Cub Scout – Opening & Closing Parades

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cub Scout – Opening & Closing Parades 1 CUB SCOUT – OPENING & CLOSING PARADES BASED ON ENCOMPASS ARTICLES BY BC CUB SCOUTS – TIM GIBBINGS The notes, procedures and comments below are from an amalgamation, and some refinement, of a series of Qld Branch Encompass Articles written by Qld Branch Commissioner Cub Scouts – Tim Gibbings (KAA) from September 2014 to March 2015. The details are in accordance with the procedures contained in the Scouts Australia Ceremonies Book and the Cub Scout Leaders Handbook; with comments and clarification by the Author. Introduction One part of the Cub Scout Program that seems to cause a lot of angst, especially for Leader Trainers and the District and Region Leaders of Cub Scouts, is the standardisation of the Packs’ Opening and Closing Parades, and the individual ‘additions’ that exist because ‘that’s the way we do it’, etc. In the following article I take a look at this issue, with an aim of describing the processes (in accordance with what already exists in the Ceremonies Book and Cub Scout Leaders Handbook) and ‘debunking’ a few of the myths and common misconceptions and errors. I also provide some context and explanation, as appropriate, as to how elements of the Parades relate to the Jungle Book Theme. At the end of the Opening and Closing Parade information, I also briefly look at The Investiture and how that also is related to the Jungle Book Theme. I would welcome any comments you may have; please send them to BC Cub Scouts via email or Branch first and not post them on Facebook where they tend to unnecessarily ‘escalate’ confusion or doubt. The ‘Base Line’ Firstly, let me set the base line from which I will be commenting. The requirements for the Cub Scout Opening and Closing Ceremonies, including the Grand Howl, are outlined in the Scouts Australia Ceremonies Book, supplemented by the Cub Scout Leaders Handbook. I admit that the Ceremonies Book is a bit ‘disjointed’, as you have to go to separate Sections of the book to find out about the format for the various elements: the Grand Howl, the Flag, Layout, etc, and some of the ‘finer details’ to aid a deeper understanding are in the Cub Scout Leaders' Handbook. However, with a careful read of all relevant bits, many of the 'errors' could be addressed. So, please make the effort and revise the contents of the Ceremonies Book; including the first three pages of the Ceremonies Book, that covers ‘Introduction, Ceremonies, On the Conduct of Ceremonies and Smartness’, in order to set a context for the purpose and importance of Ceremonies. While the proper conduct of Ceremonies is important and also part of the developmental training for the Cub Scouts, please remember the Opening and Closing Parade is only a very small part of the program; it is not worth hours of effort and angst (this coming from an Army guy ‐ what would my Sergeant Major say?) which could be better spent on planning and running great programs. Also, for 2 those Leaders that go against the Ceremonies Book by choice and ‘customise’ elements of the parade, then it is unlikely that ‘re‐presenting the procedure, by the Book’ in this article will easily rectify the situation. On visits to Cub Packs, one of the main issues I see with the standard of the Parades is the standard the Leader/s sets and/or accepts, which significantly influences the Cub Scouts and their conduct during the parades; LEAD BY EXAMPLE. Opening & Closing Parade Elements of the Opening and Closing Parade: The Grand Howl is only a part of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies; the Cub Scout Section is the ONLY Section that has an additional ‘special’, traditional element as a standard (not optional) part of its Opening and Closing Ceremony. The basic elements of both ceremonies (by the Ceremonies Book) are: ‐ Inspection ‐ Call onto Parade (there is a Cub Scout only element here as well) ‐ Grand Howl (Cub Scouts only) ‐ Flag Break or Flag Down (depending whether Opening or Closing) ‐ Prayer ‐ ‘Break Off’ or ‘Dismiss’ (Good Night) (depending whether Opening or Closing) Inspection: There are no set rules as to what, how, etc, but it is usually the Sixers’ responsibility prior to parade. Call onto Parade: a. Initiated by a Cub Scout Leader, who is to be standing in their correct Parade position when they make the call, because they are calling the Cub Scouts to them. It is a special call, unique to the Cub Scouts of “PACK!, PACK!, PACK!”, loud and clear. b. NB. The call ‘Pack, Pack, Pack’ is only to be used to call the Cub Scouts onto Parade, NOT to get their attention or any other purpose; the call of “PAAACK!” is used to get their attention or Silence at other times. c. The Cub Scouts respond to the call to parade by passing on the call loudly with “Paaaaaack!” as they run (move quickly/smartly) onto the Parade Circle. d. NB. It is a Circle, not a horse shoe, or square or open box, etc. e. The call to parade represent Akela calling the wolves of the Seeonee Pack to Council Rock, where he could speak with them, and the other wolves of the Pack taking up the call, as they heard it, and passing it on through the Jungle. The Wolves would arrive and sit in a Circle around Council Rock, with Akela on the Rock in the centre. Before I was a Cub Scout Leader, many Cub Scout Dens used to have a Council Rock (some still do) on which the Pack Leader stood and the Cub Scouts formed a circle around the rock so the Leader was in the Centre – ask some of the ‘more experience’ Cub Scout Leaders, like the current Chief Commissioner of Queensland – sorry Chief. f. Assumingly for better control, the Cub Scout Leaders, including Akela, now stand as part of the Parade Circle, but on the opposite side of the Circle to the Flag Pole, so they do not have to ‘about‐ turn’ and turn their backs on the Pack during Flag Break or Lowering. If 3 space is tight, the Flag pole can be on the Parade Circle or in the centre of the Circle (though this is rare to see). g. On arrival to the Parade Circle, the Cub Scouts stand on the circle ‘as ease’ and silent. h. The Cub Scouts should be on the Circle in their Sixes, with the Sixer on the right hand end of the Six and the Second on the Left hand end – NOT the Sixer on the end of the Six closest to the Leaders. i. The other Cub Scout Leaders should move onto parade at the same time as the Cub Scouts and not by invitation; guests may be invited on as appropriate. Grand Howl: (If you are in any doubt as to the meaning and purpose of the Grand Howl and how it relates to the Jungle Book theme, please go to your Cub Scout Leaders’ Handbook, pages 56 and 57 (it may vary, but only by a page or two, depending on your edition) for the detail and history): a. Once on the parade, the Leader (Akela) – and it does not have to be the Pack Leader, all the Leaders should take turns at being Akela for parades – calls the Pack to ‘Alert’ (not Attention) – “Pack Alert” then almost immediately followed by “Pack At Ease”. This ensures the Leader has the Pack’s attention and they know the Grand Howl is about to start. b. NB. Ensure that before parade, the Duty Sixer and/or Second know who they are. c. Akela (the Leader taking the Parade) moves smartly to the Centre of the Parade Circle and stops, at the Alert, facing the Duty Sixer. d. Akela than raises their Arms, smartly, horizontally out to their side. This is the signal for the Pack to come smartly and ‘crisply’ to ‘Alert’. (There is no harm in occasionally doing it again, by saying ‘At Ease’ and raising the arms again, if not done well by the Pack.) e. The Leader (Akela) then lowers their arms to their sides – not too fast, but steadily and smartly. AS the leader’s arms go down, the Cub Scouts go down to the Squatting position – three fingers (like the Scout Sign), from each hand, straight and touching the ground/floor with their arms positioned between their legs/knees, NOT arms outside the legs – similar to what a Wolf would sit like on its haunches. f. The moment the Pack is in the Squatting position, the PACK – not just the Duty Sixer, though they might lead off – go straight into the Howl without further signal. g. The Howl – said clearly and ‘deliberately’ and not rushed (see ceremonies book for a guide to the timing) – “AR‐KAY‐LA WE‐E‐LL D‐O‐O O‐U‐U‐R BEST”. h. As the Pack completes saying ‘BEST’, they all LEAP into to the air (or to their feet standing upright) and place their hands, with three fingers (like the Scout Sign) pointing upwards, touching each temple – like Wolf Ears (NOT Eye Brows)– listening for the challenge. i. The Duty Sixer loudly says “DO YOUR BEST”; it should be said like a Challenge. j. All Cub Scouts then answer the Challenge by saying together, clearly and confidently, “WE’L‐ L DO OUR BEST” k. As the Pack says “We’ll Do Our Best”, they drop their left hands to their sides and make the Scout Salute with their right hand. l. During the “We’ll Do Our Best” only the Leader (Akela) taking the Howl should salute.
Recommended publications
  • The Cub Section a Guide for Leaders
    CUBS The Cub Section A Guide for Leaders 0800 SCOUTS scouts.org.nz Acknowledgements Published by SCOUTS New Zealand P.O. Box 11384 Wellington 6240 September 2013 Compiled from material supplied by: Lisa Card-Webb, Mark Grosvenor, Helen Powell Mike Blackburn. Edited by David Thorpe and Bob Macaulay. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 3 WELCOME ............................................................................................................ 3 HOW CUBS STARTED ............................................................................................... 3 BENEFITS OF BEING A CUB LEADER .............................................................................. 3 ABOUT THIS GUIDE ................................................................................................. 3 LEADERSHIP IN THE CUB SECTION .................................................................... 4 VOLUNTEERING AS A CUB LEADER ................................................................................ 4 LEADER TRAINING .................................................................................................. 4 CUB LEADER’S INVESTITURE ...................................................................................... 5 CUB LEADERS PROMISE ............................................................................................ 5 NAMES FOR CUB LEADERS ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Wolf Cub Leader's Handbook
    Intro WCLH Eng 09.qxd 4/30/09 10:32 AM Page A THE WOLF CUB LEADER’S HANDBOOK Published by Scouts Canada Product #20-201 © ISBN: 978-1-926557-02-1 2009 Intro WCLH Eng 09.qxd 4/30/09 10:32 AM Page B CONTACT INFORMATION PACK LEADERS OTHER LEADERS Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu Name: ¥ GROUP COMMISSIONER eu Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu SERVICE SCOUTERS/COMMISSIONER COUNCIL OFFICE Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu Name: Name: ¥ ¥ eu eu EMERGENCY SERVICES MEETING SPACE CARETAKER FIRE Name: ¥ ¥ u POLICE e ¥ HOSPITAL OTHER ¥ Name: ¥ eu Intro WCLH Eng 09.qxd 4/30/09 10:32 AM Page C SCOUTING’S MISSION STATEMENT Scouting’s Mission Statement s a member of the World Scouting Movement, AScouts Canada adopts the following statement as its Mission: The mission of Scouting is to contribute to the educa- tion of young people, through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Law, to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled as individuals and play a constructive role in society. This handbook has been prepared by Scouts Canada as a source of general information for their adults leaders, and provides guidelines only. Readers should consult with legal counsel prior to taking action based upon this publication to ensure that these guidelines and those actions comply with Law in their local jurisdiction. With respect to other organizations, Scouts Canada hereby disclaims any responsibility for any actions taken or not taken as a result of the information contained in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Mix in the the >Grand Howl Lower The
    Cubs Membership Award Find out about Ceremonies and Traditions in your Pack Goodbye (End of Meeting) Ceremony© By Samantha Eagle © All Rights Reserved 2013 © All Rights Reserved 2013 Copyright Notices © Copyright Samantha Eagle All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical or electronic, including photocopying and recording, or by any information and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The purchaser is authorised to use any of the information in this publication for his or her own use ONLY. For example, if you are a leader trainer you are within your rights to show any or all of the material to other leaders within your possession. However it is strictly prohibited to copy and share any of the materials with anyone. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to Samantha Eagle, PO Box 245, La Manga Club Murcia, 30389, Spain. Published by Samantha Eagle PO Box 245, La Manga Club Murcia, 30389, Spain. Email: [email protected] Legal Notices While all attempts have been made to verify information provided in this publication, neither Author nor the Publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions, or contrary interpretation of the subject matter given in this product. Page | 1 © All Rights Reserved 2013 Cubs Membership Award Find out about Ceremonies and Traditions in Your Pack Goodbye (End of Meeting) Ceremony© Overview Closing ceremonies mark the end of the pack meeting. This ceremony can reinforce the purposes of Cub Scouting for both children and adults. Most Packs will have their traditions and ceremonies set and are happy with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Jungle Safari Adventure Ideas Content
    Jungle Safari Adventure Ideas www.shac.org/jungle-theme In 1914, Scouting founder Robert Baden-Powell started a Scouting program based on Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book stories and targeted at younger boys in Britain. In 1914, Scouting founder Robert Baden-Powell started a Scouting program based on Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book stories. Take the Cub Scouts on a safari and help them discover fun and adventure in the wilds of Scouting. Learn why Africa is special to our founder Lord Baden-Powell. Find out how the Jungle Book story connects to Scouting. Use it and its characters to highlight den meeting games, crafts, and costumes for the pack meeting. Learn about the things you need if you are going on a safari and how would you survive. What do Scouts in Africa do? What are their uniforms like? Take a den trip to a local zoo, animal rescue facility, or wildlife refuge. Jungle/safari makes a great theme for pack meetings, banquets or day camp. • Pack Meetings: The pack meeting brings all the dens in the pack together for the purposes of recognizing the achievements of the Cub Scouts, communicating information about upcoming events, and providing a program that enriches the Cub Scouting experience. It helps the Cub Scouts realize their den is part of a larger organization. A good pack meeting should be well planned and well organized. Packs meet several times during the year – there is no required number. • Banquets: Most packs celebrate Scouting Anniversary Week in February with a birthday party called the blue and gold banquet; some packs do end of the year banquets.
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to St Mary Gillingham Mowgli Cub Pack
    Welcome to St Mary Gillingham Mowgli Cub Pack Scouting is one of the great success stories of the last 100 years. From an experimental camp for 20 boys on Brownsea Island in 1907, it has spread to 216 countries and territories, with an estimated 28 million members. Cubs is the second section of the Scouting movement, between Beavers and Scouts, originally started in 1916 for younger brothers who wanted to get involved. The section has constantly evolved and adapted what it does to meet member needs, and these days admits girls as well as boys. Cub Scouts are young people aged between 8 and 10 ½ who make up a Cub Pack A Pack of Cub Scouts is organised into Sixes. Each Six is named after a colour, with a Sixer and a Seconder in charge. Your pack is called Mowgli and we meet every Monday night during School Term at 7.00-8.30pm. On a pack night we have fun as a group playing active games like dodge ball and splat. We will do badge work like first aid and navigation. We also spend a lot of time outside building shelters and playing wide games. Every year you will have the chance to go on summer camp where we sleep in tents, have fun round the camp fire singing songs and performing stunts. We learn new skills like knotting and pioneering. We will go for hikes and earn more badges! You will even get the chance to go to an activity centre and try out abseiling, canoeing, climbing, archery and much more.
    [Show full text]
  • About Scouting
    Chapter01 WCLH Eng 09.qxd 4/30/09 9:13 AM Page 1 Chapter 1 - All About Scouting To understand how Cubbing can meet a Cub’s needs, let’s examine what Scouts Canada is trying to accom- plish. We’ll look at Scouting’s Principles and Mission, then see how Cubbing meets the Principles and Mission through the Cub program goals. Finally, we’ll see how to turn these into activities for Cubs through Scouting’s Practices. Scouting’s Principles Scouting is based on three broad principles, which represent its fundamental beliefs. Duty to God This is defined as: “Adherence to spiritual principles, loyalty to the religion that expresses them and acceptance of the duties resulting therefrom.” Duty to Others This is defined as: “Loyalty to one’s country in harmony with the promotion of local, national and international peace, understanding and cooperation,” and “Participation in the development of society, with recognition and respect for the dignity of one’s fellow-being and for the integrity of the natural world.” Duty to Self This is defined as: “Responsibility for the development of oneself.” This is in harmony with the educational purpose of the Scout Movement whose aim is to assist young people in the full development of their potential. Scouting’s core philosophy and values are expressed by the Principles. These form a “code of ethics” for how Scouting expects all members to conduct themselves while participating in activities. Cub Promise, Law and Motto The Cub Promise, Law, and Motto express the Principles in Cub terms. The Cub Promise I promise to do my best To love and serve God; To do my duty to the Queen; To keep the Law of the Wolf Cub pack; And to do a good turn for somebody every day.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scouter's Guide to the Canadian Path Canadianpath.Ca
    A Scouter’s Guide to The Canadian Path Canadianpath.ca CONTENTS Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Scouting—A Way Of Life ....................................................................................................................................................................................1 A Brief Introduction To The Sections ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Welcome To The Canadian Path ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Scout Method ...............................................................................................................................................................................................8 The Four Elements Of The Canadian Path ................................................................................................................................................... 12 A Balanced Program ..........................................................................................................................................................................................23 Personal Progression .........................................................................................................................................................................................29
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd Gosport Sea Scouts
    3rd Gosport Sea Scouts Introduction This is your Cub handbook. In these pages you will find lots of useful information to introduce you to Cub Scouting. It tells you what to expect and what is expected of you. Cub Scouts are people like you, usually aged between 8 ² 10½. We meet in a pack and do all sorts of different activities As a Cub Scout you will: o Have lots of fun o Try lots of new things o Play games o Make friends o Explore your area You may have swum up from Beaver Scouts and know a bit about Scouting DOUHDG\2U\RXPD\EHQHZWR6FRXWLQJ,I\RXDUHGRQ·WZRUU\² \RX·OOVRRQ be having fun! The Pack is part of the 3rd Gosport Scout Group. The Group also have a Beaver Colony and a Scout Troop. The leaders are called after characters in the Jungle Book. You can read about the Jungle Book later. Akela is in charge of the Cub Pack. Baloo and Bagheera will run games and other activities. Raksha will tell you what you need to do for your badges and awards, teach you all about the Law and the Promise and organise cool trips out. The Pack is organised into Sixes. This is a team that you will do activities and games in. An older Cub Scout, called a Sixer, leads each Six. A Sixer is a bit like a team captain. The Sixer has another older Scout to help him called a Seconder. When a Cub is made a Sixer or Seconder they get a special badge to wear RQWKHLUDUPFDOOHG¶6WULSHV· During your first few meetings you will learn about our pack and how to be a Cub Scout.
    [Show full text]
  • 1938 Policy, Organisation and Rules
    THE BOY SCOUTS ASSOCIATION (Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1912) POLICY, ORGANISATION AND RULES 1938 Effective from 1st October Page 1 of 96 “Rules on how to play the game of Scouting for boys.” B.-P. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS A.C.C. … … … … … Assistant County Commissioner A.C.M. … … … … … Assistant Cubmaster A.D.C. … … … … … Assistant District Commissioner. A.R.S.L. … … … … Assistant Rover Scout Leader. A.S.M. … … … … … Assistant Scoutmaster. Ak.L. … … … … Akela Leader. C.C. … … … … County Commissioner . C.M. … … … … Cubmaster. D.C.C. … … … … … Deputy Camp Chief. D.R.S.L. … … … … District Rover Scout Leader. D.S.M. … … … … … District Scoutmaster. G.S.M. … … … … … Group Scoutmaster. I.H.Q. … … … … Imperial Headquarters L.A. … … … … Local Association P.O.R. … … … … Policy, Organisation and Rules (i.e., the current edition of this publication). R.S.L. … … … … Rover Scout Leader S.M. … … … … Scoutmaster. Page 2 of 96 DEFINITIONS GROUP. —The complete unit of the three sections, Wolf Cub Pack, Boy Scout Troop, and Rover Scout Crew. The term "Group " applies to the unit even if lacking one or more of the sections. SCOUTER. —Any person who holds a warrant. For convenience, where necessary, Scouters are distinguished as :— Scouters (C).—Those engaged in Wolf Cub work. Scouters (S).—Those engaged in Boy Scout work. Scouters (R).—Those engaged in Rover Scout work. GROUP SCOUTER. ---A term including the G.S.M. and any Scouter of any section of the Group. DISTRICT SCOUTER. —A term including D.C.M., D.S.M., and D.R.S.L., but not Commissioner. SCOUT (printed in italics) includes Wolf Cub, Boy Scout, and Rover Scout.
    [Show full text]
  • CSL Guide to Cub Scouting
    Written by Sivalingam Shaun & Amalina Binte Basri 1st Edition, April 2015 Copyright © 2015, The Singapore Scout Association. All rights reserved. PERSONAL AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE LIMITATION Unless otherwise specified, the author(s) reserve the rights to the contents in this handbook and they are for personal and non-commercial use only. You may not modify copy, distribute, reproduce, publish or sell any information or images. The readers are most encouraged to use the material for your Scout Group but due acknowledgement must be given. All otherwise unauthorized use and reproduction are strictly prohibited and you are advised to write in for permission. The listed items as per acknowledged remain the properties of each applicable organisation, and rules and regulations of each respective organisation govern their usage. Unauthorized usage or reproduction, in part or whole, may be an infringement of their legal rights of these organisations. Contact each respective organisation for written permission. DISCLAIMER The information contained in this handbook is for the purpose of providing general information only. While the author(s) has made every effort to ensure that all information and instructions given in this book are accurate and safe, he does not accept any liability for any resulting damage or loss to either person or property whether direct or consequential howsoever arising. The author(s) also makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the accuracy of the information contained in this handbook. The information in this handbook is provided by the author(s), and any views or opinions presented in this handbook are solely of those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Singapore Scout Association or the Scouting Movement in general, which do not take responsibility for them, or any damage or loss to either person or property whether direct or consequential howsoever arising that result from the use of this handbook.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Jungle Story the Night of the Full Moon, Through the Jungle to the Council Circle
    The First Jungle Story the night of the full moon, through the jungle to the Council Circle. There the wolves looked over the young Cubs so they It was a warm summer night would know them if they met them in the jungle. when Tabaqui, The Jackal, the mean sly mischief-maker, crept Then Shere Khan roared from the trees, “What to the cave of Mother and have the Free People to do with a Man Cub in Father Wolf. “Shere Khan, the the Pack?” big one, has shifted his hunting grounds. He will hunt among AKELA Akela, the Pack Leader, reminded the Wolves these hills,” he told them. LEADER OF THE PACK that if there was an argument about a Cub, two others would have to speak for him. Father Wolf was upset, because Shere Khan, the tiger, killed cattle and angered the villages, bringing trouble to the jungle. But as they So Baloo, the brown bear, stood up and said, listened, they heard the angry, snarly whine of the tiger. “He is “I will speak for the Man Cub. hunting man!” said Mother Wolf. “Listen, something is coming!” I will teach him the Laws of” the Jungle, just as I teach all Father Wolf crouched, then halted in mid-spring. “Man!” he BALOO T EACHER OF THE the other Cubs.” snapped, “a man’s cub. Look!” His jaws closed gently over the JUNGLE LAWS little boy’s back and he carried him into the cave and placed him And a black shadow dropped from the trees. It was the mighty amongst the other cubs.
    [Show full text]
  • By the CHIEF SCOUT
    THE OUTLOOK By THE CHIEF SCOUT I spent a most interesting week, starting with Durham on Whit Let me repeat again, they are not to blame. The Cub who can sit Saturday and Sunday, then, going to the South of Scotland and still for an hour is either a miracle or a corpse, he could not be a finishing up with Ayrshire. It is some time since I did my first Cub! round of these Counties, and it was interesting comparing So, very reluctantly, no Cubs. The enjoyment of the others is conditions then and now. Probably the most noticeable thing was spoiled when they are present. Secondly, we generally start with far the smart turnout of the Scouts, and the great improvement in their too close a circle. You can pull them in but you can’t push them camping. I don’t say that it was perfect, but there were very few out. The tendency is anyway to edge in, so let’s start a bit wider. A cases indeed where it was not up to a very reasonable standard. I Camp fire with many thousands present is a very different thing cannot, however, understand how a Troop can leave unmistakable from the little family circle of the Troop. Thirdly, an imaginative signs of cows in the kitchen. We haven’t yet reached the stage opening can ensure the proper atmosphere. There are many when scorching of turf by the fire is always avoided through too different ways, but the thrusting of a torch deep into the heart of the sparing removal of the sods and too little confinement of the fire, fire does have a thrill about it which arouses expectations.
    [Show full text]