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190X ECONOMICA Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat Vol.9 No.1 (66 – 85)

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190X ECONOMICA Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat Vol.9 No.1 (66 – 85) ISSN : 2302 - 1590 E-ISSN: 2460 – 190X ECONOMICA Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat Vol.9 No.1 (66 – 85) THE TOURISM DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS: USING THE PROMETHEE GAIA MODEL By: Ansofino1), Sari Lenggogeni2), Heru Aulia Rahman3), Verinita4), Eri Besra5) 1)Economic Department, STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat, Jl. Gunung Pangilun No. 1 Padang, 25144 Email: [email protected] 2)Economic Faculty, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Complex Unand Limau Manis Padang Email: [email protected] 3)Economic Faculty, Dharma Andalas University, West Sumatra, Padang Email: fekon.unand.ac.id 4)Economic Faculty, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Complex Unand Limau Manis Padang Email: fekon.unand.ac.id 5)Economic Faculty, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Complex Unand Limau Manis Padang Email: fekon.unand.ac.id Submitted: 2020.05.15 Reviewed: 2020.10.23 Accepted:2020.10.26 https://doi.org/10.22202/economica.2020.v9.i1.4063 Abstract The focus of this research's attention is how to rank the competitiveness of West Sumatra tourist destinations by using aspects of 3A2P, which tourist destinations have advantages and what design policies should be done. Research was conducted on nine main destinations. The study uses the promethee ranking method, sensitivity analysis and GAIA plane analysis. The results showed that the competitiveness of West Sumatra tourist destinations is determined by the aspects of promotion and accessibility aspects, but the aspects of amenity and attractiveness have not yet been successfully addressed, so that promotions carried out in general have made return visits low and many problems have disrupted the beauty, comfort, safety and even environmental damage, due to the promotion of tourism that has not been accompanied by the provision of amenities in the tourist destination. There are three tourist destination areas that have advantages in 3A2P aspects in West Sumatra namely Padang City, Bukittinggi City and Sawahlunto City. Factors causing its superiority are mainly on promotion and accessibility factors, but in the aspect of security and attractiveness almost all tourist destinations still experience a number of shortcomings of some of the criteria. The policy of increasing the main competitiveness of tourism in West Sumatra can be done most urgently (necessary conditions) is to improve the crystalline amenities and aspects of attractiveness. While the aspects of promotion and accessibility can be a second alternative (sufficient condition). Jel Classification: D78, P51, Z32. Keyword: Competitiveness of Tourist Destinations, Promethee ranking, GAIA Plane ©2020 Prodi Pendidikan Ekonomi STKIP PGRI, Padang Ansofino INTRODUCTION indicators of the competitiveness of Increasing competitiveness of tourist destinations that are appropriate tourist destinations has played an and accurate, so that the strengths and important role in increasing the number weaknesses of the destination over time of tourist visits to tourist destinations in can be overcome (Pike, 2016; Chim, developing countries in recent years, 2018; Claveria, 2016). Various studies (Chang, 2010; Cakmak, 2012; Sanchez, have been carried out to develop a 2014; Lopez, 2018; Ozan, 2008). If a number of indicators of the tourist destination has not been seen as competitiveness of these tourist a destination that has advantages in destinations by including planning comfort, attractiveness and factors for destination development, accessibility, then the number of tourist tourism destination management visits to tourist destinations is still low. factors, tourism attractions and The competitiveness of tourist resources, and tourism supporting destinations is strongly influenced by infrastructure (Crouch, 2008; Crouch, infrastructure factors, economic 2011; Mendola, 2016; Dwyer, 2000). conditions, safety, health and safety, The research questions discussed in this competitive prices, government study are: how is the competitiveness of policies, environmental sustainability, West Sumatra tourist destinations in training and tourism service skills, and terms of amenities, attractions, natural and cultural attractions (Assaf, accessibility and promotion and 2012; Crouch, 2008; Ozan, 2008; economic growth (3A2P)? Which Lopes, 2018; Dwyer, 2000, Chim, tourist destinations have advantages in 2018). the 3A2P aspect in West Sumatra? The competitiveness of tourist What policy steps can be taken to destinations also plays an important improve the competitiveness of tourism role in developing tourism promotion in in West Sumatra province? West Sumatra, because it is believed that tourism is the main source of METHOD regional income and increased The Promethee method employment opportunities (Kumar, (Preference Ranking Organization 2016). If a tourist destination is not seen Method for Enrichment Evaluation) is as a destination that has a prominent part of the alternative "the multi criteria appeal by tourists, then of course this decision Aid (MCDA) from operational destination is not an option to be visited research (Lopes, 2018). There are 2 by tourists, both foreign and domestic groups of methods for the MCDA tourists (Lopes, 2018). Therefore, approach, namely: 1). Multi criteria ranking tourist destinations is a very utility function, 2). The outrangking important effort in developing method. The Promethee method used is destination areas, especially how tourist included in representing the out-ranking destinations can survive in the face of a method. Ou ranking method is to decrease in the number of tourist compare the alternatives of each arrivals from foreign countries and a criterion to be selected (Sanchez, 2014; decrease in environmental services due Zhang, 2010; Lopes, 2018; Shakya, to disruption and pressure of 2009; Gupta, 2012). environmental capacity (resilience The Promethee method is to objectives) (Sheppard, 2016; Assaf, encourage the arrangement of 2012) in West Sumatra. preference functions by describing the The important problem so far is difference in preference between how to determine a number of alternative pairs of choices that will be 67 Ansofino made with each criterion. This conflicting criteria. Ranking is based on preference function is the numerical net preference flow. It combines two difference between alternative pairs of other preferences into a single score choices that will be made to describe the namely aPπb if and only if ϕ(a) > ϕ(b). difference in preferences from the point The Promethee method is often of view of the decision maker. This used to evaluate several possible preference function (Phi value) has a decision-making decisions that often value between 1 and 0. A greater value have conflicts of interest, identify the of the preference function means that best decision, rank several possible the preference difference becomes decisions among the best, select items larger, when the value is 0, it is not as and classify items from a decision follows: bundle, visualize decisions to make a difficult understanding of decision making. easily understood, reach Pj (a,b) G j f j (a) f j (b) (1) consensus decisions when some 0 P (a,b) 1 (2) j decision makers have different views, dimana : make right / wrong decisions based on P Preference function alternatif a dan b j objective elements.There are three G non decreasing function dari observasi alternatif a dan b j analytical tools that can be used in this f a Preference alterntif a promethee method. Besides promethee f b Preference alternatif b ranking, it is also possible to visualize geometric analysis interactive Based on the preference function, assistance (GAIA Plane). The GAIA then the preference index is obtained in plane graphically displays the relative determining the order (ranking) in positions of alternatives in terms of decision making. There are two ways of contributions to various criteria. ranking: First Promethee partial In this study, the promethee ranking: means that all actions do not method was used to sort and rank the have to be compared, and ranking can competitiveness of West Sumatra include incomparability. The ranking is tourism destinations with cluster based on two preference flows (+) and criteria consisting of attractiveness, (-). Promethee partial ranking is an amenities, accessibility, promotion and intersection of two ranks. Thus action a, creative economy business actors chosen over action b, in partial (3A2P), while the action criteria to be promethee ranking: if and only if a is tested for competitiveness consisted of chosen over b according to both nine The main destination areas that preferences. The complete formula is as were sampled in this study were: follows: Destinations in Padang City, k Destinations in Bukittinggi City, r (a,b) Pj (a,b)wrj (3) j1 Payakumbuh City Destinations, r (a) r (x,a) (4) Sawahlunto City Destinations, xA Destinations in Solok district, r (a) r (a, x) (5) x A Destinations in Tanah Datar district, r (a) r (a) r (a) (6) Destinations in Fifty Cities district, Second; Promethee II complete Destinations in districts Pesisir Selatan, ranking: means that all actions are Destinations in Agam district. compared and ranked including those The accessibility evaluation who are not incomparabilities. If the criteria in the tourism destination area comparison is very difficult, the ranking consist of five criteria, namely: The results can be debated, especially with distance to the main destination is 68 Ansofino measured from the tourist entrance, consist of 4 criteria,
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