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Identification and Distribution of ALS Resistant Sorghum Halepense Populations in Serbia

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Identification and Distribution of ALS Resistant Sorghum Halepense Populations in Serbia Identification and distribution of ALS resistant Sorghum halepense populations in Serbia Goran Malidža1, Miloš Rajković1, Sava Vrbničanin2, Dragana Božić2 1Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, M. Gorkog 30, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] R: GR = 1298 ± 171 a R: GR = 1061 ± 76 b c INTRODUCTION 50 50 R: GR50= 3047 ± 636 S: GR50= 1.32 ± 0.14 S: GR50= 0.48 ± 0.03 S: GR = 3.59 ± 0.29 50 RI= 985 ± 167 RI= 2198 ± 203 RI= 849 ± 188 100 100 100 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. is one of the most troublesome weeds in Serbian field crops production. Recently, resistance of S. halepense to some sulfonylurea herbicides 80 80 80 has been confirmed in Italy and Hungary (Panozzo, 2012). Continuous application and the poor efficiency of some sulfonylurea herbicides applied in maize, indicate that the 60 60 60 same phenomenon exists in some regions of Serbia. The aim of this study was to determine if and where resistance of S. halepense to the 40 40 40 acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides occurred in Serbia. 20 20 20 R R R Shoot fresh weight (% check) weightof untreated (% fresh Shoot S S S MATERIALS AND METHODS 0 0 0 0 1 100 10000 0 1 100 10000 0 10 1000 -1 -1 -1 In 2013 and 2014 a total of 25 S. halepense populations suspected for resistance to Nicosulfuron (g a.i. ha ) Rimsulfuron (g a.i. ha ) Imazamox (g a.i. ha ) ALS-inhibiting herbicides were sampled from maize fields in Southern Banat, Mačva, R: GR50= 17035 ± 4371 d R: GR50= 5138 ± 1361 e R: GR50= 4.96 ± 0.2 f Stig and Northern Bačka region of Serbia. Suspected resistant population from S. Banat S: GR50= 77.6 ± 8.2 S: GR50= 16 ± 1.9 S: GR50= 5.62 ± 0.3 (R) and susceptible population from vicinity of Novi Sad (S) were used for herbicide dose RI= 220 ± 61 RI= 321 ± 93 RI= 0.88 ± 0.06 response trials. Whole plant bioassays were carried out in greenhouse conditions 100 100 100 (28/22 3oC day/night temperatures with a 16-h photoperiod) designed as a randomized ± 80 80 80 complete block design with 4 replications (8 plants per pot and replication) and repeated. -1 -1 Herbicides nicosulfuron (0.23 - 7680 g a.i. ha ), rimsulfuron (0.16-2560 g a.i. ha ), 60 60 60 imazamox (0.63-2560 g a.i. ha-1), pyroxsulam (1.5-12000 g a.i. ha-1), propoxycarbazone- sodium (0.33-5400 g a.i. ha-1) and cycloxydim (0.78-200 g a.i. ha-1) were applied at two- 40 40 40 three leaves growth stage of S. halepense seedlings, with portable sprayer, flat fan nozzle XR11002 and 280 L/ha of water. Shoot fresh and dry weight per pot and visual 20 20 20 R R. to ALS inh. growth reduction in relation to the untreated control were recorded 14 days after the check) weightof untreated (% fresh Shoot R S S 0 S. to ALS inh. herbicides’ applications, respectively. Using the "R" software and drc package, GR and 0 0 50 0 10 1000 0 10 1000 0 1 10 100 resistance index (RI) were determined for the susceptible and suspected resistant Pyroxsulam (g a.i. ha-1) Propoxycarbazone-sodium (g a.i. ha-1) Cycloxydim (g a.i. ha-1) populations. For testing of populations from other locations to confirm ALS-resistance, -1 we used a nicosulfuron at recommended rates (60 g a.i. ha ) and 10-fold increased rate Fig. 2 - Dose response curves of the resistant (R, 001-13) and susceptible (S, 024-13) populations of S. (600 g a.i. ha-1). halepense to five ALS-inhibiting herbicdes and cycloxidim (14 days after application). RESULTS Results from whole plant bioassays confirmed that tested populations from South Hungary - Susceptible Banat (close to Romanian border), Mačva (near to river Drina), Stig and North Bačka region (close to Hungarian border) are resistant to nicosulfuron (Fig. 3), and R - Resistant population from S. Banat (001-13) was highly cross-resistant to all tested ALS inhibitors from four different chemical groups: sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines and sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinones (Fig. 1 and 2). The results showed a high level of resistance of the population from S. Banat on whole plant level (fresh shoot weight) to Serbia Romania Alibunar nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, imazamox, pyroxsulam and propoxycarbazone-sodium (RI = 985, 2198, 849, 220 and 321). In contrast to this, ALS-resistant populations were susceptible to cycloxydim (RI=0.88), which could be very important chemical option in Croatia the management of ALS-resistant S. halepense from rhizome in cycloxydim-tolerant maize. We estimate that the ALS-resistant populations of S. halepense are infesting at least 50,000 ha of crop fields in Serbia, and suggest it is necessary to implement urgently the measures for resistance management. Nicosulfuron (g a.i. ha-1) Imazamox (g a.i. ha-1) Zagajica R S R S 001-13 024-13 001-13 024-13 -1 Rimsulfuron (g a.i. ha-1) Propoxycarbazone-sodium (g a.i. ha ) R S R S 001-13 024-13 001-13 024-13 Badovinci Banatsko Novo Selo Fig. 3 - Locations with confirmed resistance of S.halepense to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Serbia -1 R Pyroxsulam (g a.i. ha ) S Cycloxydim (g a.i. ha-1) CONCLUSIONS 001-13 024-13 S S 001-13 024-13 Based on the results it can be concluded that in some regions of Serbia populations of S. halepense are resistant to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). This study showed that the resistant population from location Alibunar was cross-resistant to rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron and imazamox. Also, a high level of resistance to nicosulfuron was confirmed in populations from North Bačka (Bajmok), South Banat (Banatsko Novo Selo, Kačarevo, Zagajica, Vlajkovac), Stig (Ostrovo) and Mačva (Badovinci). These are Fig. 1 - Effect of increasing rates of nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, imazamox, pyroxsulam (d) the first confirmed cases of herbicide-resistant S. halepense in Serbia, which will have propoxycarbazone-sodium, and cycloxydim on plants of the resistant (R, 001-13) and susceptible (S, significant consequences for resistance management. Resistant populations are 024-13) populations of S. halepense to ALS inhibitors (14 days after application). susceptible to cycloxydim, which will be unique tool in the resistance management in cycloxydim-tolerant maize. .
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