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Universidade De Brasília HENRIQUE VALADÃO DE OLIVEIRA Universidade de Brasília HENRIQUE VALADÃO DE OLIVEIRA DINÂMICA TEMPORAL DA ESTRUTURA DE COMUNIDADES DE DROSOPHILIDAE (INSECTA, DIPTERA) EM FRUTOS DO CERRADO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Rosana Tidon Brasília 2009 Aos meus pais, Carlos e Delma. Obrigado por tudo que sou. 1 SUMÁRIO Agradecimentos.................................................................................................................2 Lista de figuras..................................................................................................................4 Lista de tabelas..................................................................................................................5 Abstract..............................................................................................................................7 Resumo..............................................................................................................................8 Considerações iniciais.......................................................................................................9 Capítulo 1........................................................................................................................13 Capítulo 2........................................................................................................................34 Conclusões e Perspectivas...............................................................................................61 Anexos.............................................................................................................................63 2 Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer a todos que de alguma maneira contribuíram para a realização deste projeto, mas em especial: − À minha orientadora, Rosana Tidon, por me ajudar sempre que eu precisei, pelo grande exemplo profissional, pela liberdade na escolha do projeto e por ter acreditado em mim quando nem mesmo eu acreditei. Obrigado por todos esses anos de amizade, e que venham os próximos! − Aos meus pais e irmãos, por estarem sempre presentes e por todo apoio, mesmo às vezes não entendendo o porquê de se estudar mosquinhas em frutos podres. Em especial ao Guga, pela grande companhia. − Ao meu amor, Rafa, não só por ter me ajudado em todas as etapas deste trabalho, mas pelo amor, carinho, compreensão e dedicação e cada momento da minha vida. Obrigado por tudo! − Aos meus grandes amigos do laboratório: Nilda, Francisco, Priscila, Carol, Eli e Flávia, e àquelas não estão mais no laboratório, Renata, Roberta, Natália e Juliana. Obrigado pelas grandes discussões, amizade e ótima convivência durante todo esse tempo. Em especial gostaria de agradecer à Renata, por sempre ter me ajudado, com ótimas críticas em várias partes do trabalho, e ao Francisco, pela grande companhia, grandes sugestões e amizade todos esses anos. − Ao Sr. Antônio, pela ajuda durante as coletas. 3 − À Priscila, pela ajuda no trabalho. − Aos meus amigos da Pós, em especial à Luiza e ao Fabrícius, pelas discussões biológicas, estatísticas ou apenas pelo papo furado durante os almoços da quarta. − Ao novo amigo Jonas, pela grande ajuda na estatística. − Ao Prof. John Hay, pelas críticas sugeridas em um dos manuscritos. − A todos os professores da Ecologia e Zoologia, pelos grandes ensinamentos que contribuíram para a minha formação. − Ao pessoal da secretaria da Ecologia, em especial ao Fábio e ao Iriode, por sempre terem me atendido de forma ágil e prestativa. − À Universidade de Brasília (UnB), pelo apoio logístico. − À Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, pela permissão para coleta de dados. − Ao Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa concedida, devido a qual pude me dedicar exclusivamente ao projeto. − Ao CNPq e FAP-PRONEX pelo auxílio financeiro ao projeto. A todos vocês, o meu muito obrigado! 4 LISTA DE FIGURAS Capítulo 1 Figura 1 . Abundância relativa das espécies de drosofilídeos que se criam em Mauritia flexuosa . WIL: D. willistoni , FUM: D. fumipennis , SIM: D. simulans, IMM : D. immigrans, MLK: D. malerkotliana , PRO: D. prosaltans , STU: D. stutervanti , NEB: D. nebulosa , MIC: Mycodrosophila sp ., CUA: D. cuaso , PMD: D. paramediostriata , ZAP: Zaprionus indianus , MED: D. mediostriata , ORN: D. ornatifrons , CAM: D. camargoi , MDS: D. mediosignata , CAL: D. calloptera , DRE: D. dreyfusi , ATR: D. atrata , NEO: N. tricoloripes , SHI: D. shildi , MAC: D. maculifrons , CAP: D. capricorni , BOC: D. bocainensis , QUA: D. quadrum .......................................................................31 Figura 2 . Variação temporal na emergência (%) de drosofilídeos neotropicais e exóticos em frutos de Mauritia flexuosa ........................................................................................31 Figura 3 . Densidade de espécies mostrada pelas curvas de rarefação (baseada em amostra) das espécies de drosofilídeos que emergiram de Mauritia flexuosa na estação seca (junho, julho e agosto, n=148) e na estação chuvosa (dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, n=160)..............................................................................................................................32 Figura 4 . Uso de Mauritia flexuosa por drosofilídeos de maio de 2006 a abril de 2007. A linha contínua representa o número médio de moscas por frutos e a linha pontilhada, a porcentagem de frutos colonizados. Valores acima da linha contínua referem se ao total de frutos coletados em cada mês.............................................................................32 5 LISTA DE TABELAS Capítulo 2 Tabela 1. Total de indivíduos das ordens Diptera e Hymenoptera criados em Solanum lycocarpum nas estações chuvosa (janeiro, fevereiro e março) e seca (julho, agosto e setembro) de 2008......................................................................................................54 Tabela 2. Índice de agregação intra-específica ( Jx) e desvio-padrão ( s) das espécies que utilizam a Solanum lycocarpum como sítio de criação, nas estações chuvosa e seca. A subscrição jk se refere a valores obtidos pelo método Jackknife . Os valores significativos são diferentes de zero (teste-t simples).....................................................55 Tabela 3. Índices de agregação dos competidores ( J-x) e desvio-padrão ( s) das espécies que utilizam a Solanum lycocarpum como sítio de criação, nas estações chuvosa e seca. A subscrição jk se refere a valores obtidos pelo método Jackknife . Os valores significativos são diferentes de zero (teste-t simples).....................................................56 Tabela 4. Índices de encontro hetero-específico ( Cx-x) e desvio-padrão ( s) entre as espécies que utilizam a Solanum lycocarpum como sítio de criação nas estações chuvosa e seca. A subscrição jk se refere a valores obtidos pelo método Jackknife . Os valores significativos são diferentes de zero (teste-t simples).....................................................57 6 Tabela 5. Índices de coexistência ( Tx-x) e desvio-padrão ( s) das espécies que utilizam a Solanum lycocarpum como sítio de criação nas estações chuvosa e seca. A subscrição jk se refere a valores obtidos pelo método Jackknife . Os valores significativos são diferentes de um (teste-t simples)....................................................................................58 Tabela 6. Diferenças entre a agregação intra-específica entre as estações chuvosa e seca (Teste-t para duas amostras)............................................................................................59 Tabela 7. Diferenças entre a agregação dos competidores entre as estações chuvosa e seca (Teste-t para duas amostras)....................................................................................59 Tabela 8. Diferenças entre o encontro hetero-específico das espécies competidoras entre as estações chuvosa e seca (Teste-t para duas amostras)........................................60 Tabela 9. Diferenças entre o critério de coexistência das espécies entre as estações chuvosa e seca (Teste-t para duas amostras)...................................................................60 7 ABSTRACT The communities may experience great changes in time and space. Seasonal variations are common in most ecosystems and can affect the conditions of micro-habitat, resource availability and even the relationships between organisms. In this study, divided into two parts, we investigated the influence of temporal variation in the resource usage and in the patterns of aggregation and stability of species coexistence using the same resource. For this, we used species of the family Drosophilidae which breed in fruits of Mauritia flexuosa and Solanum lycocarpum as models. In the first study, the species density in the dry season was lower than in the wet season, suggesting that the former can act as selective pressure, with few species being collected. We found that when populations were small (dry season), a minor proportion of the fruits was used, and the mean density of individuals in fruits was lower. Thus, fruits do not appear to regulate the populations of drosophilid in the stressful season. Moreover, six new species were recorded in the Cerrado biome. In the second study, we found that populations were aggregated in patches of resource (individual fruits) and, despite the heterospecific associations had been higher than expected, the coexistence of
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