Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar …

ALFUAD JOURNAL, 5 (1), 2021, (73-85)

(E-ISSN 2714-7606 P-ISSN 2614-4786 ) Available online at http://ecampus.iainbatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/alfuad

Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar in The Reform Era

Yanti Mulia Roza Abstract: The purpose of this tribal research is to identify Institut Agama Islam Negeri , patterns of internal conflict in Tanah Datar District, which is located in three sub-districts. The method used is qualitative Email: [email protected] descriptive analysis with historical and sociological approaches. The primary sources were interviews with indigenous groups; LKAAM, KAN (Kerapatan Adat Nagari), MTKAAM (High Council for Natural Density Minangkabau), chiefs of the two conflicting parties, chairman of the MUI, Alim Ulama in nagari, secondary sources; books, articles and journals. Data analysis using constant comparative analysis method (grounded theory research). In the reform era, the struggle for the title of sako is not only to get tribal heritage and dignity, but is influenced by political needs and prestige.

Keywords: Conflict, Accommodation, Internal, Tribe

INTRODUCTION traditional and religious activities did not The conflict between custom and change, because customs and religion are religion has been going on for a long time inherent in the life of the Minangkabau in West , culminating in the return people. of three scholars from Makkah, namely This conflict and accommodation Haji Sumanik, Haji Miskin and Haji between traditional and religious groups Piobang who wanted to purify the resulted in a resolution, namely an teachings of Islam in Minangkabau, agreement known as the Basandi Syarak especially in Luhak nan Tuo. In 1803 the Customary Philosophy, Syarak Basandi ulema movement was welcomed by the Kitabullah (ABS-SBK) which became a Tuanku (religious leaders) in binder, unifying the adat and religion in Minangkabau, but was challenged by Minangkabau society. However, in traditional groups. At the same time, the actualization there are still conflicts Dutch colonialists used the penghulu between these two groups. In the post- (customary leaders) for their political independence period, conflicts with the interests, but although the Dutch politically government were added. One of the causes and economically controlled Minangkabau, of internal conflict in the Minangkabau

73 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … community is regarding the distribution of and "Back to Surau". This discourse has inheritance, this conflict continues all the also resulted in conflicting perceptions time. The inheritance system to the between indigenous groups and the maternal line is difficult to change until government and religious groups with the now, this was once opposed by the cleric government. Returning to the nagari means Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau that the people of are during the 20th century Islamic renewal. returning to their efforts to activate the role The conflict continued until the New of local culture in the government system. Order era. One of the reasons was the Indigenous groups wish to maintain and enactment of Law Number 5 of 1979 preserve their respective regional customs concerning Village Administration, the so that they do not disappear from the lives smallest uniformity of government of the community and the younger throughout Indonesia in the form of a generation. This discourse also resulted in Village. According to the people of West horizontal conflicts between traditional Sumatra (West Sumatra) this system has institutions in West Sumatra in terms of eliminated the concept of nagari (the term technical approaches to the community. for the village in West Sumatra) as it has Religious groups demand the enforcement been used for a long time by the of Islamic law and eradicate immorality at of West Sumatra. the provincial to district/city levels, is no The implementation of the village exception in . government system eliminates the cultural Therefore, local governments must values of ulayat (people) land by the respond to the wishes of these religious certification program. This has also drawn and customary groups. protests from the people of West Sumatra. Conflicts over heirloom titles and To accommodate traditional groups, the heirloom treasures continued at the tribal West Sumatra provincial government and Nagari levels in the Reformation Era. formed the LKAAM (Minangkabau The government accommodates Natural Customary Density Institution) indigenous peoples and religions by Ormas, Bundo Kanduang Ormas in every issuing Regional Regulations, appeals, and district and city. appeals to Governors and Regents or The enactment of the Regional Mayors relating to Islamic Shari'a rules Autonomy Law No. 22 of 1999. In 1999 and those relating to customs. Conflict the beginning of the Reformation, the between customary, religious and popular discourses were "Back to Nagari" government institutions occur at the

74 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … district level. Happeninginternal tribal chronological characteristics of the period conflicts over the title of inheritance and government and conflict background inheritance. There were fundamental sustainable in West Sumatra. The changes as a result of the religious sociological approach is used to see the revolution, after the collapse of the New behavior of each community group in Order, there were regulatory changes social and religious interactions. Sociology during the 15 years of the is a special science to study social Reformation.This research focuses on aggregates and groups in institutional examining the conflict and accommodation organizations, as well as the factors and among ethnic groups in Tanah Datar consequences of changes in social Regency, West Sumatra. . institutions and organizations.Peter Connoly, 2002: 271-172)]. METHOD Data collection is done by The method used in this research is looking directly at the social facts of the qualitative descriptive analysis based on community, namely religious social concepts and theories that are considered activities and ritualscustoms carried out by relevant [Sitting Abdurrahman. 1999: 3]. the community, both personally and in SWhile the description presented will be groups. Local government documents analyzed from the perspective of a number Tanah Datar district and West Sumatra of phenomena and patterns of conflict and Province which are used as primary data accommodation inter-agencyor group. The regarding the topics of this research form of the research is a case study, taking include: regional regulations, customary several cases that occurred at the district and religious agreements, interviews, as level and several cases at the nagari well as government documents, customary (village) level. approach; historical, documents petitihboth written and sociological. conflict study and unwritten (oral) from informants of accommodation between customs and traditional, religious leaders and former religion involving two institutionsmajor local government officials. While actors who play a role in implementing the secondary and supporting data were ABS-SBK philosophy. In interactionIn obtained from magazines, local and achieving their respective goals, there is national newspapers, wise words of adat often a conflict of perception and and religion, as well as contemporary accommodation often occurs. Historical diaries, books in the library of scientific approach used to understand the journals, articles and results of field

75 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … observations. All data sources were was carried out using a constant obtained from in-depth interviews with comparative analysis method (grounded community leaders, traditional leaders, theory research). This analysis is carried religious leaders and the results of out on patterns and cases of conflict and readings, discussions and studies in the accommodation between custom and library. Researchers look at rituals in the religion The indicators that are used as community in accommodation between comparison materials are related to the customs, religion and government, field of leadership, regional policies, researcherssee some of the community's institutional and traditional life [Atho ceremonial activities directly. For example, Mudzhar, 2011]. traditional ceremonial customs, religious The data analysis procedure is as activities and activities carried out by the follows; data reduction, data presentation, Tanah Datar local government. Traditional conclusion drawing and data verification. activities such as ceremonial wedding Research This was done in Tanah Datar processions, forty days of babies being Regency West Sumatra Province. Tanah born, commemoration of Islamic holidays, Datar District . This research lasted for 1 batagak gala (inauguration of traditional year starting from December 2016 to heirloom titles) and ceremonies other March 2017. custom [Peter Connoly, 2002: 269]. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Among the sources of research Internal Tribal Conflict in Tanah Datar subjects in interviews, consisting of: First, Relevant studies include: First, indigenous groups; head of LKAAM research by Taufik Abdullah, Adat and Tanah Datar , member of KAN (Nagari Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Customary Density), MTKAAM Minangkabau. The research was conducted administrator (Customary Density High in 1966. There is an eternal conflict Council Minangkabau Nature), between customs and Islamic law and the /Progenitortribal chiefs from both sides of concepts that exist in society are the conflict, Bundo biological, clever ambiguous. It means that the relationship clever. Second, religious leaders; MUI between people is regulated by customary chairman (Indonesian Ulema Council) law and the relationship with God is Tanah Datar Regency, Alim Ulama in the regulated by religious law. The conclusion nagari. Interviews with people involved in of this study shows that society is not able religious activities both in the mosque and to unite two opposing values, this struggle in the surau. Data analysis in this study

76 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … occurs continuously between adat and government has seriously damaged the religion in social fragmentation in customary system in the nagari. The reason Minangkabau. is that with this regulation, the penghulu The identity of the Minang people and his nephews can easily sell ulayat land, consists of 4 things, namely having a tribe, whereas initially the inheritance was for a sako title (heirloom), inheritance (high the benefit of the penghulu.in carrying out central wealth and low inheritance) and the the wheels of tribal leadership in order to last religion is one religion, namely Islam. uphold customs, not personal interests, this If his religion is not Islam, it means he is happened during the New Order period and not Minang. The title of inheritance is a continued in the Reformation Order. The title that is owned by every tribe in Reform Order has even further undermined Minangkabau. During the Reformation indigenous peoples and the government is era,there is a struggle for the title of sako, increasingly not synergizing with for example in Nagari Pangian there is a indigenous groups. [Muslim struggle for the title of pusako or datuak Interview:2017]. (the title of heirloom or datuk) with the According to the head of Bundo person with the title of datuk having an Kanduang nagariSikaladi Pariangan that inheritance of heirlooms, such as rice the heirloom title conflict in the Pariangan fields, fields and lurah or what is called nagari is in line with the land dispute sako and pusako. The title is won by a conflict. The ambiguity of the division of person who, according to him, also bears high inheritance inheritance (high his nephew according to the genealogy or inheritance is a hereditary property family lineage, but is not recognized by inherited from ancestors controlled by nationality by KAN (Kerapatan Adat tribes) in the previous era so that the Nagari) and is only recognized in tribal conflict passed down to their children and circles only his people [Interview grandchildren (Inayah Interview: 2017). Darmayeti: 2017]. The findings in the field are mostly about During the New Order era, the the problems of sako (datuak or penghulu government made a bridge to certify ulayat title) and pusako (heirloom treasures) that land which was called the mass certificate occur in tribes in the nagari in Tanah Datar program from the BPN (National Land Regency. This study only took case Agency), then ulayat lands in the nagari samples in 3 villages, namely Nagari were certified by the ninik mamak or Pariangan in Pariangan District, Nagari penghulu. According to Muslim, the Limakaum in Limakaum District and

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Nagari Batu Bulek in North Lintau Buo The motivation for fighting over the District, Tanah Datar Regency. title of adat (datuak) for some community Sako and pusako conflicts often leaders is to gain prestige in the cannot be resolved by consensus among community so that they get the sympathy families and tribes, sometimes conflict of the people they lead. There are at least cases are forced brought to the district four things that cause a person to have a court and even to the Supreme Court. title and be called a datuk: 1) Due to old Many dispute complaints cannot be age (call his grandson); 2) The factor of resolved by the court because the court mastery of customary knowledge; 3) The does not dare to enter customary territory, title given through the slaughter of buffalo so land disputes like that are returned to in the nagari; 4) The title that applies in the customary settlements [Jubaedah red land (currently burial) the corpse of the Interview: 2017]. Even if it cannot be old datuk) [Syahril Amga interview: 2017]. resolved by custom, eventually the two The titles up for grabs are the third parties to the dispute are hostile or in category of the title of datuk, the title given conflict all the time. through the slaughter of buffalo and the This conflict continued to occur both fourth category of titles that are dilewakan in the New Order and the Reformation (called) in the red land (cemetery). Cases Order, eventually this problem hung and of fighting for the title of datuk often there were occasional verbal wars between occur, for example in Nagari Pangian the two disputing parties, such as the case Lintau Buo and in Nagari Tigo Jangko, of the seizure of inheritance in the these cases are difficult to resolve, the Pariangan village.Pariangan district. Land party with the money will win in this disputes that occur between two families matter. Because the decision is that ninik within the tribe when it cannot be resolved mamak and ninik mamak can be bribed by custom, then the two sides of the family with money to side with one of those are hostile to each other to their children fighting for the title [Muslim Interview: and grandchildren, even for one generation 2017] to two generations there is conflict. Cases Conflict over heirloom titles before like this happen a lot, not infrequently wars the Reformation Orderdifferent from the of words and revenge smolder to the death Reform Order era. The factors for the title of not attending each other's traditional of datuk to be contested are first, the activities. [Interview Inayah: 2017] motivation to get an inheritance; second, encouragement from the nuclear family

78 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … and the mamak of the saparuik to maintain leaders to mobilize the masses to gain the the existence of their family; third, just votes of the people who will vote for them want to get prestige/respect in the in the legislative or regional head elections community so that with the title of datuk (elections for regional heads) and it is not will be close to officials both executive uncommon for these tribal chiefs to and legislative. Presumably the direct participate in the contestation of legislative election system makes executive and elections (elections). legislative). legislative candidates approach the The above display corresponds to penghulu (tribal head) so that they get vote Conflict theory perspective Randhal support through the position of datuk Collins said that conflict did not leave the katena datuk is considered a person who theory of solidarity, social, social ideals, has tenure, at least the nephews he leads social sentiments, and feelings. Power, [Interview:HM. Yunus Sirhan: 2017]. The authority or influence is a trait of an case of conflict over titles in Nagari Batu interactional process, not a trait of an Bulek is the same as in other villages, individual's personality. The most namely sangketa sako (dayuk titles) and important thing in Collins' theory is that pusako (heirlooms). Culture of deliberation conflict does not analyze ideals and morals Consensus is still ongoing to resolve the as sacred.George Ritzer. Sociology; 1975: nagari or kampuang (kampung) issues, but 14]. the conflict over the sako title is not easily Conflict cases fighting over the title resolved by deliberation. of inheritance in each nagari have different The internal tribal conflicts that backgrounds. The following are examples occurred were a continuation of past of cases of conflict over the title of sako conflicts, during the Reformation period and pusako in Tanah Datar Regency: a) conflicts within the tribes were The case of conflict over the title of increasingly prevalent. This is due not only inheritance that occurred in Nagari Batu to obtaining inheritance, but rather to the Bulek, North Lintau District. Name the existence of the tribe, the authority to lead first party who is holding the title of the tribe. By bearing the title of datuk or heirloom of the Kutianyie (Kutianyir) heirloom title, automatically social status tribe's top datuk. The title of inheritance will increase in the community and social that Datuak Mustafa is fighting for [Final goals will be achieved. The executive and Interview: 2016]. After a long time this legislative candidates during the campaign title has been carried by the first party, the period will approach tribal and religious second party now wants to win the title.

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According to the second party, they should and pay off debts to the mosque, each be the most entitled to bear the title of replacing the title of sako (every heirloom, because according to the history year).formalize the title of sako must give they received from their grandmother, they some money for the nagari mosque) were closest to the datuk who held the [Afdirijal interview: 2016]. Disputes like previous title. the title, therefore the title this continue to this day between the two was given to a man who was on the side of sides. a nephew who was some distance away. The traditional title of Paduko Kayo The height of this dispute was when from the Piliang tribe, this sako title has Datuk Mustafa died. Parties 1 and 2 are been in the lap of the first party and when fighting for the title of heirloom, when the Datuk Paduko died, at the funeral (at the first party decides who will bear the title, funeral in Tanah Merah) it was announced but the second party does not agree to it to the public that the nephew who would and vice versa. Finally, until now the Sako assume the title was Jalisman. Datuk title could not be confirmed by KAN Batu clothes have been directly handed over to Bulek Nagari Batu Bulek [Interview his nephew symbolically. When Datuk Usputra Veferi: 2016]. This problem was Paduko died in 2009 his body was brought tried to be solved by ninik mamak (tribal to his people's gadang house. In the rumah chiefs) who were gathered in KAN (Nagari gadang (traditional house) the ninik Customary Density). KAN facilitated both mamak first discussed who would be parties to settle the dispute, but neither appointed as the head of the head/datuk as party wanted to budge, so the heirloom his successor, then from the results of the title of Datuk Mustafa has not been applied deliberation it was decided that Jalisman to any party until now and his datuk's (near nephew) would replace the deceased, clothes have been hung (the term is fakum) At the funeral it was announced that as the for a while until one day both parties have successor or recipient of the Dauak Paduku agreed. agreed. To re-apply this title to the throne was Jalisman and his datuak's holder, then it must be done by Alek oversized clothes were immediately put on batagak gala (the inauguration party of the symbolically at that time. The second party title or the term, releasing / inaugurating wanted to win the title because according the Datuak title). To get rid of this title, to him from Tungganai (another you need a large amount of funds, for the grandmother) he felt entitled to also bear party you have to slaughter a buffalo, fill the title of sako. A conflict arose between an envelope to give it to the tribal leaders these two mounts. The second party

80 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … approached the village leaders so that he b) The case that occurred in Nagari would be recognized in KAN. This second Pariangan, Pariangan District, the title party built their own gadang house and being contested was Datuak Marajo from made their own oversized clothes because the Koto tribe, this sako title still has the in that village he was a famous and rich heirloom of satumpuak (a pile) of rice person. In the end, KAN inaugurated or fields for those who hold the sako title inaugurated the second party who won the Datuak Marajo. Since Datuk Marajo died title. The second party wanted to win the in 2000, no one has held this sako title title because according to him from because the first and the second parties did Tungganai (another grandmother) he felt not agree with each other. The second entitled to also bear the title of sako. A party did not agree with the appointment of conflict arose between these two mounts. the heirloom title in the lap of the first The second party approached the village party and vice versa the first party did not leaders so that he would be recognized in want to give the title to the second party, KAN. This second party built their own because they did not agree within his clan. gadang house and made their own So the KAN in the Parianagan nagari could oversized clothes because in that village he not ratify it, so there were no was a famous and rich person. In the end, representatives of this tribe who KAN inaugurated or inaugurated the represented the density of the nagari adat. second party who won the title. The second Until now the problem of conflict over the party wanted to win the title because title of Sako Datuak Marajo could not be according to him from Tungganai (another resolved. Conflicts like this are detrimental grandmother) he felt entitled to also bear to the tribe in the nagari, namely there is the title of sako. A conflict arose between no representation in the customary density these two mounts. The second party of the nagari [Interview Datuk Siema: approached the village leaders so that he 2017]. The researcher interviewed with the would be recognized in KAN. This second first party that for our side there is no party built their own gadang house and problem, if it is not recognized in KAN made their own oversized clothes because and in a state, our father is not included in in that village he was a famous and rich KAN and nagari meetings because we do person. In the end, KAN inaugurated or not need legitimacy from the ninik mamak inaugurated the second party who won the (KAN). For the first party, there is no need title. for formal acknowledgment from KAN or the nagari, the important thing is that the

81 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … nephew's son still recognizes as the leader two conflicting parties, to waive the title of his tribe and there are nephews was not approved by the ninik mamak (families) who will be led by his datuk, nagari (KAN). while the party who seizes is called the Based on the cases that have been second party only leads a few families put forward and from the data from free even though in nagari are recognized by interviews from community leaders in the the government and KAN [ Zainal Abidin villages in Tanah Datar Regency, the interview, 2017]. In fact, this second party researcher concludes that in almost every was elected as the chairman of KAN in the village there are cases of conflict over the nagari. title of inheritance and inheritance. In the The nephew (nephew of a penghulu Reformation Era, each tribe member of a younger or older sister) who wanted to maintain their identity and recognizes the penghulu to the first party is because of the growing development of not allowed to have customary relations tribal members who had the desire for the with the second party penghulu. It is not goals described above. allowed to invite a second party to parties, People who are well-known for their deaths and other traditional celebrations religious beliefs with the ABS-SBK and vice versa if invited by a second party philosophy, but in terms of the existence of is not allowed to attend. If found violating, heirloom titles, each group wants to get the nephew (tribal member) who violates and maintain it, even though the will be subject to sanctions even the consequences will be hostile under heaviest sanctions are removed from the customary law all the time. This is in mount or no longer recognized in the accordance with the theory put forward by mount. Jeffrey Hadler that conflicts are the dynamics of the development of Islamic The case that occurred in Nagari Limakaum, Limakaum District thought and movement in West Sumatra., The case of the struggle for the title Minangkabau Muslim culture and of sako and pusako in the Five Peoples of cultureencourage aggressiveness. Minangkabau is a unique area, in the midst the Patopang Tribe, the first and second parties felt they deserved to hold the title, of a strong religious culture, besides that, matrilineal (customary) culture can also but KAN could not settle it, so until now the title was just put down, it could not be grow and develop. The richness of the ignored or inaugurated because there were socio-cultural dynamics of Minangkabau makes it one of the ethnic groups that have

82 | Alfuad Volume 5 Number 1, June 202 1 , P a g e 73- 85 Yanti Mulia Roza: Internal Tribal Conflict in The Regency of Tanah Datar … played a role in the process of nation- Pisang Koto, may marry, as well as the building[Jeffrey Hadler, 2008: 30].The Dalimo tribe (Dalimo long and Dalimo similarity with Taufik Abdullah's research singkek/short), but between umbrella is that there is conflict in Minangkabau Datuak Marajo and payuang Datuak Siama society. The difference is in the subject of / Datuak Majo Basa / Datuak Bunsu cannot the conflict, TaufikAbdullah saw eternal marry , because these are called se-tribes. conflict between adat and religion, while in You can't mix two women of the same this study we find eternal conflicts within ethnicity. It is not permissible for a woman the tribe due to the issue of inheritance and to marry the husband of another woman of the title of sako (datuk). the same ethnicity (even though her first Almost every tribe in the villages in wife has allowed it). Not allowed to marry Tanah Datar Regency has conflict, without the knowledge of niniak mamak although with different backgrounds. From (elopement), if there is a violation of the field findings, the three focal points of customary rules or religious norms (zina), the cases investigated are the tendency of then customary sanctions are applied, in the community to want to strengthen tribal the form of; expelled from the village, for unity and at the same time their tribal those who marry within the same ethnic customs. Because in the Reformation Era group are ostracized from society, for for the 2006-2015 period, the local those who elope, pick up their husbands government has strengthened the existence from women who are ethnic groups, of tribal chiefs for community commit adultery. development, to apply the ABS-SBK Conflicts can sometimes be resolved philosophy, as can be seen from several by custom and some have to be resolved regional regulations that accommodate through civil or criminal law applicable in traditional groups, in this case tribal chiefs the Unitary State of the Republic of (penghulu) who are members of the KAN Indonesia (NKRI) and not infrequently institution.As Nagari Pariangan Jorong these conflicts cannot be resolved at all. So Sikaladi has customary rules and sanctions that in one tribe they do not visit each imposed in the Nagari. Some of the other in traditional ceremonies carried out customary agreements formulated by the or held by both parties. However, in terms tribal chiefs in Jorong Sikaladi that are of daily interactions, apart from traditional valid to date are: No marriage of the same affairs, there is still a harmonious ethnic group. In the Koto tribe, the Koto relationship. tribe, namely the Malay Koto and the

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CONCLUSION Franz, Von Benda-Beckmann, & Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, (2012) The internal tribal conflicts that Identity in Dispute: Law, Religion, occurred before the Reformation were and Identity in Minangkabau. Asian Ethnicity, 13(4). caused by the struggle for the title of sako Hadler, J. (2008). Sengketa Tiada Putus, and inheritance. In the reformation era, it Muslim and Matriarchs: Cultural Rasiliens in Indonesia Though Jihad was not solely because they wanted to and Colonialism, Cornell University seize inheritance and sako titles. The Pres M.S, Amir. (2007). Masyarakat Adat struggle for the title of sako, the existence Minangkabau Terancam Punah. of tribes and their rides, but more because Jakarta: PT Mutiara Sumber Widya, Mudzhar, A. (2011). Pendekatan Studi they want to be respected and get social Islam Dalam Teori dan Praktek. status in society. Some of these disputes Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Ritzer, George. (1975). Sociology: A are settled within the tribe alone, some Multiple Paradigm Science Revised have to go to the Nagari Customary Court Edition. London. Boston. Sydnney, Toronto. (KAN) and even have to go to court. Wawancara Darmayeti (bundo kanduang Uniquely, even though they have internal keturunan datuak) 4 Desember 2017, jam 15.00 WIB di Lintau Buo. conflicts within the tribe, they Wawancara Jubaedah Wakil Ketua accommodate each other in religious, Pengadilan Agama Batusangkar, 26 Juli 2017 di Batusangkar. economic and government affairs Wawancara Inayah (ketua Bundo activities. Kanduang), 10 Mei 2017 di Pariangan. In order to avoid conflicts within the Wawancara Muslim (tokoh masyarakat), ethnic groups in Tanah Datar, there must 30 Juni 2017, jam 19.00 WIB di Lintau Buo. be clear regulations regarding inheritance, Wawancara Inayah (Bundo Kanduang sako titles and the election of a datuk that Sikaladi), 10 Mei 2017, jam 13.00 WIB di Pariangan. is regulated by a traditional institution Wawancara Syahril Amga Ketua (KAN). MTKAAM Kabupaten Tanah Datar 2 November 2017 di Batusangkar.

wawancara Muslim (tokoh masyarakat), 30 REFERENCES Juni 2017, jam 19.00 WIB di Lintau Abdurrahman, D. (1999). Metode Buo. Wawancara HM.Yunus Sirhan (ketua Penelitian Sejarah. Ciputat: PT. IKTD Sumatera Utara), wawncara, Logos Wacana Ilmu. 27 September 2017 di Pagaruyung. Wawancara Akhyar tokoh Agama Nagari Abdullah, T. (1966). Adat and Islam: An Batu Bulek 4 September 2016 di Examination of Conflict in Lintau Utara. Minangkabau, Jurnal Indonesa, 2(3). Wawancara Usputra Veferi(anggota KAN Connoly, P. (2002). Aneka Pendekatan Batu Bulek), Sabtu, 3 September Studi Agama.Yogyakarta: Lkis.

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2016 di Jorong Aur duri, Nagari Batu Bulek Kecamatan Lintau Buo Utara Wawancara Joni Aryuda, Tokoh masyarakat Batu Bulak, 12 Maret 2018. Wawancara Afdirijal Tokoh masyarakat Nagari Batu Bulek Lintau Utara, 14 September 2016 di Lintau Utara. Wawancara Tokoh Adat Pariangan Datuk Siema di Paringan, 20 Maret 2017. Wawancara Zainal Abidin, Tokoh masyarakat Lintau Buo, 01 Maret 2017 di Kecamatan Lintau Buo. Wawancara Datuk Siema di Pariangan, 20 Maret 2017. Terdapat dalam monografi Nagari Pariangan Kabupaten Tanah Datar.

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