Alpha channel from FG image. (c) Background (BG) image. (d) Composite of FG image over BG image using alpha channel to control transparency.

Return to contents Palettes

• : A set of colours used or available for use in an image. Generally limited to 256 colours or less, that is 8 bit colour images. • Palettes are often used in interactive design to optimise GIF & PNG format images to get the smallest file size yet correctly display image colour. • 24 bit images can be reduced to an 8 bit images by generating an optimised palette that creates the best combination of colours or they can be dithered. • Dithering: The process of adjusting adjacent pixels of different colours to give the illusion of a third colour in a palette. This simulates the display of colours that are not present in the current colour palette.

Return to contents Antialiasing

• Jaggies or stairstepping: The effect of strong edges or lines that aren’t horizontal or vertical displayed in pixel based or raster graphics. • Anti-aliasing: The method of reducing this jaggedness by filling in pixels with colours midway between the edge or line and the background colour. • Most programs allow anti-aliasing to be adjusted or to turn it on or off.

Antialiasing Example (a) Aliased line showing stair stepping effect. (b) Antialiasing inserts middle tones that blend the line into the background to reduce the “jaggies”

Return to contents Compression

Compression: Reducing data size in image files. Two general types, lossy and lossless. • Lossless: Reduces file size without effecting image quality by encoding colour and location of repeated data. • Lossy: Reduces file size by changing data or throwing some of it away. Image degradation is offset by generating custom palettes or by using small amounts of compression.

Return to contents Colour Models

• A colour model is a way for displaying & measuring colour. • The human eye understands colour according to the wavelength of the light it gets. With the full colour spectrum (range) it is white and with no light it is black. • The common colour models in are RGB (red, green, blue) and CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black. There is a third one called LAB (luminance, ‘a’ chromatic component, ‘b’ chromatic component).

Return to contents RGB Colour Model

• The RGB colour model is known as an additive colour model where equal amounts of red, green & blue at full intensity produce white. • A large percentage of the natural spectrum (range) of colour can be replicated by the mixing of red, green & blue. • As a general rule you work with RGB images because; • RGB files are smaller than other colour models • Monitors & screens display RGB colour best • It has a larger colour spectrum (range) than CMYK.

Return to contents CMYK Colour Model

• The CMYK colour model represents the four inks used to print images on a traditional printing press. Because all printing inks contain some impurities, the C (cyan) , M (magenta) & Y (yellow) inks actually produce a muddy brown and must be combined with black (K) ink to produce a true or “rich” black. (K is used to avoid confusion with Blue in RGB.) • To print an image four printing plates are produced, one for each colour. These are called colour separations. • The combined separations form a complete image called a composite . • It is called a subtractive colour model as combining all the colours equally produces black.

Return to contents LAB Colour Model

• The LAB (L*a*b) colour model is designed to be device independent. That is, to create consistent colour regardless of the device (monitor, , computer, or scanner) which is used to create or output the image. • L*a*b model consists of: • a luminance or lightness component (L) and • two chromatic (colour) components: the “a” component (from green to red) and the “b” component (from blue to yellow). LAB Colour Model

L*a*b* model: • A. Luminance =100 (white) • B. Green to red component • C. Blue to yellow component • D. Luminance = 0 (black)

Return to contents Colour Gamut

• Colour Gamut: The range of colours that a colour system can effectively display or print. The spectrum (range) of colours seen by the human eye is wider than the gamut (colour range) available in any colour model. • L*a*b has the largest gamut, encompassing all colours in the RGB and CMYK gamuts. RGB gamut contains a subset of these colours that can be viewed on a computer, or screen (which emits red, green, and blue light). Some colours, such as pure cyan (light blue) or pure yellow, can't be displayed accurately using RGB. • The CMYK gamut is even smaller, consisting only of colours that can be printed using process-colour inks. To overcome this problem special mixed inks such as “Pantone” colours are used. In printing these are known as “spot” colours. Colour Gamut

Color gamuts: • A. LAB color gamut • B. RGB color gamut • C. CMYK color gamut

Return to contents Raster Graphics Output Options

• Screen Based File Formats: • GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): An 8 bit (256 colour) lossless compression format developed by CompuServe/Unisys. • Best suited for solid colour based images & widely used, particularly for web based still and animated images. The Gif89a version also supports interlacing and transparency. • JPG, JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): Developed as a lossy compression way to radically reduce the file size of photographic images by cutting out minor differences in pixel colours. Achieves one of the highest compression rates but breaks down if pushed too far or if saved more than once. • Best suited for full colour 24 bit (16.7million colour) and gradient style images. Raster Graphics Output Options

• Screen Based File Formats: • PNG (Portable Network Graphics): Developed by the Joint Photographers Group as an alternative to the GIF format and, like GIF, is used for displaying images on the web and other online/screen based services. Preserves all colour information and alpha channels in an image and uses a lossless compression scheme to reduce file size. Now supported in all web browsers but used to need a specific browser plug-in for older browsers. • Best used for solid colour type images in its 8 bit format and for continuous tone type images in its 24 bit format. Raster Graphics Output Options

• Other Common File Formats: • PCT, PICT (PICTure): Native still image format. Can contain both bitmap & vector information. • TGA (TarGA): Still image format developed by Truevision. Available in a wide range of images from 8 bit to 32 bit depth and can be compressed using lossless compression or uncompressed. Was orginally designed for capturing video & outputting computer graphics or digital video to tape. • BMP (BitMaP): Microsoft developed as the native format for icons & images in the Windows environment. Available in a wide range of image types from 8 bit to 32 bit and can be compressed or uncompressed. Raster Graphics Output Options

• Other Common File Formats: • TIF, TIFF (Tagged Image ): Still image format developed by Aldus/Microsoft specifically for desktop publishing and print markets. It can use lossless compression and has slightly different implementations on PCs or Macs and available in many different versions. Most programs will now accept either the PC or Mac implementation. • Open EXR: Image format developed by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) for use in Computer Graphic applications and is used in all their movie productions and now widely adopted by other animation and feature film production houses. It supports 16 bits per channel which allows for a dynamic range of over 30 stops of exposure. It also supports both lossless and lossy compression.

Return to contents Raster Graphics Output Options

• Other Common File Formats: • RAW: Camera raw are like digital negatives. They are created by a variety of digital cameras and contain all the information the camera has about the image. The image information is directly captured from the camera sensor without filters and adjustments applied by the camera. This lets photographers interpret the image data rather than letting the camera make the adjustments and conversions. They are similar to TIFF files. A camera raw image file does not throw away any image information to generate a file--it's lossless--but camera raw image files have the advantage of being smaller than uncompressed TIFF files. Only camera raw images contain the actual data captured by the sensor without any in-camera processing.

Return to contents Bibliography

• Adobe help files. • Computer Arts magazine. • http://www.abccables.com/info-deep-color.html • http://www.gemaga.com/2007/12/28/taking-old- games-into-the-hd-era • http://www.openexr.com • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEXR