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The Effectiveness of Snoezelen in Reducing 234 The effectiveness of Snoezelen in reducing stereotyping in ARTICLE ORIGINAL adults with intellectual disabilities: a case study of Occupational Therapy intervention in multisensory stimulation rooms A eficácia do Snoezelen na redução das estereotipias em adultos com deficiência intelectual: um estudo de caso da intervenção da terapia ocupacional em salas de estimulação multissensorial* Ana Sofia Pinto Lopes1, Janine Vanessa Martins Araújo1, Marco Paulo Vieira Ferreira1, Jaime Emanuel Moreira Ribeiro2 http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-6149.v26i2p234-243 Lopes ASP, Araújo JVM,Ferreira MPV, Ribeiro JEM. The KEYWORDS: Stereotyped behavior; Intellectual disability; effectiveness of Snoezelen in reducing stereotyping in adults with Occupational Therapy. intellectual disabilities: a case study of Occupational Therapy intervention in multisensory stimulation rooms. Rev Ter Ocup Lopes ASP, Araújo JVM, Ferreira MPV, Ribeiro JEM. Univ São Paulo. 2015 May-Aug.;26(2):234-43. A eficácia do Snoezelen na redução das estereotipias em adultos com deficiência intelectual: um estudo de caso da ABSTRACT: There is little evidence of the effectiveness of intervenção da terapia ocupacional em salas de estimulação intervention in Snoezelen rooms in stereotyping reduction multissensorial. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2015 in adults with intellectual disabilities. In this direction, the maio-ago.;26(2):234-43. present study sought to evaluate the relationship between this multisensory stimulation and stereotyping reduction RESUMO: Existem escassas evidências sobre a eficácia da in adults with intellectual disabilities. Through the case intervenção em salas de Snoezelen na redução de estereotipias em study methodology, the behavior of a subject was analyzed adultos com deficiência intelectual. Neste sentido, o presente estudo before, during and after the multisensory stimulation in pretendeu avaliar a relação entre esta estimulação multissensorial e Snoezelen rooms for ten biweekly sessions, lasting an hour a redução de estereotipias em adultos com deficiência intelectual. and a half. Data collection was completed by semi-structured Por meio da metodologia de estudo de caso, analisou-se interviews with the formal caregivers of the subject and by o comportamento de um sujeito antes, durante e após estimulação the participant and non-participant direct observation with multissensorial em salas de Snoezelen, durante dez sessões audiovisual recording sessions. After analyzing the data bissemanais, com a duração de 1h30. A recolha de dados foi using the WebQDA software, it was concluded that the concretizada por entrevista semiestruturada aos cuidadores formais multisensory stimulation in Snoezelen rooms contributed to do sujeito e da observação direta participante e não participante reduce stereotyping in the subject being studied, both during com registo audiovisual das sessões. Após a análise dos dados, its realization and immediately after. Another evidence of com a utilização do software WebQDA, foi possível concluir que this study suggests that there is a reduction in the frequency a estimulação multissensorial em sala de Snoezelen contribuiu of stereotyping in the medium term as well as increased para a redução das estereotipias no sujeito em estudo, durante a interaction and communication between the subject and sua realização como imediatamente após, num contexto distinto. therapist. Outra evidência do presente estudo sugere que existe uma redução *This work was carried out at the School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, as part of the undergraduate degree in Occupational Therapy final project. 1. Students of the 4th year of the Licentiate degree in Occupational Therapy of the School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria. 2. Invited Adjunt Professor of the Licentiate degree in Occupational Therapy and Coordinator of the Department of Health Sciences and Technologies of the School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria. [email protected] Correspondence address: Doutor Jaime Emanuel Moreira Ribeiro. Instituto Politécnico de Leiria. Campus 2 – Morro do Lena - Alto do Vieiro. Apartado 4137 | 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 234 Lopes ASP, et al. The effectiveness of Snoezelen in reducing stereotyping. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2015 May-Aug.;26(2):234-43. da frequência de estereotipias a médio prazo bem como o aumento DESCRITORES: Comportamento estereotipado; Deficiência da interação e comunicação do sujeito com o terapeuta. intelectual; Terapia ocupacional. INTRODUCTION satisfaction and social competencies8,9. It consists of using specific equipment, in a room, allowing for the controlled exploration of the various senses: touch, sight, smell, ntellectual disability is defined as a global intellectual hearing, balance and muscle2. This equipment can promote function below average in terms of a population. an active stimulus, developing a behavior in the user in IThis is associated to a deficit in adaptive behavior response to the equipment, or a non-active stimulus, in and changes in at least two of the following areas: which the user simply receives the stimulus and his/her communication, self-care, social and interrelation abilities, response shows no change in the environment11. the use of community means, academic abilities, work, Among such equipment we will find radios, leisure, health and safety1. projectors, mirror balls, optical fiber, waterbeds, rubber People with intellectual disability frequently tubes, aromatherapy oils and swings9. present changes in behavior, such as stereotypical habits, The sessions in such rooms may be run with found in 40% of the people in institutions2. Stereotypical individuals or with groups and the staff should allow behaviors are defined as a repetitive, rhythmic and for and encourage the participants’ interaction with the apparently purposeless physical or vocal behavior3,4. These equipment used for stimulation2,11. are usually associated to physical or vocal actions, but may, There are studies that show the efficiency of at times, be associated to the non-functional manipulation Snoezelen in the improvement of behavior. Evidence of objects3,5. shows that the subjects appear to be less aggressive in Physical stereotypes include simple body multisensory stimulation rooms than in other environments. movements such as rocking the body to and fro, moving A study by Shapiro, Parush, Green and Roth (1997) on arms or fingers about, pulling faces or repeatedly moving children with moderate to severe intellectual disability parts of the body such as hands, arms, legs and eyes3,6. The found a decrease, in frequency and duration, of the non- vocal sterotypes take the form of repetitive vocal sounds, adaptive behaviors in the Snoezelen, in comparison to repetitive and obsessive discourse, echolalia, dialogue in those in the usual playrooms11. “scripting”* and laughter with no social aim3,6. Research carried out by Matson et al9 also There is a consensus in the literature that shows that the sensory input that is received, during the stereotypical behaviors interfere with the acquisition of multisensory stimulation in Snoezelen rooms, allows for a new competencies and inhibit the individual’s occupational reduction of stereotypical and self-aggressive behaviors, as performance3, a fundamental aspect of Occupational well as other disruptive behaviors. The study allows one to Therapy. These are also seen as a factor that inhibits conclude that, immediately after multisensory stimulation, social interaction, promotes the stigmatization of these there appears to be an increase in the involvement of individuals, and in more serious circumstances, may lead individuals with profound intellectual disability and autism to self-agression3,7. in carrying out the proposed tasks, as well as a decrease in When this type of behavior is found, its reduction the daily global frequency of defiant behaviors9. Another becomes a priority for intervention. One of the approaches study concludes that individuals prefer certain stimuli to to intervention with individual with intellectual disability others and that by reaching out to preferential stimuli leads is therapy in Snoezelen, also used with subjects with to an alternative that decreases harmful self-stimulation learning difficulties or emotional disorders8,9. behaviors12. Snoezelen was developed in the Netherlands, Cuvo et al2 carried out a study with children in 1975, and aims to promote the exploration of the with severe intellectual disability, and found a decrease environment, physical and mental relaxation, feelings of in stereotypical behaviors and the increase of their * Adaptability to personal independence and social responsibility demands expected by the cultural group in which the individual is inserted. ** Dialogues in “Scripting”: the repetition os dialogues taken from television programs or movies3,6. 235 Lopes ASP, et al. The effectiveness of Snoezelen in reducing stereotyping. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2015 May/Aug.;26(2):234-43. involvement in Snoezelen room in comparison to that in equipment, and the existence of previous episodes of activity rooms2. Other studies in the field show that the use epilepsy or psychotic bouts*. of non-active stimuli can effectively reduce stereotypical The selected individual is 19 years of age, male, and self-aggressive behaviors13. and has been diagnosed with Mosaic Trisomy 21**. The As seen above, existing scientific publications subject lives in the
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