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A History of Autism

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A History of Autism 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM SCOTT STANDIFER Disability Policy & Studies 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 Assistant Director Region 7 TACE (Technical Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Assistance & Continuing A HISTORY Education) – Formerly RCEP 7 Supporting State Voc Rehab Agencies in MO, IA, NE, KS OF AUTISM Dr. Scott Standifer Primary Author, online Adult 1 November 22, 2011 Autism & Employment: a guide for rehabilitation professionals 2 HISTORY OF AUTISM 3 HISTORY OF AUTISM SCOTT STANDIFER AGENDA 11/21/2011 Organizer, Autism Works National Conference Session 1 – Short History March 6 & 7, 2011, St. Louis, MO First Descriptions of Autism Leo Kanner "Building Better Careers for Adults with Autism" Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Hans Asperger Autism Works Facebook Page Bruno Bettelheim Second Generation of Autism National expansion Sibyl Elgar of Walgreens autism Bernie Rimland – Autism Society DAN! employment Eric Schopler – TEACHH Lovaas – ABA Improving Transition Lorna Wing for clients with ASD Disa Panel of employers bilit11/21/2011 A National Conference on Autism & Employmenty Open job counseling Poli session cy & Stu dies, 4 Uni vers ity of 1 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM AGENDA Session 1 – Short History, Continued 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 New Advocates Temple Grandin Autism Network International Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Autism Speaks Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri The Great Wave IRST IDEA Data F CDC Data RSA Data DESCRIPTIONS 6 1943 – mid-1960s 5 HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM LEO KANNER LEO KANNER 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 Leo Kanner Leo Kanner 1943 – defined autism Term Autism borrowed from descriptions "Autistic Disturbances of Affective of schizophrenia Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Contact" Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Called condition "Early Infantile Autism" Running child psychiatric clinic at John's Hopkins University to distinguish it from schizophrenia Described 11 children with similar Emphasized autism not progressive features Freudian Theory Kanner's original description Schizophrenia believed caused by Lack of affective contact parents Anxious obsession with sameness in environment & routine Kanner discussed possibility for autism Fascination with objects Noted mothers seemed cold, unemotional Mutism or a "private" language Coined the term "Refrigerator Mother" 7 8 Seemed to have mixed opinion on causes 2 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM HANS ASPERGER HANS ASPERGER 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 Hans Asperger Work overlooked until 1979 Working at University of Vienna's Published in German children's clinic Not convincing explanation Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri The year after Kanner, described group German established language of of 4 children science Called the condition "Autistic New Theory Psychopathology" Adam Feinstein, A History of Autism Features Nazi Influence Language disturbances – delayed language, odd use of Austria under Nazi rule, Nazi's pronouns, tend to lecture/discourse eliminating "defective" people Difficulty in two-way conversations & social signals Asperger used "Nazi-friendly" language in description of children/condition Clumsy movements and gestures, often not matching conversation Outside readers would dismiss as Nazi 9 sympathizer 10 Fixation and skill in one or two topics Often very smart HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM BRUNO BETTELHEIM BRUNO BETTELHEIM 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 Director of child psychiatric Survivor of Nazi Concentration clinic at University of Chicago Camp Two schools of thought on impact Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Brought public awareness of autism Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Series of magazine articles starting in Supporters – empathized with children as 1959 survivors of family horrors 1967 published The Empty Fortress Camps tore down personalities, so he used same techniques to "rebuild" children International best-seller Detractors – re-enacting personal memories Advocate of Freudian Theory with children as victims Strong advocate of refrigerator mother theory Authoritarian approach to Treatment required pulling children out of care of children with family situation "causing" the autism autism Profiles 4 cases of "cured" children Offensive to many in autism community, then Refrigerator mother theory may be self and now reflection 11 12 3 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM CHANGE OF HABIT MOVIE 11/21/2011 1969 Elvis Presley Movie 11/21/2011 Elvis is a doctor Mary Tyler Moore is a nun Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri SECOND Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Elvis cures a young girl of autism by GENERATION hugging her and saying he loves her 14 mid-1960s – mid-1980s 13 HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM SYBIL ELGAR BERNIE RIMLAND 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 National Society for Autistic San Diego-based psychologist Children (UK) - 1962 with son diagnosed with autism Parent group in London in 1958 Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Promote awareness & services for children Appalled by Bettelheim Sybil Elgar 1964 – published Infantile Autism: Montessori trained The Syndrome and Its Implications 1962 - began school for First major assault on Bettelheim children with autism in her 1965 – Co-founded National Society basement for Autistic Children (now the Part of Autistic Society Autism Society of America) 1965 - Formal school opened on Florence Road in West London Foundation of education 15 16 intervention movement in autism 4 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM BERNIE RIMLAND ERIC SCHOPLER 11/21/2011 Appalled by Bettelheim's theories and 11/21/2011 In 1980s became focused on techniques biological treatments for autism 1964 - Dissertation proving children had 1995 – Founded Defeat Autism Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Now! (DAN) neurological differences Part of Rimland's Autism Research Follow-up studies - parents no different Institute (ARI) from other parents Medical researchers investigating "alternative" therapies Spoke at first national convention of Special Diets (allergies) NAS in England Chelation (extraction of heavy metals) Visited Sybil Elgar's School Supplements Suggest autism may be a host of Moved to U of North Carolina disorders with common outcomes, not Began including parents as research one disorder assistants 17 18 Early proponent of vaccine theory HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM ERIC SCHOPLER IVAR LOVAAS 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 1972 founded TEACCH Research with children at UCLA, early 1960s Treatment and Education of Autistic Applied Behaviorist (Skinner) techniques to and Communication related autism Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri handicapped CHildren Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri System of both rewards and punishments Elaborated much of Sybil Elgar's Punishments drawn from techniques of mental approach, but in a research setting institutions A major force in autism 1965 Life Magazine photo essay, "Screams, education Slaps, & Love" captured darker side of techniques TEACCH Approach TEACCH Lovaas later developed milder . Understand impact of autism on each person techniques . Focus on strengths Harsh ones were "best we had" . Address understanding and perception, not behavior. Communicate "why" . Structure environmental supports, particularly visual 19 20 supports, address sensory issues . Involve family members 5 11/21/2011 HISTORY OF AUTISM HISTORY OF AUTISM IVAR LOVAAS LORNA WING 11/21/2011 11/21/2011 Adapted Applied Behavior Co-founder of National Autistic Analysis to autism treatment Society, mother of child with autism Called ABA, Lovaas Technique, or Researcher at Maudsley Hospital in Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Intensive Behavioral Intervention London in 1960s & 1970s A major feature of autism 1970s - Set out to validate Kanner's intervention description by surveying children with disabilities in Camberwell Differences from TEACCH Used three core features for ABA focused on behavior, not cognition functional definition ABA focused on achieving "normalcy" and replacing problem behaviors with acceptable ones Found Kanner accurate for some, but not broad Lovaas Technique VERY time intensive enough for others Suggested a "continuum", later "autism spectrum" Similarities with TEACCH 21 22 In practice, both draw from the other when developing "Triad" features became part of DSM criteria in 1987 specific interventions– whatever works HISTORY OF AUTISM LORNA WING 11/21/2011 1981 – Published paper 11/21/2011 introducing Hans' Asperger's work to English-speaking world Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Coined term Asperger Syndrome Disability Policy& Studies, University ofMissouri Asperger added to DSM in 1994 NEW Asperger Syndrome Qualitative impairment in social interaction Stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, ADVOCATES activities and interests No delay in cognitive development or language Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one- 24 sided verbosity, and physical clumsiness are typical mid-1980s –
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