UCLA Center for the Study of Women 2014-2015 Annual Report

July 1, 2014–June 30, 2015

Elizabeth Marchant Interim Director, July 1, 2014 – December 31, 2014

Rachel Lee Director, April 2015 – June 30, 2020

CONTENTS

A. MISSION B. SUMMARY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS C. RESEARCH, TEACHING, AND PROGRAMMING D. BUDGET & STAFFING

Appendixes

1. Faculty Affiliates 2. Research Scholars 3. Student Awards 4. Award Committee Members 5. Thinking Gender 2015 Program 6. Newsletters, Blog posts, and Videos 7. Staff and Personnel 8. Fiscal Summary 9. Development Funds

A. MISSION

The mission of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women (CSW) is to create and sustain a productive intellectual community dedicated to research pertaining to women, gender, and sexuality across all disciplines. Our multidisciplinary constituency includes UCLA faculty, graduate students, undergraduates, and community scholars in Los Angeles, but also extends, through our conferences and programming, to scholars doing research on gender, sexuality, and women’s issues throughout the U.S. and around the globe.

CSW has and continues to make a campuswide impact at UCLA. As our accomplishments this year indicate, CSW impacts the campus in multiple registers, which include fostering original research in north and south campus through research projects, events programming, publications, and direct funding to scholarly research; enhancing campus climate; and providing a variety of support programs for junior faculty as well as graduate and undergraduate students. All of CSW’s initiatives are structured to have broad reach and impact across the entire campus, through interdisciplinary research projects that bring together scholars and graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as the Life (Un)Ltd project, to grants-based research that employs multiple graduate students in their fields of endeavor, to faculty grants such as the Faculty Curator Grant that supported New Directions in Black Feminist Studies and Women's Activism and International Indigenous Rights, and graduate student grants and fellowships. The CSW network of faculty along with our events, projects, communications, and fellowships, readily enhances the campus climate and quality of work life at UCLA for both students and faculty.

B. SUMMARY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Life(Un)Ltd. Project

The Life (Un)Ltd (hereafter “LU”) working group has brought together three groups of stakeholders: those interested in postcolonial and race studies, those doing feminist and queer theory, and those working in STS and medical humanities. In AY 2014-15, LU organized two events. One featured Deboleena Roy speaking on “Germline Ruptures: Methyl Isocyanate Gas and the Transpositions of Life, Death, and Matter in Bhopal” and Banu Subramaniam speaking on “Surrogating the Cradle of the World: On the Onto-Epistemological Illusions of Matter.” The second featured Kath Weston, University of Virginia, speaking on “Old Macdonald Had a Database: Lessons from the National Animal Identification System.”

Faculty Curators Program The Faculty Curator program is a competitive grant for UCLA faculty that provided funds for a themed speaker series. The theme reflects the research interests of faculty and students at UCLA. CSW builds its lecture program for one academic quarter around the selected roster of speakers. The Faculty Curator program allows CSW public programming to more closely align with faculty research in various stages of development. This program also forges closer intellectual connections between UCLA faculty and scholars invited to speak at the Center. To this end, speakers may give a public lecture and participate in a workshop with UCLA faculty and graduate students.

This year’s Faculty Curators were Maylei Blackwell, Associate Professor of Chicana and Chicano Studies and Gender Studies, who curated a series on “Women’s Activism and International Indigenous Rights,” and Grace Kyungwon Hong, Associate Professor of Asian American Studies and Gender Studies.

Women’s Activism and International Indigenous Rights The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in international indigenous rights activism on the global scene. Drawing on prior decades of indigenous rights within the international system, activists worked tirelessly to draft and pass the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in 2007. Because indigenous women leaders have been key in leading the charge for indigenous rights as well as women’s rights leading, many are now asking whether we are witnessing the (re)emergence of indigenous feminism at the global level. In conjunction with the observance of the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples scheduled for Sept. 2014 in New York City (which will include only governmental representatives since it is a meeting of the General Assembly), “Women’s Activism and International Indigenous Rights” will explore the intersection of women’s rights and indigenous rights and reflect on women’s role globally.

This series will focus specifically on leaders in the Continental Network of Indigenous Women (Enlace de Mujeres Indígenas or ECMI), a regional network of indigenous women activists coming from twenty-six organizations in nineteen countries throughout the Americas. Founded in 1994, its growth reflects the emergence of indigenous mass mobilizations and social movements across Latin America and the Caribbean throughout the 1990s as well as the development of a specific set of gendered demands surrounding indigenous autonomy in the region.

While some tie the internationalization of rights discourse to neoliberalism and global economic restructuring, others have discussed how transnational social movement networks developed specifically to engage the UN have developed new indigenous solidarities and policy advocacy strategies—as well as trained activists to participate in the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Critically, this transnational network not only orients activists toward the international arena but it also provides a critical space for exchange to build indigenous women’s political identities and forms of political analysis that they take back to their communities. Through this multi- scaled activism, they localize a wide range of strategies against violence against indigenous women, militarization, ecological destruction (mining and resource extraction), intellectual property rights, racism against indigenous people, and the need for women’s human rights within their own communities.

The first event in the series, “From Chiapas to the UN: Women in the Struggle for Indigenous Rights,” featured Margarita Gutiérrez Romero, a Nha-ñhu activist from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, who began her career as an activist in community radio and went on to study journalism at National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Since 1992, she has advocated for the rights of indigenous people in Mexico and throughout the world. In addition to co-founding Continental Network of Indigenous Women of Abya Yala, Gutiérrez has helped to found or served in the leadership of the National Plural Indigenous Assembly for Autonomy (ANIPA), the National Indigenous Council (CNI), and the National Coordinator of Mexico’s Indigenous Women (CONAMI) of Mexico. She is currently the President of the State Coordinator of Indigenous Women Organizations of Chiapas, Mexico. Previously, she served as President of the International Instruments Commission for Continental Network of Indigenous Women from 2001 until 2010, as well as serving as Secretary for Political Education in the Executive Committee of the Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD). She participated as an advisor at the table for indigenous women at the San Andrés Table on Indigenous Rights and Culture, Dialogue and Negotiation between the armed group Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, the Chiapas State government and the Mexican Federal Government, following the armed conflict that erupted in the jungle of Chiapas in 1994.

The second event in the series, “Advances and Challenges of the Indigenous Women's Movement in Panama, featured Sonia Henríquez, a leader of Olowagli, a women’s organization of the Guna Yala region. She is the president of the National Coordinator of Indigenous Women of Panama, a member of the Continental Network of Indigenous Women of the Americas (where she has been part of the leadership), and a member of the Continental Commission of Commercialization and Intellectual Property. She represents indigenous women in the National Council of Women of Panama.

New Directions in Black Feminist Studies In 1994, Barbara Christian presciently outlined the many institutional challenges faced by Black feminism as a field in her essay “Diminishing Returns: Can Black Feminism Survive the Academy?” In this essay, Christian imagined a grim future marked by the abolishment of affirmative action and by deep cuts to funding and support for ethnic studies and gender studies programs and projects, a future that in many ways has come to pass. Yet a new generation of scholarship is evidence that Black feminist studies has not only survived but is producing some of the most intellectually innovative, politically imperative scholarship being done today. This speaker series brings together three scholars working across a number of fields and conversations in order to showcase the best of contemporary Black feminist scholarship. All three scholars have books that will be released during the next academic year.

The first event in the series, “Riddles of the Sphinx: Kara Walker and the Possibility of Black Female Masochism,” featured Amber Jamilla Musser, Assistant Professor of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St. Louis. Her talk asks how we can understand black female masochism--the willful and desired submission to another. Masochism is a difficult subject to broach, but black female masochism is even more so because it threatens to produce subjects who embrace myriad systems of historical and cultural forms of objectification. Further, black female masochism is difficult to theorize because masochism as a concept requires an understanding of agency, which has been elusive for black women to claim. Through a reading of some of Kara Walker's work, this talk looks at how we have traditionally understood black female sexuality and female sexual passivity to think about the ways that discourses of race and sexuality converge and diverge.

In the second event, Talitha LeFlouria, Assistant Professor of History at Florida Atlantic University, gave a talk titled “Living and Laboring off the Grid: Black Women Prisoners and the Making of the “Modern” South, 1865- 1920,” which provided an in-depth examination of the lived and laboring experiences of imprisoned African- American women in the post-Civil War South, and described how black female convict labor was used to help construct “New South” modernity. Using Georgia—the “industrial capital” of the region—as a case study, she will analyze how African-American women’s presence within the convict lease and chain gang systems of the “empire state” helped modernize the “New South,” by creating a new and dynamic set of occupational burdens and competencies for black women that were untested in the free labor market. In addition to discussing how the parameters of southern black women’s working lives were redrawn by the carceral state, she will also account for the hidden and explicit modes of resistance female prisoners used to counter work-related abuses, as well as physical and sexualized violence.

In the final event, Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Assistant Professor of African American Studies at UC Irvine spoke on “‘I Write What I Like’: The Politics of Black Identity and Gendered Racial Consciousness in Meer’s The Black Woman Worker.” Following Pumla Gqola (2010) and Zine Magubane (1997) in this paper, Willoughby-Herard examined and offered an account of how the contested and complex political identity of “blackness” was articulated in this moment, why this set of nested categories was necessary for Meer and her collaborators, and the cultural work that it did to bind together African, Indian, and so-called Coloured women in a context of extraordinary state and vigilante violence.

Publications and Social Media

During this year, four CSW Update newsletter issues (Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer), three Spotlight on Faculty Research at UCLA mini-newsletters (Law and Human Rights, Affect Theory, and Reproductive Health), and fourteen blog posts were published. See Appendix X. Blog posts have received more than 5000 views this year. 41 videocasts were posted on YouTube and received 1,311 views: 2 from Life (Un)Ltd, 2 from Women’s Activism and International Indigenous Rights, 3 from New Directions in Black Feminist Studies, and 34 from Thinking Gender 2015. Our Twitter feed has 344 followers; our Facebook page has 1171 followers and our average reach is around 1,700; and our Pinterest account has 159 followers. See Appendix 6 for newsletter issues.

Thinking Gender

Thinking Gender 2015, CSW’s 25th Annual Graduate Student Research Conference, expanded to a two-day event at UCLA’s Covel Commons this year and added a keynote address, poster exhibition (open to undergraduates), awards for papers and posters, student travel grants, and workshops.

This year, presentations included 12 posters and 43 research papers in 12 panels and covered a wide array of topics, including issues of biomedical body and knowledge production, sexuality in Asian media, feminist inquiry and practices, queer body and sexuality in performance, gendered militarism and social protests, and of gendered roles and professionalism. Also featured are discussions on exploring identity and culture of movement, contesting anthropocentrism, claiming public visibility and power, challenging stereotype of body in the arts, locating agency in politics of the body, and contesting marginality.

Representing 33 colleges and universities from around the world, our presenters came from disciplines in humanities and sciences at UCLA, from other UC campuses and other states, and from Australia, Poland, Canada, France, Germany, and China. We envision that the conference will interest a broad audience, from north and south campus of UCLA, as well as from local academic and lay communities.

The keynote address, “Body Modifications: Violence, Labor, and the Subject of Feminism,” was by Rebecca M. Herzig, the Christian A. Johnson Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and Chair of the Program in Women and Gender Studies at Bates College. It was cosponsored by the UCLA Colloquium in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine.

The poster exhibition took place on the first day, following the keynote address. After the poster exhibition, student travel grants, best posters, and best papers awards were presented by Robin Garell, Vice Provost for Graduate Education at UCLA. Awardees received certificates and financial awards. All awardees have an opportunity to publish in a special Spring 2015 issue of InterActions or Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience.

The panel presentations, a networking lunch, and two workshops, “Fight Like a Woman” with Marcus Kowal and “Acupressure: Massaging Your Way to Optimal Health” with Dr. Felicia Yu, took place on the second day.

See Appendix 5 for complete program.

C. RESEARCH, TEACHING, AND PROGRAMMING

1. Core and Affiliated Faculty No Advisory Committee was formed this year. Affiliated Faculty come from all colleges and professional schools in the university. See Appendix 1.

2. External Funding

Extramural Funding

SPENCER FOUNDATION GRANT PI: Professor Patricia Greenfield (UCLA) Co-PI: Professor Ashley Maynard (University of Hawaii) Grant Title: Social Change, Informal Education, Human Development, and the Shift to Formal Education: Studying Three Generations of Mothers and Children over 43 Years in a Maya Community in Chiapas, Mexico Award Amount: $40,000 Grant Period: 09/01/12-08/31/14 – extended to 09/30/16

Development Funding

IRVING & JEAN STONE STUDENT FELLOWSHIP ENDOWMENT Award Amount: $2,000,000 Awarded: June 2008

MERIDEL LE SUEUR FUND (ANONYMOUS DONOR) Award Amount: $100,000 ($20,000 per year for 5 years) Awarded: FY08/09

PENNY AND ED KANNER/CSW INNOVATION FUND Award Amount: $20,000 Awarded: $10,000 FY11/12 and $10,000 FY12/13

3. Scholarly and Instructional Activities a. Visiting Scholar

This year, CSW hosted Diane Richardson, the author of Introducing Gender and Women’s Studies, as a Visiting Scholar in Fall of 2014. She is a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellow and Professor of Sociology in the School of Geography, Politics, and Sociology at Newcastle University, UK. While at UCLA, she was working on a book from the project that, through an examination of original research findings from different parts of the globe, examines the construction of forms of citizenship for sexual and gender minorities. She gave a talk, “Sexuality & Citizenship: Remaking Boundaries of Tolerance and Acceptance,” on November 18, 2014, which was cosponsored by the Gender Working Group of the Department of Sociology at UCLA and the UCLA Center for European and Eurasian Studies. b. Research Scholars 2014-2015 The Research Scholars program is designed to support local independent scholars conducting research on women, sexuality, or gender who have limited institutional access to research support. Research Scholars must have an active research project in progress and neither a tenure-track position nor a permanent, full-time academic affiliation with a college or university. See Appendix 2. c. Events CSW organized the below listed twelve events and also cosponsored another twenty-one public programs:

Date Event Attendance Cosponsors Fall 10/8/14 Fall Reception 73 Gender Studies 10/22/14 Margarita Gutierrez 78 Latin American Institute, Dean of the Social Sciences, Institute for American Cultures, Center for Mexican Studies, and the Center for Oral History Research 10/28/14 Climates, Clocks and Kids: 18 -- A Workshop for Junior Faculty and Grad Students 11/5/14 Life (Un) Ltd: 61 Institute for Society and Genetics Deboleena Roy Banu Subramaniam 11/18/14 Diane Richardson 21 Sociology Dept, Center for European/Eurasian Studies 11/20/14 Sonia Henriquez 53 Latin American Institute, Dean of the Social Sciences, Institute for American Cultures, Center for Oral History Research, and the Charles E. Young Research Library Winter 1/29/15 Amber Musser 42 Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies, Labor Studies Program, Institute for American Cultures, Department of English, Department of Gender Studies, Department of African American Studies, International Institute, Mellon Postdoctoral Program in the Humanities "Cultures in Transnational Perspective," and the African Studies Center. 2/12/15 Talitha LeFlouia 34 Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies, Labor Studies Program, Institute for American Cultures, Department of English, Department of Gender Studies, Department of African American Studies, International Institute, Mellon Postdoctoral Program in the Humanities "Cultures in Transnational Perspective," and the African Studies Center. 2/26/15 Tiffany Willoughby-Herard 28 Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies, Labor Studies Program, Institute for American Cultures, Department of English, Department of Gender Studies, Department of African American Studies, International Institute, Mellon Postdoctoral Program in the Humanities "Cultures in Transnational Perspective," and the African Studies Center. 2/27/15 Life (Un) Ltd: Kath Weston 39 Department of Anthropology 3/4/15 Geographies of Gender, 15 Militarism, and Climate Change with Lisa Bloom, Ayano Ginoza, and Sharon Traweek Spring 4/23/15 Thinking Gender 130 Graduate Division, History of Science Colloquium d. Cosponsorships As in previous years, CSW provided support (financial as well as promotional) for events organized by other campus units.

Event Organizer Attendance Fall Masculinity, Stardom and Genre Film, Television and Digital Media 12 Indigeneity, Palestine, and the Demands of Civility Center for Near Eastern Studies 147 Labor Women and Reflecting on API Women in Labor Today IRLE n/a Literature & Gender Department of English n/a

Winter Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front IRLE 10 The Law Review Symposium UCLA School of Law 300 Voice Studies Now conference Musicology 330 Colloquium in Armenian Studies 150 Wrapped in the Flag of Israel Gender Studies 4 Cowspiracy World Arts and Cultures/Dance 115 Women Write the Mediterranean Italian 80 Resisting India’s rape culture 50 13th Annual Graduate Student Colloquium Armenian Graduate Students Association n/a in Armenian Studies Models of Work-Family Balance in the Lives of Israeli Women Scientists Center for Israel Studies n/a

Spring Dealing in Desire Sociology's Gender Working Group 19 Labor, Entertainment, & Sports IRLE 142 When Crime Fiction Matters Chicano/a Studies 25 Crippling the Infrastructure, Disability, Media and ‘The New Normal’ Culture, Power, Social Change 56 Arts, Robots, and Other Machines Asian American Studies 40 Reporting on the “Comfort Women Terasaki Center for Japanese Studies n/a

Advocacy Through Education: Iris Cantor UCLA-Women's Health Center 150 Reproductive Health and the Environment in Los Angeles County

D. BUDGET & STAFFING

No changes were made to the budget during this transitional period. In March, a staff reorganization plan was put in place: the Assistant Director position was eliminated and a new position, Management Services Officer II, was added. Appendix 1. Faculty Affiliates Eric Avila Associate Professor, Chicano Studies and History Anurima Banerji Assistant Professor, World Arts and Cultures Victor Bascara Associate Professor, Asian American Studies Janet Bergstrom Professor, Cinema and Media Studies Kathryn Bernhardt Professor, History Maylei Blackwell Assistant Professor, Chicana/o Studies Jennie E. Brand Assistant Professor, Sociology Joseph Bristow Professor, English Lia Brozgal Assistant Professor, French and Francophone Studies Greg Bryant Assistant Professor, Communication Studies Taimie Bryant Professor, Law Lucy Burns Associate Professor, Asian American Studies Allison Carruth Assistant Professor, English Sue-Ellen Case Professor and Chair, Theater Critical Studies Jessica Cattelino Associate Professor, Anthropology King-Kok Cheung Professor, English Susan Cochran Professor, Epidemiology Kimberle Crenshaw Professor, Law Esha Niyogi De Lecturer, Writing Programs Elizabeth DeLoughrey Associate Professor, English Robin L.H. Derby Assistant Professor, History Helen Deutsch Professor, English Ellen DuBois Professor, History Christine Dunkel Schetter Professor, Psychology Jo-Ann Eastwood Assistant Professor, School of Nursing Nina Sun Eidsheim Assistant Professor, Musicology Lieba Faier Assistant Professor, Geography Allyson Nadia Field Assistant Professor, Cinema and Media Studies Aisha Finch Afro American Studies and Gender Studies Chandra Ford Assistant Professor, Community Health Services Susan Leigh Foster Professor, World Arts and Cultures Lorrie Frasure Assistant Professor, Political Science Jodi Friedman Associate Clinical Professor, Medicine Nouri Gana Assistant Professor, Comp Literature & Near Eastern Languages and Cultures Alicia Gaspar de Alba Professor and Chair, Chicana/o Studies David Gere Co-Chair and Associate Professor, World Arts & Cultures Jessica Gipson Assistant Professor, Community Health Services Paola Giuliano Assistant Professor, Anderson School of Management Phillip Atiba Goff Assistant Professor, Psychology Andrea S. Goldman Associate Professor, History Yogita Goyal Assistant Professor, English

Patricia Greenfield Professor, Psychology Lourdes Guerrero GME Analyst, David Geffen School of Medicine Sondra Hale Professor Emerita, Anthropology and Gender Studies Sandra Harding Professor Emerita, Social Sciences and Comparative Education Cheryl Harris Professor, Law Martie G. Haselton Associate Professor, Communication Studies/Psychology Kelly Lytle Hernandez Associate Professor, History Andrew Hewitt Professor and Chair, Germanic Languages Frank Tobias Higbie Associate Professor, History Gil Hochberg Associate Professor, Comparative Literature Grace Hong Associate Professor, Asian American Studies Louise Hornby Assistant Professor, English Carollee Howes Professor, Education Lynn Hunt Professor, Weber Chair, History and French and Francophone Studies Margaret Jacob Professor, History Robert Jensen Associate Professor, Public Policy Kerri L. Johnson Assistant Professor, Communication Studies Sarah Kareem Assistant Professor, English Benjamin R. Karney Associate Professor, Psychology Andrea Kasko Assistant Professor, Bioengineering/ Biomedical Engineering Cheryl Keyes Associate Professor, Ethnomusicology Katherine King Professor, Classics and Comparative Literature Gail Kligman Professor, Sociology Hannah Landecker Associate Professor, Sociology Anna Lau Associate Professor, Psychology Elisabeth Le Guin Associate Professor, Musicology Jacqueline Leavitt Professor, Urban Planning Gia Lee Acting Professor, Law Rachel Lee Associate Professor, English/Gender Studies Françoise Lionnet Professor, French and Francophone Studies Arthur Little Associate Professor, English Christine Littleton, Vice Provost, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity; Professor, Law Susanne Lohmann Professor, Political Science Marissa Lopez Assistant Professor, English Neil Malamuth Professor, Communication Studies and Psychology Purnima Mankekar Associate Professor, Gender Studies/ Asian American Studies Elizabeth Marchant Chair, Gender Studies, and Associate Professor, Comparative Literature and Gender Studies Victoria Marks Professor, World Arts & Cultures Saloni Mathur Associate Professor, Art History Valerie Matsumoto Associate Professor, History Vickie Mays Professor, Psychology and Health Services; Director, Center on Research, Education, Training nd Strategic Communication on Minority Health Disparities Muriel McClendon Associate Professor, History; Chair, European Studies Interdepartmental Program Kirstie McClure Associate Professor, Political Science Kathryn McDonnell Assistant Professor, Classics Patricia McDonough Professor and Vice Chair, Education Claire McEachern Professor, English Kathleen McHugh Professor, English and Cinema & Media Studies Anne Mellor Professor, English Sara Melzer Associate Professor, French and Francophone Studies Sean Metzger Assistant Professor, Performance Studies Claudia Mitchell-Kernan Professor, Anthropology Mignon R. Moore Assistant Professor, Sociology Mitchell Morris Associate Professor, Musicology Amir Mufti Associate Professor, Comparative Literature Edith Mukudi Omwami Asst Professor, Social Sciences and Comparative Education Harryette Mullen Professor, English Laure Murat Assistant Professor, French and Francophone Studies Barbara Nelson Dean and Professor, Public Policy Sianne Ngai Associate Professor, English Kathryn Norberg Associate Professor, History Chon Noriega Professor, Film and Television; Director, Chicano Studies Research Center Felicity Nussbaum Professor, English Frances Olsen Professor, Law Vilma Ortiz Associate Professor, Sociology Sherry Ortner Professor, Anthropology Sule Ozler Associate Professor, Economics Carole Pateman Professor, Political Science Carol Pavlish Assistant Professor, Nursing Maria Cristina Pons Associate Professor, Chicana/o Studies Lucia Re Professor, Italian Janice Reiff Associate Professor, History Ted Robles Assistant Professor, Health Psychology/ Sociology Karen Rowe Professor, English Abigail C. Saguy Professor, Sociology Linda J. Sax Professor, Higher Education and Organizational Change Brooke Scelza Assistant Professor, Anthropology James Schultz Professor, Germanic Languages Jenessa Shapiro Assistant Professor, Psychology Aparna Sharma Assistant Professor, World Arts and Cultures Jenny Sharpe Professor, English Seana Shiffrin Associate Professor, Philosophy Margaret Shih Associate Professor, Anderson School of Management Shu-Mei Shih Professor, Asian Languages and Cultures Susan Slyomovics Professor, Anthropology Monica L. Smith Professor, Anthropology Zrinka Stahuljak Assistant Professor, French and Francophone Studies Jennifer Steinkamp Professor, Design | Media Arts Lara Stemple Director of the Graduate Studies Program, Law Brenda Stevenson Professor, History; Chair, Interdepartmental Program in Afro-American Studies Caroline Streeter Assistant Professor, English Saskia Subramanian Asst Research Sociologist, Psychiatry, Biobehavioral Science Mariko Tamanoi Associate Professor, Anthropology Paula Tavrow Adjunct Associate Professor, Public Health Shelley Taylor Professor, Psychology; Director, Social Neuroscience Lab Kevin Terraciano Professor, History Mary Terrall Associate Professor, History Chris Tilly Professor, Urban Planning; Director, Institute, Labor and Employment Cristina Tirado Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Public Health Sharon Traweek Associate Professor, History Belinda Tucker Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Science; Associate Dean, Graduate Division Dawn Upchurch Professor, Public Health Charlene Villaseñor Black Associate Professor, Art History Juliet Williams Associate Professor, Gender Studies Gail Wyatt Professor in Residence, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science Mary Yeager Professor, History Noah Zatz Professor, Law

Appendix 2. Research Scholars 2014-2015

The Research Scholar program is designed to support local independent scholars conducting research on women, sexuality, or gender who have limited institutional access to research support. Research Scholars must have an active research project in progress and neither a tenure-track position nor a permanent, full-time academic affiliation with a college or university.

Nushin Arbabzadah Research interests: Queen Soraya Tarzi; history of Afghanistan; Islamic Studies; media studies; international women's movement of the early twentieth century; women and Islam

Azza Basarudin Research Interests: feminist studies in Islam, transnational and postcolonial feminist theories, feminist ethnography, social justice and human rights

Davida Becker Research interests: Global reproductive health; health care access and quality of care; family planning; immigration; Latin America

Carol Bensick Research interests: History of women's philosophy; Amalie John Hathaway; Julia Ward Howe; American women's philosophy; nineteenth-century philosophy

Lisa Bloom Research Interests: climate change, media studies, feminist and environmentalist art, polar regions

Catherine Christensen Research Interests: Euro-American Prostitutes and Reformers, gender and sexuality politics at the U.S.-Mexico border

Miriam Robbins Dexter Research interests: Translating ancient Indo-European and near-Eastern texts; feminine figures in ancient myths and folklore; female figures who do a sacred display of their genitals, bringing protection, fertility, and good fortune. Kim Elsesser Research interests: Gender in the workplace; bias against female leaders; sexual harassment; barriers to cross-sex friendships and mentor relationships at work; gender discrimination

Mirasol Enriquez Research interests: representations of race, gender, and sexuality in film and television; media production culture; Chicana/o and Latina/o studies; feminist studies; cultural studies; oral histories; American and Latin American film

Margarete Feinstein Research interests: History of postwar Germany; sociocultural history of Holocaust survivors; reintegration of Jewish women survivors in postwar Germany

Negin Ghavami Research Interests: psychological well-being, social and sexual identities, ethnic minorities, stigmatized groups, internalized homophobia and racism.

Ayano Ginoza Research interests: Cultural theory; cultural studies; American studies; Okinawan studies; women's studies; military culture and structure; Pacific Island studies

Kristine Gunnell Research Interests: Race, gender, religion, urban spaces, social welfare, multiethnic communities in Los Angeles

Rhonda Hammer Research interests: Women's studies; media literacy; communication; cultural studies; independent video production; globalization; feminism; education

Natalie Hansen Research interests: Feminist studies; queer studies; animal studies; critical race studies

Myrna Hant Research interests: Cultural studies; media representations of older women, particularly Jewish and African American women; women's studies; advocacy for the homeless

Karon Jolna Research interests: women, diversity and leadership; preparing the next generation for leadership; pedagogy and online education.

Penny (Barbara) Kanner Research Interests: Bibliomethodology as an analytical tool; British women's autobiographies; gender studies; women in history; British women in WWII

Gabriele Kohpahl Research interests: Women's studies; ethnography of female immigration and activism; Guatemalan immigrants in Los Angeles

Elline Lipkin Research interests: Gender and girls' studies; gender construction and representation; twentieth-century poetry; feminist poetics

F. Alethea Martí Research interests: language socialization, gender, small-scale entrepreneurship, adolescence and emerging adulthood, online communities, gossip and logic, mothers and families, urban Latin America, USA.

Gisele Maynard-Tucker Research interests: Qualitative research; training/teaching facilitators; monitoring and evaluation of programs; reproductive health; STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention; quality of care services; training of Tot; maternal and child health; adolescent sexual behavior; men's KAP and contraception; gender inequalities; women's empowerment; family planning; behavior change communication

Cynthia Merrill Research interests: Constitutional law; First Amendment rights; rights to privacy in the U.S.

Tzili Mor Research interests: human rights, gender, and the impact of rule of law reform on lived realities, applied feminist legal solutions to shape discourse and reform agendas on gender and women’s human rights, and holistic legal analysis

Becky Nicolaides Research interests: Suburban history; women in suburbia; American studies; American history; urban studies

Rebekah Park Research interests: gendered memories, Argentine political prisoners, human rights issues related to race, class, public health and poverty

Jenny Price Research interests: Non-fiction writing; environmental history; history of the American west; history of Los Angeles

Alyssa Ribeiro Research Interests: 20th-century U.S. history; race, ethnicity, and gender studies; urban history.

Penny L. Richards Research interests: Disability studies; disability history; education history; U.S. historical geography in the nineteenth century

Denise Roman Research interests: Immigrant Women and Trauma; Feminist Legal Theory; Rape Shield Laws; Empowering Women through Mentoring

Kathleen Sheldon Research interests: African women's history, with a special interest in women and work, Mozambican women, and urban African women.

Alice Wexler Research interests: Huntington's disease; gender and medical history; genetics and gender; gender and science

Mellissa Withers Research Interests: reproductive health, including unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and family planning, health services, community participatory research, community outreach/engagement, cultural competency, qualitative methodology, border/migrant/refugee health, social determinants of health and health disparities

Patricia Zukow-Goldring Research interests: Women's studies; women, child development, and cultural knowledge; speech and early childhood development Appendix 3. Student Awards, Grants, and Fellowships

CSW has advanced academic excellence in the study of gender, sexuality, and women’s issues by developing and fostering, among other things, innovative graduate student research through funding, programming, and employment opportunities. CSW has long supported and advanced the research and professional careers of graduate students at UCLA. In recent years, we have dramatically extended and formalized this support through targeted fundraising, innovations in programming, and the creation of new scholarly and professional training opportunities. CSW takes very seriously our role as mentor to the many graduate students from various departments and disciplines who do research in the areas of gender, sexuality, and women’s issues. The Graduate Student Initiative is our public commitment to promoting the professional success and academic excellence of graduate students at UCLA

CSW is dedicated to advancing graduate-level research at UCLA in the areas of gender, sexuality, and women’s issues. Our generous donors have provided CSW with the means to offer graduate students an array of award, grant, and fellowship opportunities. CSW provides awards for dissertation and scholarly excellence, fellowships for research, and a competitive biannual travel grant program.

Constance Coiner Awards The Constance Coiner Awards honor the lives of Dr. Constance Coiner, 48, and her daughter, Ana Duarte-Coiner 12, who died on TWA flight #800 in June of 1996. Constance Coiner designed her own individual Ph.D. program in American Studies at UCLA, bringing together her interests in working-class literature and history. Her dissertation was completed in 1987. While at UCLA, Constance Coiner received numerous awards and became in 1988 the first recipient of the CSW Mary Wollstonecraft Award. She joined the faculty at the State University of New York, Binghamton, in 1988. Born while Constance was completing her doctorate, Ana Duarte-Coiner helped lead her team to a city softball championship in 1995, excelled as a student, was a reporter on a children's television program, and was also an accomplished pianist and member of her school's varsity tennis team. Constance Coiner’s book, Better Red: The Writing and Resistance of Tillie Olsen and Meridel Le Sueur, published in 1995 by Oxford University Press, brilliantly illuminated the feminism of these early working-class writers with ties to the Communist Party. A pioneering voice for feminist scholarship on women of the working class, Dr. Coiner became at SUNY Binghamton and within the Modern Language Association a well-respected and beloved mentor to women students who sought to do as she had done by forging links between women's lives and work, between American feminism and the political left, between oral history and literary theory.

The members of the selection committee for these awards were Virginia Coiner Classick, Dr. Coiner’s sister; Karen Rowe, Professor of English and founding director of CSW; and Katherine King, Professor of Comparative Literature and Classics.

They selected Adlay (Adella) Gorgen, a senior in the Department of English, and Merima Tricic, a senior with a triple major in World Arts/Cultures, Religious Studies, and Pre- Political Science, as the recipients of the Constance Coiner Undergraduate Award. Naazneen Diwan, a doctoral student in the Department of Gender Studies, and Preeti Sharma, a doctoral student in the Department of Gender Studies, each received a Constance Coiner Graduate Fellowship.

Elizabeth Blackwell, Md, Awards Dr. Penny Kanner, who generously funded thes awards and the Penny Kanner Dissertation Research Fellowship, received a Ph.D. in the Department of History at UCLA. She has taught at UCLA Extension, Mount St. Mary’s College, Occidental College, and held a faculty appointment at UCLA. She has been a Research Scholar at CSW since 1990. These awards recognize an outstanding research report, thesis, or article related to women and health or women in health-related endeavors. It is named for Elizabeth Blackwell, MD, the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.

Members of the selection committee were May Wang, Professor of Community Health Sciences in the Fielding School of Public Health; Ellen DuBois, Professor of History; Muriel McClendon, Professor of History; and Paula Tavrow, Adjunct Associate Professor of Community Health Sciences in the Fielding School of Public Health.

The committee selected Tira Okamoto, an undergraduate in the Department of World Arts and Cultures/Dance, for her paper titled “Naked in Their Eyes: A Case Study on Sexual Harassment in Amman.” The selection committee called the paper “a thoughtful examination of sexual harassment of Jordanian women. Sexual harassment is considered a serious public health issue by the World Health Organization and Tira's work is impressive for an undergraduate student.”

This year, two students were selected and will split the graduate award: Mona Moeni, a doctoral student in Psychology, for her paper titled “Sex differences in depressive and socioemotional responses to an inflammatory challenge: Implications for sex differences in depression” and Cassia Roth, a doctoral student in History, for her paper titled “A Miscarriage of Justice.”

Penny Kanner Dissertation Research Fellowship This award was also funded by Penny Kanner. It replaces two that were given for completed dissertations -- the Mary Wollstonecraft Award and the George Eliot Award. The two awards were combined into this fellowship, which was named in her honor by CSW to acknowledge Penny’s profound commitment to feminism and to CSW. The Penny Kanner Dissertation Research Fellowship is a prize that funds an exceptional dissertation research project pertaining to women or gender that uses historical materials and methods.

Members of the selection committee were Kate Norberg, Associate Professor of History; and Chandra Ford, Associate Professor of Community Health Sciences in the Fielding School of Public Health.

They selected Jessica Lynne Harris, Department of History, for her dissertation prospectus, “Exporting Mrs. Consumer: The American Woman in Italian Culture, 1945-1975. Her project is a transnational study of the emergence of new patterns of consumption among Italian women in the post war era. In selecting Harris for the award, the committee noted that she “is particularly imaginative in her use of sources, consulting both the advertisements for cosmetics that appeared in the mainstream women's press and the criticisms of consumption offered by the Catholic and the Communist women's publications. Harris adds new depth to our notions about the growth of consumerism by recognizing that women were assailed by conflicting forces, be they capitalist, Catholic or Communist. Harris provides a complex analysis of the birth of Italian consumerism while shedding new light on how the Cold War affected women both in the US and in Europe. “

Jean Stone Dissertation Fellowship Jean Stone, born Jean Factor, collaborated with her husband, Irving Stone, as a researcher and editor on eighteen biographical novels. For over five decades, she was involved with and supported UCLA. Jean Stone had a long and productive relationship with CSW. She cared deeply about the graduate students whose research on women embodied the promise of the next generation of feminist scholars. The Jean Stone Dissertation Research Fellowship is an award that provides support for a doctoral student engaged in research focusing on women and/or gender. Members of the selection committee were Grace Hong, Associate Professor of Gender Studies; Linda Sax, Professor of Education; and Michelle Erai, Assistant Professor of Gender Studies.

The recipient of the Jean Stone Dissertation Research Fellowship is Rosie Varyter Aroush, a PhD candidate in Near Eastern Languages and Culture for her project titled, “Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Armenians in Los Angeles and Yerevan: Family Relationships, Identity Negotiation, & Community Involvement.”

Paula Stone Legal Research Fellowship This award is made possible through the generosity of Mrs. Jean Stone and was created to honor her daughter, Paula Stone. This award supports research that focuses on women and the law with preference given to research on women in the criminal/legal justice system.

Members of the selection committee were Tzili Mor, CSW Research Scholar, and Courtney Powers, Lecturer in Law. They selected Jasmine Phillips, UCLA School of Law, “for its originality, innovative approach, and thoughtful justification for a comparative study of policing, re-entry, and incarceration with an emphasis on women of color.” They also applauded “the proposal’s strong links with re-entry work in the US and with the South African organization, Sonke Gender Justice, which has an established and fruitful collaboration with UCLA law’s health and human rights project and which will provide needed support for the research portion to take place in South Africa.”

Policy Brief Prize The Policy Brief Prize was funded by the Irving and Jean Stone Endowment. The Policy Brief Awards recognize outstanding applied feminist scholarship by graduate students. This year, we distributed a call for submissions on the topic of “Women in the Informal Economy: Global Challenges, Local Solutions.” We are pleased to recognize two briefs. They will be published later this year in print and also on the CSW site at the California Digital Library.

Members of the selection committee were Chris Tilly, Professor of Urban Planning and Director of the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment; Brenda Johnson-Grau, Managing Editor at CSW; and Skye Allmang, doctoral student in Social Welfare. They selected Amanda Nguyen, a doctoral student in Economics, for her brief, “Improving the health and well-being of sex workers in the underground commercial sex economy.” The committee “appreciated Amanda’s clear analysis, thorough documentation, and sensible policy recommendations.” Nina M. Flores, a doctoral student in Urban Planning at the Luskin School of Public Affairs, and Karna Wong, a doctoral student in Urban Planning at the Luskin School of Public Affairs, received the award for their brief, titled “Redefining A Happy Ending: Rights For Massage Parlor Workers.” Their brief “made a strong case for additional protections for massage workers.”

TRAVEL GRANTS First Last Amount Department Project

Amanda Bailey $291 Anthropology Trauma Stories and Transformations: Situating Turning- Point Narratives by Female Tribal College Students

Sevi Bayraktar $400 World Arts and Hip Hop with Darbuka: New Artistic Genres in Gentrified Cultures Istanbul Ariana Bell $250 Psychology Health Implications of Intersectional Approaches to Race, Sexual Identity, and Gender Identity and Expression

Anne Fehrenbacher $109 Community Determinants of consistent condom use among sex workers Health in India: Testing competing hypotheses of perceived risk, Sciences/Publi empowerment, and financial security and Perceived Job c Health Insecurity and Life Satisfaction: Testing a Causal Model of Job Stress Brianna Goodale $300 Psychology Stifling silence: How failure to confront increases stereotype threat among women in STEM Kathleen Lehman $275 Higher Understanding the Role of Faculty in the Computer Science Education and Gender Gap Organizational Change - GSEIS Kimberly Mack $400 English Dissertation research about black blueswomen

Jennifer Monti $400 Spanish and “Sab, la mujer, y la esclavitud: cinco preguntas (y respuestas) Portuguese para refuter el genero abolicionista”

Chantiri Resendiz $375 Chicano/Chica Coming Out of the Shadows: Queering Activist Performances, na Studies Finding Disruptions, and Letting the Wild Tongues Speak in the Immigrant Rights Movement Rosaleen Rhee $350 Musicology Fatalistic Audiovisual Representation of AIDS in the Korean Popular Music Video “Loving Memory” Adelle Sanna $250 Italian Mythic Revisionism in Sirene (Sirens) by Laura Pugno

David Schieber $250 Sociology Money, Morals, and Condom Use: The Politics of Health in the Adult Film Industry Preeti Sharma $350 Gender Studies The Thread Between Them: Race, Gender, and Intimacy in Los Angeles’ South Asian Threading Salons Gitanjali Singh $400 Gender Studies Desire, Sexuality and Bodies: Mothers and Daughters in Stockton, California Monica Streifer $250 Italian Historical Revisionism on the Modern Italian Stage: Anna Banti’s Corte Savella (1960) Sharon Tran $150 English The Senecan Lair: Art, Multitude, and the Oriental Captive Girl Alessandra Williams $400 World Arts and Choreographing Decolonized Labor: The Social Movements Cultures of REALITY, Ananya Dance Theatre, and HIRE Minnesota in the Settler Colonial U.S. Anndretta Wilson $400 Theater & Refusing to Serve: The Gospel Music Performance of Marion Performance Williams Studies Adriane Wynn $500 Health Policy A study to assess the acceptability and feasibility of screening Management/ and treatment of curable sexually transmitted infections Public Health during antenatal care at Princess Marina Hospital

Appendix 4. Award Committee Members

Award Type Committee Member(s) Title Department

Undergrad/Grad Virginia Coiner Classick Donor CSW Karen Rowe Professor English Katherine King Professor Comp Lit and Classics Undergrad/Grad Mary Wang Professor Public Health Ellen DuBois Professor History Muriel McClendon Professor History Paula Tavrow Associate Professor Public Health Graduate Kate Norberg Associate Professor History Chandra Ford Associate Professor Public Health Graduate Grace Hong Professor Gender Studies Linda Sax Professor Education Michelle Erai Assistant Professor Gender Studies Graduate Tzili Mor Research Scholar CSW Courtney Powers Lecturer Law Graduate Chris Tilly Professor Urban Planning Brenda Johnson-Grau Managing Editor CSW Skye Allmang Doctoral Student Social Welfare Graduate Azza Basarudin Research Scholar CSW Catherine Christensen Research Scholar CSW Graduate Natalie Hansen Research Scholar CSW Mirasol Enriquez Research Scholar CSW

UCLA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN PRESENTS

Grand Horizon Ballroom, UCLA Covel Commons

PROGRAM OVERVIEW Thursday, April 23 11:30 am to 1:45 pm Registration 2:30 to 3:15 pm Welcome by Rachel Lee Keynote by Rebecca M. Herzig 3:30 to 4:15 pm Posters/Exhibits 4:30 to 6:00 pm Awards and Reception, Covel Terrace (for invited guests only)

Friday, April 24 8:00 to 8:45 am Registration 9:00 to 10:30 am Session 1 10:30 to 10:45 am Break 10:45 am to 12:15 pm Session 2 12:20 to 1:20 pm Networking lunch, Covel Terrace (for invited guests only) 1:30 to 2:30 pm Workshops: Fight Like a Women and Acupressure (registration required) 2:45 to 4:15 pm Session 3 4:15 to 4:30 pm Break 4:30 to 6:00 pm Session 4

Thinking Gender is an annual public conference highlighting research on women, sexuality, and gender across all disciplines and historical periods. Thursday, April 23 Keynote, 2:15 pm, Grand Horizon Ballroom BODY MODIFICATIONS: VIOLENCE, LABOR, AND THE SUBJECT OF FEMINISM Rebecca M. Herzig

…surfaces and underpinnings, the spectacular and the boring, are inextricably intertwined. The boundaries of ‘serious’ bioethical concerns, and of medical ‘necessity,’ are continuously remade, symbolically and materially, in relation to the trivial and the superfluous. –Rebecca M. Herzig, Plucked

Rebecca M. Herzig is the Christian A. Johnson Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and Chair of the Program in Women and Gender Studies at Bates College. Her teaching, research, and activist work all seek to engage broad audiences in reflection on the social dimensions of science, technology, and medicine. Her recent publications include a special issue of the Lancet on “Medicalisation in the 21st century,” co-edited with Jonathan Metzl, and The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics, co-edited with Evelynn Hammonds. Her latest book, Plucked: A History of Hair Removal, is now available from NYU Press. She has served on the executive councils of the Society for the Social Studies of Science, the Society for the History of Technology, and the International Committee for the History of Technology, among other professional and community boards.

From 3:15 to 4:15 pm on April 23, copies of Plucked: A History of Hair Removal will be available for purchase. Price is $29.95 plus sales tax.

Cosponsored by UCLA Colloquium in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Thursday, April 23 Posters/Exhibits, 3:30 to 4:15 pm, Grand Horizon Ballroom POSTERS Female Resistance in ‘The Legend of Sigh,’ Sarah Abdul Razak, English, Georgetown University Agorafaux-pas! Cultural Implications When Cis-women Perform Female Drag, Jamie Coull, Media, Culture, and Creative Arts (Performance Stud- ies), Curtin University of Technology Honoring Transgender Women’s Narratives: A Postmodern Feminist Ap- proach for Assessment and Engagement in HIV Services, Cary Klemmer, Social Work, USC Let's Talk About Sex: Exploring Sex Education Curricula in the United States, Taryn Moore, International Comparative Education, Stanford University After the Degree: Perseverance of Women in STEM, Annette Siemssen, Teaching, Learning, and Culture, University of Texas at El Paso M.D. Zofia Sadowska: An Active Lesbian As "the enemy of society and state,” Agnieszka Weseli, Anthropology and Psychology, University of Warsaw Reducing Microaggressions Towards Women of Color in STEM, Melo-Jean Yap, Urban Schooling, UCLA Queer Strategies of Alliance for Effective Feminist Organizing, Addison Davi- dove, Integrative Studies, University of Redlands Deconstructing Images of Female Militants in the Palestinian Nationalist Resistance Movement, Noya Kansky, Anthropology and Geography, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Whiteness in the Bedroom: Analytics of Queer Interracial Intimacy, Jesus Lira, Gender and Chicano/a Studies, UCLA Counter Narratives in Chicana Murals, Philomena Lopez, Art History, UCLA Hidden Things in Plain Sight–Female Sailors and Stowaways, Anastasiia Palamarchuk, Art – Graphic Design, CSU Long Beach

EXHIBITORS Ms. and Feminist Majority Foundation, http://feminist.org InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, http:// www.gsa.asucla.ucla.edu/services/publications/interactions Systems Training Center, http://systemstrainingcenter.com Friday, April 24 SESSION 1 9:00 to 10:30 AM

Panel 1, West Coast Room CONTESTING ANTHROPOCENTRISM: THINKING GENDER, RACE, SEX AND SPECIES WITH HUMAN AND ANIMAL BODIES MODERATOR: Alice Wexler, CSW Research Scholar, UCLA Chloe Diamond-Lenow, Feminist Studies, UC Santa Barbara, Keep Love Strong: Iams, Homecoming, and Heteronormativity Meredith Clark, Gender Studies, Arizona State University, Inserting Stereotypes: Hu- man, Companion Species & Testicles Chelsea Jones, Feminist Studies, UC Santa Barbara, The Spectacle of Losing: Fail- ure and the Ephemera of Desiring Community in Sports

Panel 2, North Ridge Room SEXUALITY IN ASIAN MEDIA MODERATOR: Andrea S. Goldman, History, UCLA Jing (Jamie) Zhao, Gender and Cultural Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Reconfiguring a Perfect Butch Idol from a Homoeroticized West in Online Chi- nese Queer Gossip Min Joo Lee, Gender Studies, UCLA, Everybody’s Right to Their Own Fantasy: Korean Television Dramas and Their Fan-Made Videos Eliz Wong, Sociology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Weapons of the Weak: Female Activists in Hong Kong Umbrella Movement

Panel 3, South Bay Room CLAIMING PUBLIC VISIBILITY AND POWER MODERATOR: Kathryn Norberg, History and Gender Studies, UCLA Julie Matos, Communication Studies, CSU Los Angeles, Women’s Rights in Public Address: A Feminist Rhetorical Critique FNU Elizani, Educational Administration, Ohio University, Mélange of Voices: Fe- male Candidates of 2014 Election in Aceh Weiling Deng, Education, UCLA, Contemporary Chinese Women Intellectuals: Recipient and Source of Empowerment Erica Baker, Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Creating and Con- templating (In)visibilities: The Challenge of ‘Coming Out’ as Cosmetically Altered

Icons denote panel themes: Science, Technology, and Theory Identity in Arts and Culture Social Issues and Contested Spaces Friday, April 24 SESSION 2 10:45 AM to 12:15 PM

Panel 4, West Coast Room FEMINIST INQUIRY AND PRACTICES MODERATOR: Michelle Erai, Gender Studies, UCLA Amber Muller, Performance Studies, UC Davis, The Teasing Commodity: Navigat- ing Subject and Object in the Sexual Economy of Neo-Burlesque Delphine Merx, Philosophy, École Normale Supérieure, The Butlerian Parody, A Political Liberation of Bodies? Irene Han, Classics, UCLA, Plato’s Mirrors: Magnesia and the Beautiful City Jake Pyne, Social Work/Gender Studies and Feminist Research, McMaster Univer- sity, “Parenting is not a job… it’s a relationship”: Recognition and Relational Knowledge among Parents of Gender Non-conforming Children

Panel 5, North Ridge Room CONTESTING MARGINALITY MODERATOR: Elizabeth Marchant, Gender Studies, UCLA Delio Vasquez, History of Consciousness, UC Santa Cruz, The Limits of Political Thought: Tactics, Consumption, and Resistance in the Welfare Rights Movement and Practices of Welfare Fraud Lauren Casey, Social Dimension of Health, University of Victoria, Project Home Los Angeles: Gender-responsive Training by, and for, Women with Incarcerated Partners Living in Downtown Los Angeles Skid Row Leena Akhtar, History of Science, Harvard University, Counseling Blind: Conscious- ness-raising and the Creation of New Intervention Models for Sexual Assault Survivors

Panel 6, South Bay Room LOCATING AGENCY IN POLITICS OF THE BODY MODERATOR: Tzili Mor, School of Law, UCLA Adam Ali, Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, “We” are All Terror- ists: Scripting Affects in Airport Spaces Najmeh Moradiyan Rizi, Film and Media Studies, University of Kansas, Body Trouble: Female Embodiment and the Subversion of Iran’s Gender Norms in Mania Akbari’s Cinema Gulin Cetin, Comparative Literature, UC Riverside, Making Docile ‘Female’ Bodies: Biopower and Virginity Examinations in Turkey Friday, April 24 WORKSHOPS, 1:30 to 2:30 PM Salon A FIGHT LIKE A WOMAN WITH MARCUS KOWAL Cosponsored by Marcus Kowal and Systems Training Center Krav Maga is the official self-defense training for the Israeli Defense Forces. Today, it is also the official self- defense system for U.S. law enforcement. It is popular because it is based on instinctive movements and techniques that are functional, regardless of size and gender. The workshop will discuss the practicality and thinking behind Krav Maga and the mental game in situations where self-defense is necessary. Workshop participants will receive one free week of training at Systems Training Center (http://systemstrainingcenter.com).

INSTRUCTOR: Marcus Kowal is a former Ranger (Special Forces) with the Swedish Military; pro kickboxer and MMA fighter; Golden Gloves Finalist Boxer; and 2nd degree Krav Maga Black Belt.

West Coast Room ACUPRESSURE: MASSAGING YOUR WAY TO OPTIMAL HEALTH WITH FELICIA YU Acupressure is a form of touch therapy that uses the principles of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. Sometimes thought of as acupuncture without the needles, it involves applying manual pressure (usually with the fingertips) to points on the body. Acupressure points, which lie along meridians or energy channels within the body, are stimulated in to help restore balance. Dr. Yu will show participants how to stimulate their own acupressure points to alleviate such symptoms as pain, headache, nausea, menstrual cramps, abdominal pain, and insomnia.

INSTRUCTOR: Felicia Yu, M.D., is an East-West Primary Care Fellow at the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine. Her interests include preventive medicine, women’s health, improving the quality of life for cancer patients and survivors, the mind-body connection, and educating patients on the different approaches to healing. Friday, April 24 SESSION 3 2:45 to 4:15 PM

Panel 7, West Coast Room GAMERS ‘N’ GEEKS: GENDERED ROLES AND PROFESSIONAL- ISM IN THE GAMING AND HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES MODERATOR: Allison Carruth, English, UCLA Koji Chavez, Sociology, Stanford University, Gendered Pathways to Hire: Employer Trade-offs and Candidate Gender in the Hiring Decision John Vanderhoef, Film and Media Studies, UC Santa Barbara, Everyday Develop- ers: Amateur Game Development on the Borders of Industry Ryan James Hughes, French and Francophone Studies, UCLA, Women in Revolt: from the French Revolution to #GamerGate

Panel 8, North Ridge Room ACROSS BOUNDARIES: QUEER BODY AND SEXUALITY IN PERFORMANCE MODERATOR: Sue-Ellen Case, Department of Theater, UCLA Kristine Palma, Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, The Taboo Is- sue: Black Queerness, Privacy, and Collective Memory in Sports Alixandria Lopez, Communication Studies, CSU Long Beach, ‘I’m Becoming a Dude’: Sarah Silverman and the (Mis)Appropriation of the Male Body Donnie Lopez, English & Philosophy, Purdue University – Calumet, Queering Dracula’s Red Lips Poyao Huang, Communication, UC San Diego, How to Have a Theory of Queer Blood

Panel 9, South Bay Room OPPOSITIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS: GENDERED MILITARISM AND SOCIAL PROTESTS MODERATOR: Rebecca M. Herzig, Program in Women and Gender Studies, Bates College Anat Schwartz, East Asian Languages and Cultures, UC Irvine, Hegemonic Mascu- linity and Motherhood in South Korea: The Sewol Incident as a “Women Issue” Selina Makana, African American Studies, UC Berkeley, Ready for Combat: Women and Militarized Armed Struggle in Southern Africa Sevi Bayraktar, World Arts and Cultures/Dance, UCLA, Resisting Choreographies: Women in Turkey's Gezi Protests Friday, April 24 SESSION 4 4:30 to 6:00 PM

Panel 10, West Coast Room MEDICINE IN CONTEXT: BIOMEDICAL BODY AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION MODERATOR: Soraya de Chadarevian, History, UCLA Christine Pich, Sociology, Carleton University, The Politics of Ignorance: Occupa- tional Health, Material Bodies, and Breast Cancer Eva Gillis-Buck, School of Medicine, UC San Francisco, Redefining ‘Virgin Birth’ After Kaguya: Mammalian Parthenogenesis in Experimental Biology, 2004-2014 Sandra Harvey, Politics, Emphasis in Feminist Studies, Critical Race and Ethnic Studies, UC Santa Cruz, The HeLa Bomb and the Science of Unveiling Wanda Henry, History, Brown U, Gender and the Dead in St. Giles Cripplegate

Panel 11, North Ridge Room CHALLENGING STEREOTYPES OF BODY IN THE ARTS MODERATOR: Michelle Liu Carriger, Department of Theater, UCLA Lisa Delance, Anthropology, UC Riverside, From the Rags to Riches: The Class, Status, and Power of Clothing among Ancient Maya Women Charlotte Lucke, English Literature, University of Houston, Reclaiming Representa- tion: A Disruption of American Indian (Women) Tropes in Julie Buffalohead's The Skin Shifting Melanie Jones, Comparative Literature, UCLA, The Right to a Mad Mind: A Conversation of Medical Knowledge and Pre-feminist Literary Practice between Madame Bovary and Анна Каренина Julia Taylor, British and American Literature, University of Houston, Cua Ve, Kitchen Gods, and Dutiful Women: Gender and Consumption, and Food in Catfish and Mandala

Panel 12, South Bay Room IDENTITY IN TRANSIT: GENDER, RACE, AND CULTURE OF MOVEMENT MODERATOR: Kristine Gunnell, CSW Research Scholar Jacob Thomas, Sociology, UCLA, Are U.S. Nonimmigrant Visa Application Deci- sions in China Gender Biased? Mieke Lisuk, History, CSU Sacramento, Living a Hmong Us: The Cultural Discon- nect between Hmong Marriage Rituals in Laos and the United States Jacqueline Caraves, Chicana/o Studies, UCLA, Latinas Straddling the Prison Pipe- line through Gender (Non)Conformity Appendix 6. Newsletters, Blog posts, and Videos fall 2014

uclaUCLA center Center for the Studyfor of Womenthe study of women research that rethinks1

message from the director Welcome to the New Year!

co-founder of the Continental tures: Methyl Isocyanate Gas and Network of Indigenous Women the Transpositions of Life, Death, of Abya Yala, spoke at UCLA on and Matter in Bhopal.” The next October 22nd. A second event event, on February 27, 2015, will in the series features Sonia Hen- feature Kath Weston, a professor ríquez, an activist from the Guna in the Department of Anthropol- Yala region along the Caribbean ogy at the University of Virginia. coast of Panama, and will take Her current work focuses on po- place on November 19 from 2 to litical economy, political ecology 4 pm in the YRL. An overview of and environmental issues, his- the series appears in this issue of torical anthropology, and science the newsletter. studies. Her books include Fam- CSW Associate Director Rachel ilies We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Lee continues to lead the Life Kinship (Columbia University elcome to the new academ- (Un)Ltd research project, which Press, 1997), Gender in Real Time: Wic year! I’d like to share on November 5th brought profes- Power and Transience in a Visual news of some of CSW’s activities sors Banu Subramaniam (Associ- Age,(Routledge. 2002), Traveling with you. Our fall quarter events ate Professor of women, gender, Light: On the Road with America’s include a series of lectures on sexuality studies at the University Poor (Beacon Press, 2009). “Women’s Activism and Interna- of Massachussetts, Amherst,) and Visiting CSW Scholar Diane tional Indigenous Rights,” curated Deboleena Roy (Associate Profes- Richardson, Leverhulme Trust by Maylei Blackwell, Associate sor of Women’s, Gender and Sex- Major Research Fellow and Pro- Professor of Chicano/a Studies uality Studies and Neuroscience fessor of Sociology in the School and Gender Studies. The series and Behavioral Biology at Emory of Geography, Politics and Sociol- focuses specifically on leaders in University) to campus for com- ogy at Newcastle University, UK, the Continental Network of Indig- plementary talks. In “Surrogating will be speaking on “Sexuality & enous Women and explores the the Cradle of the World: On the Citizenship: Remaking Boundaries intersection of women’s activism Onto-Epistemological Illusions of of Tolerance and Acceptance” on and indigenous rights. Margari- Matter,” Dr. Subramaniam focused November 18th from 4 to 6 pm ta Gutiérrez Romero, a Nha-ñhu on surrogacy in postcolonial India. in Haines 279. Dr. Richardson’s activist from Hidalgo, Mexico and Dr. Roy spoke on “Germline Rup- interdisciplinary research centers

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 3 message from the director

ty at UCLA. The first issue, focus- ing on “Law and Human Rights,” will appear soon. The call for presentations for Thinking Gender, our annual graduate student research confer- ence, has just been announced. Chien-Ling Liu, a Ph.D. candi- date in the Department of His- tory whose dissertation looks at microbiological studies and public health work by the Pasteur Institutes in China between 1899 and 1950, is the conference coor- dinator. This year marks Think- on sexuality, gender, citizenship and well being of women and ing Gender’s 25th anniversary! and social justice. Her latest their families. We are also are The conference theme is “Power, book Sexuality, Equality and inviting submissions for a set of Contested Knowledge, and Femi- Diversity (Palgrave Macmillan, briefs on the topic “Women in the nist Practices.” Proposals are due 2012) focuses on LGBT equali- Informal Economy: Global Chal- December 15, 2014, and the con- ties policy, examining what has lenges, Local Solutions.” Three ference will be held April 23 and been achieved by legislation and UCLA graduate students will 24, 2015. Please help us spread resistance to such developments. be selected to work with CSW the word. In this issue, you’ll also Please see the Q & A with Diane publications manager Brenda find an overview of the confer- in this issue. Johnson-Grau on the editing and ence theme by Chien-Ling. In addition to our public publishing of their briefs for dis- Read on in this issue to find events and lectures, we have tribution to community partners, “A history of the Lesbian Writers several publication initiatives nonprofit and research organiza- Series,” on the historic set of in process this year, including tions, and public officials. Select- talks by lesbian writers and poets several CSW Policy Briefs. Chris ed students will receive a $500 that took place at A Different Tilly, Professor of Public Policy stipend and recognition at the Light Bookstore from 1984 to and Director of the Institute for CSW Awards luncheon in 2015. A 1994, compiled by series founder Research on Labor and Employ- longer brief highlighting research Ann Bradley, and “Misogyny and ment, is partnering with us on a on best practices in supporting manipulation in Mauritius,” a set of briefs featuring outstand- women faculty in STEM fields is report by Nanar Khamo, gradu- ing applied feminist scholarship also planned. As a supplement to ate student in the Department of by UCLA graduate students. Each this quarterly CSW newsletter, French and Francophone Studies. brief presents research in support we are launching a new email of a policy change that would newsletter highlighting recent – Elizabeth Marchant substantially improve the health gender-related research by facul-

4 FALL 2014 UCLA Center for the Study of Women 5 Women’s Activism and International Indigenous Rights

Faculty Curator Series organized by Maylei Blackwell, Associate Professor of Chicana and Chicano Studies and Gender Studies

HE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE plore the intersection of women’s specifically to engage the UN witnessed an dramatic rights and indigenous rights and have developed new indigenous Tincrease in international reflect on women’s role globally. solidarities and policy advocacy indigenous rights activism on the This series will focus specifical- strategies—as well as trained global scene. Drawing on pri- ly on leaders in the Continental activists to participate in the UN or decades of indigenous rights Network of Indigenous Women Permanent Forum on Indigenous within the international system, (Enlace de Mujeres Indígenas Issues. Critically, this transnation- activists worked tirelessly to draft or ECMI), a regional network of al network not only orients activ- and pass the UN Declaration on indigenous women activists com- ists toward the international arena the Rights of Indigenous People in ing from twenty-six organizations but it also provides a critical space 2007. Because indigenous women in nineteen countries throughout for exchange to build indigenous leaders have been key in leading the Americas. Founded in 1994, women’s political identities and the charge for indigenous rights its growth reflects the emergence forms of political analysis that as well as women’s rights leading, of indigenous mass mobilizations they take back to their commu- many are now asking whether and social movements across nities. Through this multi-scaled we are witnessing the (re)emer- Latin America and the Caribbean activism, they localize a wide gence of indigenous feminism at throughout the 1990s as well as range of strategies against vio- the global level. In conjunction the development of a specific set of lence against indigenous women, with the observance of the World gendered demands surrounding in- militarization, ecological de- Conference on Indigenous Peoples digenous autonomy in the region. struction (mining and resource next fall in New York City (which While some tie the interna- extraction), intellectual property will include only governmental tionalization of rights discourse rights, racism against indigenous representatives since it is a meet- to neoliberalism and global eco- people, and the need for women’s ing of the General Assembly), nomic restructuring, others have human rights within their own “Women’s Activism and Interna- discussed how transnational social communities. tional Indigenous Rights” will ex- movement networks developed

6 FALL 2014 Curated by Maylei Blackwell, collaborative research document- book in western women and gen- Associate Professor, Department ing cultural continuity and polit- der history. Her research focuses of Chicano/a Studies at UCLA, ical mobilization with Zapotecs on indigenous women’s organizers “Women’s Activism and Interna- and Mixtecs from both the north- in Mexico, Latin American femi- tional Indigenous Rights” will ern sierra as well as the central nist movements, and sexual rights explore the intersection of wom- valleys of Oaxaca as well as the activists, all of whom are involved en’s rights and indigenous rights increasingly Mayan diaspora from in cross-border organizing and and will reflect on women’s role Guatemala in Los Angeles. In ad- community formation. globally. dition, she is a noted oral histori- Two of the speakers are Mar- Blackwell accompanied indig- an and author of ¡Chicana Power! garita Gutiérrez Romero (shown enous social movements for the Contested Histories of Feminism in above), who spoke on October past sixteen years developing a the Chicano Movement (U of Texas 22. A video will be available on research expertise on the intersec- Press, 2011), which was a finalist YouTube soon. The second speaker tion of women’s rights and indig- for the Berkshire Conference of is Sonia Henríquez, who will be enous rights within Mexico and Women Historians Book Prize and speaking on November 20 in the California. More recently she has named by the Western Historical from 4 to 6 pm in the YRL confer- conducted community-based and Association as one of the best ence room.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 7 Margarita en’s rights--for indigenous peoples to establish a system of regional Gutierrez Romero during this time. For decades, ac- autonomy, and co-founded Enlace From Chiapas to the UN: Women in tivists worked tirelessly on behalf Continental de Mujeres Indígenas the Struggle for Indigenous Rights of a UN Declaration on the Rights de las Américas (ECMI), which “Indigenous peoples are being of Indigenous People, which was includes organizations in twen- permanently alienated from our passed in 2007. ty-six countries in North, Central, being. We are being stripped, Blackwell selected her as a and South America. “The powerful ripped off, and plundered of our speaker for this series because of growth of [this organization],” values, our spirituality, our spirits, Gutiérrez Romero’s long history says Blackwell, “reflects the emer- even of our gods,” says Margarita of activism on behalf of indig- gence of indigenous mass mobi- Gutiérrez Romero (shown second enous people, which began in lizations and social movements from left above), an Nha-ñhu activ- community radio and continued across Latin America and the ist who will be speaking at UCLA as she studied journalism at the Caribbean throughout the 1990s on October 22. She has been National Autonomous University as well as the development of a involved in the movement for two of Mexico. Part of the indigenous specific set of gendered demands decades, a time period that has rights movement that burgeoned surrounding indigenous autonomy 1 seen a dramatic increase in indige- in the early 1990s, Gutiérrez was in the region.” nous rights activism on the global a founding member of the Nation- ECMI’s member organizations scene. Indigenous women have al Plural Indigenous Assembly for are committed to training, re- been key leaders in these efforts Autonomy (ANIPA), which advo- search, and advocacy in areas in- to ensure rights--including wom- cated for constitutional reform cluding nonviolence and ancestral

8 FALL 2014 justice; territory, environment, cli- in the demands was this request: she was President of the Interna- mate change and food sovereign- “Among the public resources tional Instruments Commission ty; international law instruments; which belong to the indigenous for Continental Network of Indig- intellectual property and biodiver- peoples there should be a special enous Women. She is currently sity; health and spirituality: sexual consignment for women, admin- President of the State Coordinator and reproductive health; political istered and managed by them. of Indigenous Women Organiza- participation; indigenous intercul- This will give them the economic tions in Vinajel, Chiapas, Mexico. tural education; and racism and capacity so that they can begin In that capacity, she participated discrimination. In 1995, the group their own productive projects, on a panel for the Organization of organized the First Continental guarantee them potable water American States Policy Roundta- Meeting of Indigenous Women in and enough food for everyone, ble on “Inclusion and Democracy Quito, Ecuador. It has gone on to and allow them to protect health in the Americas” in April of 2011. “consolidate [itself] as a network and improve the quality of hous- Highlighting the ongoing efforts that links indigenous women ing.”3 Only a portion of these of activists and organizations to from throughout the Americas to demands was actually included in secure equality and full participa- promote the formation of women’s the Accords, and the Indigenous tion in governance for indigenous leadership and influence, from the Law ratified in May of 2001 was a women is the focus of this series. perspective indigenous spaces of even further watered down ver- “These transnational social move- representation and international, sion of the original demands. 4,5 ment networks that were devel- regional, national decision and the The law only states that officials oped to engage the UN,” accord- organizations they lead in order have a responsibility “to promote ing to Blackwell, “have resulted in to strengthen policies that allow the incorporation of indigenous new indigenous solidarities and us to fully exercise our human women into development, through policy advocacy strategies. Criti- rights.”2 the support of productive projects, cally, this transnational network In 1994, Gutiérrez Romero was the protection of women’s health, not only orients activists toward as an advisor at the negotiations the creation of incentives to favor the international arena but it pro- on Indigenous Rights and Cul- women’s education, and their par- vides a critical space for exchange ture, Dialogue and Negotiation in ticipation in the decision-making to build indigenous women’s polit- San Andrés, between the Ejército related to communal life.”6 ical identities and forms of polit- Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, As the indigenous movement ical analysis that they take back the Chiapas State government, grew after the 1994 Zapatis- to their communities. Through and the Mexican national govern- ta rebellion, Gutiérrez Romero this multi-scaled activism, they ment. These negotiations resulted went on to serve as a member of localize a wide range of strategies in the San Andrés Accords, which the National Indigenous Council against violence against indige- were never implemented due to (CNI) and was National Coor- nous women, militarization, eco- governmental incalcitrance. A key dinator of Mexico’s Indigenous logical destruction (mining and component of the negotiations Women (CONAMI) and Secretary resource extraction), intellectual regarded “the triple oppression for Political Education in the Ex- property rights, racism against suffered by indigenous women ecutive Committee of the Partido indigenous people, and the need (because they are poor, indige- de la Revolución Democrática for women’s human rights within nous and women)” (3) Included (PRD). From 2001 until 2010, their own communities.”

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 9 America that provides a space for indigenous women to exchange experiences and elaborate conti- nental strategies and concerted international action. She is also coordinator for the Continental Commission of Commercialization and Intellectual Property, which addresses issues of native women’s art production and its commercial- ization and cooptation, a crucial issue since a major part of the economy of the Guna Yala region is focused on the production and sale of molas. These colorful, ap- pliquéd textiles have been part of the traditional dress of the women since cotton cloth was introduced after the Spanish colonization. Henríquez participated in a suc- cessful lobbying effort to protect the Guna people against the misappropriation of indigenous tives of the organization are to craftsmanship, after imitations of Sonia Henriquez strengthen the participation and molas were being mass-produced Advances and Challenges of the leadership of indigenous women and sold. These lobbying efforts Indigenous Women’s Movement within the regional, national and resulted in a national law, Law in Panama international sphere, as a man- No. 20, the Special System for the From the Guna pueblo, Sonia ager and player involved in the Collective Intellectual Property Henríquez is a leader of Olowag- social, economic, cultural, and Rights of Indigenous Peoples for li, a women’s organization of the political development of society; the Protection and Defense of Guna Yala region, which is along to strengthen the historical and their Cultural Identity and their the Caribbean coast of Panama. cultural identity, by recovering the Traditional Knowledge, on June Since 1996, Henríquez has served wisdom and spirituality of indige- 26, 2000. Following the passage as the president of the National nous women; to raise the econom- of this law, the group organized Coordinator of Indigenous Women ic level of indigenous women and the First National Crafts Workshop of Panama/Coordinadora Nacional their families; and to improve all in in 2005 to provide craftsmen de Mujeres Indigenas de Panama aspects of the living conditions of and designers with information on (CONAMUIP), representing the indigenous women. intellectual property law and the Guna people. The organization Henríquez also served as Ex- regulations concerning registra- formed in 1993, when the women ecutive Coordinator for the Con- tion of use, which protects various from three ethnic groups—Guna, tinental Network of Indigenous indigenous craft models. Emberá and Ngobe—came to- Women of America, a network of As an activist for women’s and gether to form an organization indigenous women’s organizations indigenous rights, Henríquez of indigenous women. The objec- from North, Central, and South has also conducted national and 10 FALL 2014 regional seminars on gender and different but we have the same Notes development, domestic violence, rights. The book was distributed 1. “Indigenous Groups Challenge Doctrine of Christian Discovery and reproductive and sexual health, free to all schools and libraries, Domination,” July 22, 2011, Jason leadership, and strengthening so that children could learn about Coppola, Truthout, http://www.truth- community organizations. She the culture and traditions of indig- out.org/news/item/2169:indigenous- has also participated in interna- enous peoples. groups-challenge-doctrine-of-christian- discovery-and-domination tional workshops and conferences At the publication in 2010 of 2. http://www.csuchico.edu/zapatist/ including the Continental Indige- Sociolinguistic Atlas of Indigenous HTML/Archive/Communiques/advisors_ nous Women’s Workshop (1996), Peoples in Latin America, a lin- on_SA_deal.html. These negotiations the Indigenous Women’s Caucus guistic and sociocultural analysis resulted in the San Andrés Accords, on the Issues of Racism, Racial which were never implemented for Latin America, published by without change because continuing Discrimination, Xenophobia and UNICEF with CONAMUIP and the conflict between the parties led Related Intolerance (2001), and Ministry of Social Development and to an impasse, “18 years after the signing of the San Andrés Accords on the Central American Congress on the support of the Spanish Agen- STD/HIV and AIDS. Indigenous Rights and Culture, these cy for International Development continue not to be recognized by the Cooperation, Henríquez noted the State,” SIPAZ, International Service for importance of the volume for the Peace Blog, http://sipazen.wordpress. com/2014/03/01/chiapas-18-anos- indigenous peoples and those seek- years-after-the-signing-of-the-san- ing to support them, “It is a tool to andres-accords-on-indigenous-rights- learn about the situation of indige- and-culture-these-continue-not-to-be- nous peoples in Latin America and recognized-by-the-state/ 3. “Mexico Ratifies Indian Rights Law Panama.” Amid States’ Opposition Mexico Earlier this year, she participated Ratifies Indian Rights Law Amid States’ in a Dialogue on the Rights of In- Opposition,” Los Angeles Times, July digenous Women in the Inter-Amer- 13, 2001, http://articles.latimes. com/2001/jul/13/news/mn-21878 ican System in Guatemala City put 4. “Autonomy and Resistance in Chiapas: on by the Organization of American Indigenous Women’s Rights and States (OAS). Along with lead- the Accords of San Andrés,” Petra In 2009, twenty years after the ers from Mexico and Costa Rica, Purkarthofer, International Social Theory Consortium, Roanoke, May 18- Convention on the Rights of the Henríquez spoke about experiences 21, 2006 Child, UNICEF published Ina and of indigenous women in relation to 5. http://ecmia.org/origen Her Tagua Bracelet in conjunction the protection mechanisms offered 6. Video of Gutiérrez Romero (in with the National Coordinator of by the inter-American human rights Spanish): https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ZncHidq9jzU Indigenous Women of Panama, a system. storybook based on the story of a She has been recognized with Panamanian girl and her experi- many awards and scholarships, ences moving to the city. At the including a full scholarship to at- public event to celebrate its pub- tend an intensive course on Human lication, Sonia Henriquez intro- Rights at the University of Geneva duced the book and an interactive in 2006 and a World Organization CD that accompanied it. While it of Intellectual Property Medal of is a story of discrimination, it also Merit from the for her defense in stresses the value of friendship the Protection of Traditional Knowl- and the notion that we may be edge of Indigenous Peoples.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 11 Diane Richardson

12 FALL 2014 Q and A with noted author, researcher, and CSW Visiting Scholar Diane Richardson

DIANE RICHARDSON is a CSW other books, and numerous journal What drew you to women’s Visiting Scholar for Fall 2014 and articles and book chapters. studies and sociology? Were you a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Richardson’s pioneering research raised as a feminist? What were Fellow and Professor of Sociology on gender, sexuality, and citizen- your early influences? in the School of Geography, Politics ship has raised questions about and Sociology at Newcastle Uni- how citizenship is understood. This I grew up in a small rural village versity, UK. Her interdisciplinary theoretical work underpinned two in the North of England until I research focuses on sexuality, gen- large Economic and Social Re- went to university in Cambridge. der, citizenship and social justice. search Council UK–funded stud- My mother and her friends were Her latest book Sexuality, Equality ies concerned with the demands an influence in that they were the and Diversity (Palgrave Macmillan, for rights from different minority generation Betty Friedan talked 2012) focusses on LGBT equalities groups. One of these was a study of in terms of experiencing “the policy, examining what has been of recent sexualities equalities ini- problem that has no name.” More achieved by legislation and resis- tiatives in the UK (http://research. positively it was at university tance to such developments. She nc.ac.uk/selg/); the other was an where I found a name for what I also recently co-edited Intersections examination of gender inequalities felt were social injustices against Between Feminist and Queer Theory and citizenship issues in Nepal for women that I could see happening (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) and post-trafficked women. everyday around me. The women“s Contesting Recognition: Culture, Richardson is now working on liberation movement had emerged Identity and Citizenship (Palgrave a project called “Transforming a few years before and at Uni- Macmillan, 2011). With Victoria Citizenship: Sexuality, Gender and versity I joined women’s groups, Robinson she is currently co-ed- Citizenship Struggles.” The focus went on protest marches, read The iting a 4th edition of Introducing of this project is to explore how Second Sex by Simone de Beau- Gender and Women’s Studies (Pal- models of citizenship are construct- voir and other feminist books and grave Macmillan, 2015). She also ed and deployed by marginalized never really looked back. I actually co-edits Palgrave’s Genders and groups as new democratic mo- did chemistry at university but Diane Sexualities in the Social Sciences ments emerge. Recently, she kindly changed to psychology in my final (GSSS) Book Series with Robinson. agreed to talk with us about her year. My interests were in child Richardson She is also the author/editor of ten work. psychology and the development

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 13 of gender and sexual identity and reflects this “turn to citizenship“ in my current work while I am at what was then called “sex-roles.” in sexual politics. It was in the UCLA. A lot of this work was being done 1990s that a literature that brought in sociology and I gradually shifted discourses of sexuality in conversa- How did your research on HIV across. Women’s studies came later tion with discourses of citizenship transmission and the Nepalese but it followed from my feminist emerged across a number of disci- post-trafficking project affect your politics and studies. At the Univer- plines. Sexual citizenship is a mul- understanding of citizenship? sity of Sheffield where I was work- tifaceted concept; understood in ing in the 1990s, Vicki Robinson a variety of different ways. It can This follows on from my last point. and I established an undergraduate be used in both a narrow sense, to I have recently been involved in a degree in Women’s Studies, one refer to rights granted or denied to study in Nepal that extends femi- of the first in the country, which various groups on the basis of sex- nist debates about sexual citizen- attracted many students to the uality—the right to marry or adopt ship in interesting ways, in being course. Though we no longer work children, for example—and in a based in the global south in a in the same institution, Vicki and much broader sense to refer to the context where the focus is on being I have continued to work together underlying assumptions embedded “non-citizens“ rather than on being and are currently editing a book in frameworks or models of citi- “beyond citizenship.” The focus of together. zenship and the practice of policy. this research was to look at issues This has been a key focus of my of gender, sexuality and citizenship How did you become interested work, where I have sought to show in the context of the livelihood in studying citizenship issues? Can how, despite claims to universality, options available to women after you explain the concept of sexual normative assumptions about sex- leaving trafficking situations. This citizenship? uality as well as gender underpin was an interdisciplinary project models of citizenship. My interest which I carried out with Nina As a feminist I have long been has been to develop critiques of Laurie, Meena Poudel, and Janet sceptical of citizenship as a means the concept of citizenship itself, Townsend, colleagues at Newcas- for delivering social justice. Yet in what you might call a queering of tle University where I work in the my research on the politics of sexu- citizenship, opening up the possi- UK, and Shakti Samuha the (then) ality and gender I have found my- bility of transforming the norms of only support organisation run by self more and more engaged with citizenship as a whole. Now we are trafficked women for trafficked the concept(s) of citizenship. Why? at a point where I think we need to women in Nepal. A key aspect of Since the 1990s, which also saw reflect on whether further revision- this research was to gain knowl- the development of queer theory ing is needed. Have these critiques edge that is grounded in the actual and politics, there has been a “turn gone far enough? We can think experiences of women themselves. to citizenship” as the dominant about this is a number of ways, for This is important because the discourse of sexual politics. Rather example by asking: In the light of stigmatisation, poverty and social than critiquing social institutions social and legislative changes that exclusion that women who have and practices that have historically have extended citizenship rights left trafficking situations typically excluded them, over the last two to (some) lesbians and gay men encounter means they often have decades, LGBT politics has increas- in many countries do the same little voice in citizenship debates ingly been about seeking inclusion arguments about the (hetero) sex- and pro-poor development policy through demanding equal rights to ualisation of citizenship still apply? making. citizenship. Is sexual citizenship a distinctly The project examined the pro- The notion of “sexual citizen- western concept? These are some cesses whereby forms of sexualised ship” is relatively new and, in part, of the questions I am addressing and gendered stigma associated

14 FALL 2014 with being seen as a “trafficked woman’ shape access to citizenship rights. In some parts of the world rights are not conferred through the state but are governed through a person’s relationship with her or his local community or through kin relationships. After leaving traffick- ing situations, women are typically stigmatised (labelled as prostitutes and/or HIV carriers), and experience social rejection from their families and communities. Lacking family support makes it difficult for them to access citizenship and ensuing rights, as citizenship is conferred not at birth but after the age of 16 through the recommendation of a male relative; usually a girl’s father or husband. There are links here with the sexual citizenship litera- ture. In Nepal citizenship remains legally and socially connected with normative assumptions about sexu- ality and gender: the construction of “the normal citizen’ is grounded in specific notions of sexual citizenship, which makes the position of women leaving trafficking situations who are without citizenship on their return to Nepal very precarious. Without citizenship a woman is likely to have difficulty accessing government own property in her own name at equality policy in relation to services, opening a bank account, (www.posttraffckingnepal.co.uk). sexuality, examining what has been obtaining a marriage certificate, achieved by legislation and resis- finding a place to live, getting health Can you tell about Sexuality, tance to such developments and care and education, skills training Equality, and Diversity? What the implications for understand- and waged employment. Not having specific areas did you look at to ings of sexual citizenship. It grew a citizenship card also means a wom- understand how equality policy has out of a research project Surya and an cannot vote or hold a legally valid changed? I did together, funded by the Eco- passport, restricting travel for work nomic and Social Research Coun- or other purposes, and is unable to Sexuality, Equality and Diversity cil, examining recent policy shifts confer citizenship on her children. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) is the in relation to sexualities equality Not having a citizenship card also title of my latest book, which I co- and diversity in the UK context means a woman cannot transfer or wrote with Surya Monro. It looks where demands have, to a degree,

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 15 we wanted to consider not only implementation mechanisms that drive change, but also barriers and resistance to sexualities equalities work. This is important because the transformations in citizen- ship and wider social changes that have occurred in relation to LGBT people are viewed as a big success story. And of course in some ways these changes are a success story. However, it is also important to explore how this story translates at the level of everyday practice; what bound the limits to acceptance and tolerance. What we found was that there was an implementation gap, which threw a spotlight on where the sticking points are in the boundaries of tolerance/intolerance; acceptance/ non-acceptance (http://research. ncl.ac.uk/selg/).

Can you tell us about Introducing Gender Studies? How has the vol- ume changed since the first edition?

It is hard to believe, but the first edition of the book (co-edited with Victoria Robinson) was published over twenty years ago, in 1993, as Introducing Women’s Studies. It was a great success and a second been answered via a raft of recent ment provides a very useful lens edition came out in 1997, followed legislation including the Adoption through which to explore questions by a third in 2008. A fourth edi- and Children Act 2002, Employ- of everyday practices of tolerance tion will be published in 2015 by ment Equality (Sexual Orientation) and intolerance given that many Palgrave Macmillan in the UK and Regulations 2003, Gender Recog- of the people we interviewed were New York University Press in the nition Act 2004, the Civil Partner- at the coal face of having to deal US. The fact that it has been in ship Act 2004 and the Marriage with and deliver recent equali- print so long is, I think, a testimo- (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. ty measures in relation to LGBT ny to the continued relevance of This was a study of the implemen- people. We were actually keen to Gender and Women’s Studies. tation of equalities initiatives in include local authorities that were That said a lot has happened in local government. Local govern- resistant to equality measures, as that time.in relation to Gender and

16 FALL 2014 Women’s Studies worldwide due feminists have highlighted are findings from different parts of the to political, economic, social and no longer relevant. Apart from globe, examines the construction cultural changes that have taken feminist successes, the success of forms of citizenship for sexual place. The books also mirror the of gender and women’s studies and gender minorities. Some of changes that have taken place over in the academy is significant in the key questions addressed in the the last two decades in the devel- this respect and in terms of gen- book are: Do new forms of sexual opment of Gender and Women’s der having been “mainstreamed.” citizenship and democratisation Studies in academia. For instance, While I would agree that there of intimate life challenge broader the third edition was retitled have been important advances in theories of democracy and citizen- Introducing Gender and Women’s women’s position in society, it is ship? Is this associated with new Studies, reflecting the shift from also clear that gender inequality forms of social divisions and resis- Women’s Studies to Gender Stud- persists. We are surrounded on a tance to new forms of citizenship? ies that has taken place. It also daily basis with examples that are How does the concept of citizen- incorporated new scholars and testimony to the fact that gender ship deal with power, inequality themes that have emerged over is a key issue the world over. It is and difference? What are the the years with a changing theoret- therefore perhaps no surprise that problems of framing struggles over ical landscape that has seen inno- we can observe a revitalised inter- belonging in terms of citizenship vative work emerge on identity, est in feminism emerging in many in a globalising world? Not easy the body and embodiment, queer part of the world that challenges questions to answer of course, but theory, technology, space, and the “post-feminist’ accounts in high- important ones to ask. concept of gender itself as well as lighting the many and varied ways an increasing focus on sexuality, in which gender inequality remains Diane Richardson will be giving a theorizing masculinities and (a key a key issue on a global scale. This talk titled “Sexuality & Citizenship: interest of mine) the intersections is something we talk about in the Remaking Boundaries of Tolerance between feminist and queer theory. new edition, how the F (for femi- and Acceptanc” on November 18 In addition, intersectional analyses nism) word is back, so too is the S at 4 pm in Haines 279. The talk is have highlighted how meanings to (for sexism) and the P (for patriar- cosponsored by the Gender Working the categories “women’ and “men’ chy) word! Group of the Department of Sociolo- are themselves constituted through gy at UCLA and the UCLA Center for their intersections with other forms What are you working on while European and Eurasian Studies. of social differentiation such as here at UCLA? race, ethnicity, age, sexuality and class; demonstrating how gender As well as completing the latest inequalities are related to other edition of Introducing Gender and relations of power such as class Women’s Studies, I am working inequalities, racism, ageism and on “Transforming Citizenship: social divisions associated with Sexuality, Gender and Citizenship sexuality and dis/ability. Struggles,” a project exploring how Alongside these developments models of citizenship are con- there has emerged a view that structed and deployed by margin- gender equality has been achieved alised groups as new democratic in many parts of the world, which moments emerge. While I am at has led to claims that we are now UCLA I am working on a book living in a “post-feminist” society from the project that, through an where many of the issues that examination of original research

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 17 Ananda Devi

18 FALL 2014 Misogyny and Manipulation in Mauritius BY NANAR KHAMO

N JANUARY 12TH, 2014, I ny, cheery clime that Los Angeles ranging from Libya to Lebanon, walked, wide-eyed, through dares to call winter. Haiti to Algeria. On a university Othe rather swanky airport in There is something about trav- campus not unlike that of UCLA, Copenhagen, when it fully hit me eling to foreign lands that has I encountered the same scholarly that I had travelled some 5500 a way of challenging oneself to procession of listening to presenta- miles to attend my first confer- adapt, learn and reflect. There is tions, engaging in a question and ence on French and Francophone also something about traveling to answer period, as well as having Studies. My laptop bag swinging foreign lands during the beginning an important keynote speech for heavily by my side, I felt strangely of a new quarter that has a way of each day of the conference. This reassured by the familiar bright being completely disorienting. is, I remember thinking to myself, logos of luxury brands; I thought My destination was Aarhus, exactly what I have seen as an for a second that I could be walk- my purpose to attend a bilingual attendee at local conferences. ing through Beverly Hills, if it conference titled “Le monde en When it was my turn to present wasn’t for the sudden preponder- français : les littératures franco- in our large seminar room, as the ance of tall, blond peoples. It was phones dans un espace mondial- snow began to build outside, I only when I stepped out to board isé/ The World in French: Franco- turned our attention away from the my small, alarmingly shaky plane phone Literatures in a Globalized wintry landscape to discuss a novel to Aarhus, and as the wind sliced World” at Aarhus University, where regarding Mauritius, an island-na- through my flimsy sweater, that I international scholars, both profes- tion located some 700 miles from realized that not only did I over- sors and graduate students alike, Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. estimate my formerly admirable met to discuss issues related to I had chosen to work on the novel tolerance of 30° F weather but that the field. For three days, I learned after having read it in a seminar I was really quite far from the sun- about topics in various countries with Françoise Lionnet, Professor

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 19 in the Departments of Comparative that he claims do not describe writing and creating, the narrator Literature, French and Franco- him, including: young, rich, beau- implies that he too wishes to create phone Studies, and Gender Stud- tiful, nice, a woman, black, white, and despises those with the natu- ies at UCLA, the preceding year, ending with “neither the best, nor ral ability to produce life. I argue with the fortuitous opportunity of the worst,”2 leaving one to wonder in my research that his misogyny having Ananda Devi, the author what exactly would constitute the derives from a desire to be a moth- herself, teach in the department narrator’s personality. In the incipit er, suggesting that the narrator the following quarter. It was such a of the novel, the narrator warns wishes to use writing to become treat to have the chance to interact the reader about the heavy subject himself a being of creation, a term with an author and gain a bet- matter at hand, showing a desire that I refer to as “mother-writer” ter understanding of the writing to deter some readers, but also at- (mère-écrivain). process that goes into composing testing to his strong narrative pres- The narrator builds on his re- fiction, particularly as one being ence—this is not just going to be lationship with the women in his rigorously trained in the role of lit- any story, he implies in his opening family through a series of flash- erary critic. She was kind enough lines, but a story about me. backs interposed with reflections to spend an evening having dinner Such a story, it turns out, is one on the present, as he lies on his with a group of graduate students of manipulation and misogyny, deathbed, a rotting corpse-to-be in the faculty center, willing to where the narrator’s disgust for with no physical power to exercise answer any and all questions we the three women in his life—his his will. The flashbacks continue asked her. I often think of en- deceased wife, his daughter Kitty to build on the trauma and vio- countering the soft-spoken Devi, and his granddaughter Malika— lence endured by the family over floating down the hallway to her shapes the narrative. Reflections the years, moving into a frenzy office in Royce Hall, seemingly lost throughout the book on the pro- when it reaches it climactic point in her thoughts and wearing her cess of writing serve to establish in describing the death of the characteristic sari, in contrast to the narrator as the figure of the mother and the underlying causes the ferocious, often vicious voice Writer creating his own text and of it. The father had manipulated of her narrator in Le sari vert that treating the women as characters his daughter into killing her own has haunted my research, to say who belong solely to him. Writing, mother; the horror of matricide nothing of the powerful narrative for him, becomes a competition resonates until the last line of the voices of her other novels. between men and women, as he text. Yet, the father, too, is in the Devi exercises a different narra- urges men to fight harder, because, throes of death. As his narration tive voice throughout Le sari vert, as he explains early on, “man is in comes to an end, the novel con- as evidenced in the novel’s incip- the middle of decomposing.”3 He tinues without his narrative voice, it—that is to say, the introductory extends the game even to the read- as signaled by the sudden use of first page. “I am not the apostle of er, speaking to his audience as if it italics in a following, final sec- polite words,” the narrator snarls were composed solely of men who tion. The continuation of the text in the opening lines, continuing need to take heed of his advice. without his voice underscores the to add, “I don’t subscribe to these Yet his digressions on writing triumph of the feminine literature beautiful, empty formulas of which also point to a larger issue, which that he attempts to erase through- our times are so fond”1 (translation is that of creation. The narrator’s out the story, suggesting the rise of mine). This commanding mascu- disgust with women arises primar- a global, female voice set against line voice continues to enumerate ily from the ability to create life. the backdrop of the Creole world a long list of adjectives and nouns In forging a relationship between of Mauritius. During the question and answer 1. Ananda Devi, Le sari vert, Éditions Gallimard: Paris 2. Ananda Devi, Le sari vert, p. 9 2009, p. 9 3. Ananda Devi, Le sari vert, p. 9 period that followed, it became

20 FALL 2014 writing and creating, the narrator student shivered. I too encoun- implies that he too wishes to create tered, in the course of the confer- and despises those with the natu- ence, authors and ideas previously ral ability to produce life. I argue unknown to me and I understood, in my research that his misogyny in a concrete way, the importance derives from a desire to be a moth- of conferences and the bridges they er, suggesting that the narrator build between different institutions wishes to use writing to become of thought and practice. himself a being of creation, a term I have left Denmark, but it has that I refer to as “mother-writer” not left me. In the time that has (mère-écrivain). passed since then, I have managed The narrator builds on his re- to learn enough Danish to success- lationship with the women in his fully unsubscribe from Copenha- family through a series of flash- gen Airport’s newsletter, although backs interposed with reflections one could also attribute that to on the present, as he lies on his my knowledge of the English deathbed, a rotting corpse-to-be language. The ideas, movements, with no physical power to exercise and reflections from the conference his will. The flashbacks continue continue to resonate within me to build on the trauma and vio- and inspire my own research. One lence endured by the family over could easily misjudge those of us the years, moving into a frenzy in the humanities, particularly in when it reaches it climactic point literary fields, as bibliophiles lost in describing the death of the in dusty tomes, forever oblivious to mother and the underlying causes the changing world that surrounds of it. The father had manipulated us. The conference proved to me, his daughter into killing her own in so many ways, the dynamism mother; the horror of matricide of literary studies and the impor- resonates until the last line of the tance of having a global exchange text. Yet, the father, too, is in the of ideas. A Californian in Denmark throes of death. As his narration discussing Mauritian literature? comes to an end, the novel con- How novel that that is no longer tinues without his narrative voice, novel. as signaled by the sudden use of italics in a following, final sec- Nanar Khamo is a third-year tion. The continuation of the text graduate student in the Department without his voice underscores the of French and Francophone Stud- triumph of the feminine literature ies at UCLA. Her research interests that he attempts to erase through- include empire, genocide studies and out the story, suggesting the rise of quickly apparent to me that most conference, I spoke with some fel- creolization. She received a trav- a global, female voice set against of the audience members had not low graduate students and it was el grant from CSW to present her the backdrop of the Creole world read the novel. “I think that I’ll clear that they had not even heard conference paper on “‘C’est moi, moi of Mauritius. have to pick up one of her books,” of Ananda Devi. “Those quotes you seul’: the narrator’s desire to be both During the question and answer a professor from a Canadian uni- read from the novel were really mother and writer in Le sari vert.” period that followed, it became versity later told me. Following the quite intense,” a French graduate

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 21 22 FALL 2014 Lesbian Writers Series

Inaugurated on February 18, 1984, at A Different Light bookstore in Los Angeles, this trailblazing series featured an amazing range of lesbian writers

1984 was a ground- Building in downtown Los Angeles. OPPOSITE TOP LEFT: Friday, October 19, 1990, A Different Light Books celebrates the Lesbian breaking year for Southern A Different Light Books (named Writers Series. From left to right: writer/pro- California. Mayor Tom Bradley by co-owner Norman Laurila after ducer and LSW coordinator Sophia Corleone, brought the summer Games of a gay-themed science fiction novel) LWS founder Ann Bradley, writer Carolyn the XXIII Olympiad to Los An- opened in October 1979 at 4014 Weathers, former Los Angeles poet laureate geles, the first time since 1932. Santa Monica Blvd at the Sunset Professor Eloise Klein Healy, LWS coordina- tor Gail Suber (kneeling). Photo by Janice Junction in Silver Lake and ex- In November, the newly incor- Porter-Moffitt. porated City of West Hollywood panded to include stores in San OPPOSITE TOP LEFT: February 24, 1989, at the appointed the world’s first openly Francisco, New York and West Woman’s Building on Spring Street in down- lesbian mayor Valerie Terrigno. A Hollywood that all thrived during town Los Angeles, Carolyn Weathers (left) lesser known, but pivotal event the 80s and mid-90s. The flagship and Jenny Wrenn at the publication party for In a Different Light: An Anthology of Lesbian also took place when L.A.’s first Silver Lake store closed in April Writers, edited by Carolyn Weathers and gay/lesbian bookstore, A Differ- 1992. All four former venues in- Jenny Wrenn and published by their imprint ent Light Books in Silver Lake cluded robust and well-represented Clothespin Fever Books in 1989. launched the first-ever writers collections of lesbian fiction and OPPOSITE MIDDLE LEFT: Ann Bradley introduces series for lesbians – the Lesbian non-fiction, expertly curated by the evening at the publication party for In a Writers Series – on Saturday eve- store co-founder Richard Labonte. Different Light. ning February 18, 1984. Ann Bradley was the second OPPOSITE MIDDLE RIGHT: Saturday, August 25, 1984, staff of A Different Light Books, 4014 Indeed, Southern California was lesbian to work at A Different Light Santa Monica Blvd, in Silver Lake area of home to a number of women’s Books, initially hired for the 1983 Los Angeles. From left to right, manager bookstores—including Westwood’s holiday season. She remained a John Ruggles, co-founder Richard Labonte, Sisterhood Bookstore near UCLA store clerk through November co-owner George Leigh, clerk Ann Bradley, and Pasadena’s Page One—that 1985. clerk Larry, and unidentified woman.Photo by Greyson Vega. included lesbian authors. Regard- On Monday night January 16, OPPOSITE BOTTOM: Carolyn Weathers speaks at less, most lesbian writers remained 1984, writer Carolyn Weathers publications party for In A Different Light. mute about their identities at pub- asked Bradley to join her for a lic readings, even at the Woman’s reading of her memoir Leaving

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 23 owner Laurila whether she could The lesbian writers presented in In a Different launch the Lesbian Writers Series with Weathers and hold subse- Light: an Anthology of Lesbian Writers were quent monthly readings on the from those who read their works at Ann third Saturday night of the month. Bradley’s wildly popular and influential Lesbian Literary history began. The Lesbian Writers Series de- Writers Series, which took place every Saturday buted with Carolyn Weathers on evening at A Different Light Bookstore in Silver Saturday, February 18, 1984, at Lake. A Different Light. Bradley was helped by numerous individuals The LWS was eclectic. Ann Bradley’s only including literary mavens Eloise requirement was that the writer be an open Klein Healy—who would go on to become L.A.’s first poet laureate lesbian. Beyond that, there were no strictures. appointed by Mayor Antonio Vil- All forms were fine. All opinions and tone were laraigosa in December of 2012— welcome—be they funny, sad, bittersweet, and longtime Woman’s Building executive director, writing teacher profound, or angry. and poet/playwright/author Terry Jenny Wrenn and I took this same approach Wolverton. at Clothespin Fever Press. Just be an out lesbian, In an April 1990 interview for L.A. Magazine Bradley remem- and you could write about death and loss or bered, “I started the series because about the adventures of your spacedog Molly I had been a supporter of women writers and I was aware as a les- Moon touring the galaxy. bian that we’d been silenced.” She –Carolyn Weathers had one rule: writers appearing on the Lesbian Writers Series would Texas at Pam Roberts’ Three Guin- ber 1983 issue of the LA Reader be listed on fliers, news releases, eas Bookstore in Newport Beach, and sent it with her holiday cards. and promotional material. No clos- California. Bradley was a fan of The fierce rain that January ets. Labonte, a former Toronto Star Weathers since meeting the Texas evening limited Weathers’ audi- reporter and gay/lesbian literary native and her older sister Bren- ence to about eight intrepid souls aficionado greatly assisted Brad- da—founder of L.A.’s Alcoholism who were so captivated by her ley in the first year of the Lesbian Center for Women, the nation’s story-telling that they begged her Writers Series. Initially, the Los An- first recovery facility to welcome to read the entire twenty-five-page geles Times Book Calendar listed lesbian alcoholics—on September plus memoir of vignettes on grow- the Series as the “Women’s Writers 1, 1980. That September evening ing up in a small Texas town with Series,” until Labonte called and Carolyn cradled the manuscript of her adored older sister. Driving graciously insisted on the correct Crazy, her tragicomic autobiogra- home, Bradley told her that she title for future listings. phy detailing her manic depres- felt compelled to create a wider As a publicist at Cal State L.A., sion, published by Clothespin Fever showcase for Weathers’ literary Bradley also had the exceptional Press in 1989. Bradley later copied luminescence. The next morn- backing of California State Uni- Weather’s delightful story “Track- ing, Bradley asked store manager versity Los Angeles Public Affairs ing Down Vivian” from a Novem- Ruggles, co-founder Labonte, and director and former Santa Monica

24 FALL 2014 Mayor Ruth Goldway who gen- erously supported Joan Nestle’s ..... To acknowledge a January 1989 appearance and the lesbian culture has too CSULA-sponsored March 30, 1989, often been met with appearance by acclaimed African American lesbian poets Cheryl disdain, distrust, and Clarke and Pat Parker for Women’s disbelief as the quoted History Month. Parker’s reading at library catalog cards A Different Light with Clarke on Friday, March 31, 1989 would be have manifested when her last public appearance before they repeatedly used her sudden and untimely death from cancer the following June. the words “so-called” Bradley produced the series for conceptions about from 1984 through the end of lesbians being anything 1990. She introduced series writ- ers for the first six years and then but sexual deviants....The Lesbian Writers Series Gail Suber introduced the writers has given voice to the multifaceted lesbian for the 1990 season and coor- community....Several great women writers are dinated the 1991 lineup. Suber collaborated with Sophia Corleone just beginning to appear in literature anthologies on the 1992 season and assist- used in universities. Interestingly, the first ed with later years. When the Silver Lake store closed in April Book of the Month selection, Lolly Widdowes, a 1992, Suber moved the Series to very well-received book in 1926, was by Sylvia the West Hollywood store, also Townsend Warner, a lesbian. The work, forgotten on Santa Monica Blvd. Writer/ producer Sophia Corleone, who by the dominant culture today, has been reissued first read publicly on the series in and is known to those who keep this hidden 1988, became series coordinator in culture alive....Instead of maintaining our culture 1993 and would later incorporate the series as a stand-alone event, through public libraries, civic arenas or galleries, designating the series as a 501(c)3 lesbians have gravitated toward private centers, and establishing a Lesbian Writers Series mentorship program. When initially bar rooms, small community centers, and the series took place at Plummer private homes, finally bookstores. Park and other locations, Corleone worked with photographer Jan- –Jenny Wrenn, Introduction, ice Porter-Moffitt who brought a In a Different Light: An Anthology of Lesbian Writers book trolley to supply copies for author signings. Carolyn Weathers and then- partner Jenny Wrenn launched Clothespin Fever Press, which was dedicated to lesbian authors, in

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 25 Lesbian Writers Series: 1989 flyer.Kitty Tsui Papers, June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives, http://www.oac.cdlib.org

26 FALL 2014 1986. In its 10 years, the imprint by lesbian historians and writers Eloise Klein Healy, and Sophia published twenty-three books. after UCLA students founded the Corleone to read on a program On February 24, 1989, Clothes- nation’s first lesbian sorority Lamb- that also celebrated the numerous pin celebrated the publication of da Delta Lambda in February of 1988 individuals who had attended the a volume featuring the first five (http://articles.latimes.com/1988- series since its inception, including years of the Lesbian Writers Series, 02-24/local/me-11690_1_lamb- June Mazer Archives board mem- In a Different Light: An Anthology da-delta-lambda-sorority). yet ber Angela Brinskele. of Lesbian Writers, at a party at the were largely unaware of their city’s A letter to Bradley from Unit- Woman’s Building. Bradley contrib- lesbian history. Smith agreed to in- ed States Representative Henry uted the preface to the book and clude Nestle among those legend- Waxman said in part, “It is vital introduced the evening as the “best ary voices in a series that included for every literate American to be prom we’ve never been to!” Audre Lorde. aware of the monumental literary contributions made by lesbian Sophia Corleone with assistance In 1974 Joan Nestle co-founded writers throughout history. It is from Gail Suber expanded the the nation’s first lesbian archives, also imperative to appreciate the reach of the series, featuring such the Lesbian Herstory Archives with barriers they have overcome.” preeminent authors as June Jor- her then-partner Deborah Edel. On Sunday, March 28, 2004, dan, Cherrie Moraga, Joan Larkin, Housed for many years in Nestle’s ONE Archives director Stuart and Angela Davis and bringing Manhattan apartment, the Archives Timmons, also a former clerk at A Joan Nestle back for two more ap- moved to its permanent Park Slope Different Light, celebrated the 20th pearances, which included the last building in Brooklyn in June 1992. anniversary of the Lesbian Writers Southern California public reading (http://www.lesbianherstoryar- Series and Clothespin Fever Press. of the Lesbian Writers Series on chives.org/) Nestle’s 1989 week- Covering the event, the Los Angeles Saturday, November 14, 1998, at long Southern California appear- Times wrote in part, “Ann Bradley Plummer Park in West Hollywood. ances helped raise funds for the was working as a clerk at the gay Nestle had made her Southern Park Slope building including more and lesbian bookstore A Differ- California debut in January of than $800 collected from at the ent Light when she founded the 1989 during a week of events UCLA/CSW event in January 1989. series in 1984. At the time she was scheduled by Bradley with the In 1987, while on the board frustrated by the fact that women assistance of Suber and Corleone, of L.A.’s gay/lesbian Celebration writers reading their works would including readings at UC Irvine on Theatre, Bradley created and not acknowledge their homosexu- January 18, at the UCLA Center for launched the Lesbian Writers ality....” the Study of Women on January Series II to showcase the talents of Also in the March 29, 2004, Los 19, at CSULA on January 20, and lesbian playwrights, film makers Angeles Times feature, LWS coordi- in the Lesbian Writers Series at A and performance artists. The year nator Sophia Corleone noted “For Different Light Books on Saturday, showcased the talents of Robin many years the Lesbian Writers Se- January 21, 1989. Podolsky, Jere Van Syoc and film ries was absolutely the only place At Bradley’s suggestion, the maker Martha Wheelock among where lesbian-themed authors UCLA Women’s Studies Program others. could safely share their work. In and UCLA Center for the Study On Friday, October 19, 1990, many ways, this is still true.” of Women cosponsored Nestle’s A Different Light Books manager 1989 visit with additional fund- Jim Morrow celebrated the 11th Ann Bradley, founder and coordina- ing from CSULA librarian Morris anniversary of the bookstore at an tor of the Lesbian Writers Series from Polan. Mary Margaret Smith of the event thanking Bradley for found- 1984 to 1990, compiled this history. Women’s Studies Program pro- ing the Lesbian Writers Series. For information, she can be reached at duced a 1988-89 series of readings Bradley invited Carolyn Weathers, [email protected].

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 27 Speakers in Lesbian Writers Series, 1984 to 1990 Ann Bradley, Founding October 19 Peggy Collen, 1988 1990 Coordinator Carol Schmidt January 16 Jacqueline January 20 Terry de la Pena, A Different Light Books November 16 Katherine Forrest, DeAngelis, 4014 Santa Monica Blvd. Elizabeth Nonas Gloria Ramos Carolyn Weathers Silver Lake, Los Angeles, CA December 21 Winter Solstice February 20 Chaney Holland, February 17 Ashley Black, Celebration Robin Podolsky 1984 March 19 Judith McDaniel, Lynette Prucha, February 18 Carolyn Weathers 1986 Ayofemie Stowe Folayan March 19 Alice Bloch January 18 Marcella Aguilar, April 16 Alice Bloch, Sharon Sumpter April 21 Jacqueline DeAngelis, Judye Best Eloise Klein Healy February 22 Sarah Schulman Aleida Rodriguez, February 15 Katherine Forrest May 21 Marilynn Cruz, March 17 Willyce Kim, Terry Wolverton, March 15 Paula Gunn Allen Eileen Pagan Kitty Tsui Bia Lowe April 19 Judy Grahn June 18 Marylyn Donohue, April 20 Susie Bright (Cancelled) May 19 Robin Podolsky, May 17 Cheri Pies Louise Moore April 21 Teresita Bosch, Lynn McGee, June 21 Pauline Moore July 16 Carolyn Weathers, Karen Sterling, Karen Dalyea July 19 Marylyn Donahue, Jenny Wrenn Terry Wolverton June 19 Louise Moore, Lynn McGee August 20 Katherine Forrest May 19 Ayofemie Stowe Folayan, Pauline Moore August 16 Marc Cugini, September 17 Peggy Collen, Merle Woo July 21 Stacey Sloan, Claudia McMullen Patricia Murphy June 15 Jeanne Cordova Ruchele ZeOeh September 20 Eloise Klein Healy October 15 Janice Lerma, June 16 Patricia Murphy, August 18 Eloise Klein Healy October 18 Robin Podolsky, Kris McHaddad, Jeanne Simonoff, September 15 Marilynn Cruz, Carolyn Weathers Karen Sterling, Sharon Stricker Eileen Pagan November 15 Valerie Miner Savina Teubel July 21 Robin Podolsky, October 20 Katherine Forrest December 20 Winter Solstice November 19 Sophia Corleone, Savina Teubel November 17 Chaney Holland, Celebration Sharon Stricker August 17 Carla Tomaso M’Lissa Mayo December 17 Elizabeth Nonas, August 18 Jacqueline de Angelis, December 15 Winter Solstice 1987 Terry Wolverton Regina Meister, Celebration January 17 Brenda Weathers Karen Minns February 21 Ann Bradley, 1989 September 15Deborah Bergman, 1985 Nancy Glenn January 21 Joan Nestle Trisha Harper, January 19 Stacey Sloan, March 21 Katherine Forrest February 18 Susie Bright Janice Porter-Moffit Carolyn Weathers April 18 Maria Jose Delgado, March 18 Willyce Kim, October 20 Sophia Corleone, February 16 Bia Lowe, Kitty Tsui Kris McHaddad, Terry Wolverton Gloria Ramos March 31 Pat Parker and Rebecca Roberts March 16 Alice Bloch May 16 Carolyn Weathers, Cheryl Clarke November 16 SDiane Bogus April 20 Gay Male Poets: Jenny Wrenn April 15 Dorothy Allison, November 17 Dorothy Allison, Peter Cashorali, June 20 Tamu, Robin Podolsky Louise Moore, Kenny Fries, Elaine Hall May 20 Michelle Cliff, Mariah Richardson Ron Carillo, July 18 Louise Moore, Ayofemie Stowe Folayan December 15 Katherine Forrest, Bernard Cooper Robin Podolsky June 17 Georgia Cotrell, Eloise Klein Healy May 18 Eloise Klein Healy August 15 Chaney Holland, Carolyn Weathers (held at ONE Archives June 15 Dorothy Love, Karen Minns July 15 Aleida Rodriguez, in West Adams) Synthia Saint James September 12 Celebration of Jessie Lattimore July 20 Karen Minns, Jewish August 19 Bia Lowe, Louise Moore Women’s Culture: Terry Wolverton August 17 Ann Erb, Alice Bloch, September Cherrie Moraga, Grace Huerta, Savina Teubel Ana Castillo (Cancelled) Robin Podolsky October 17 Peggy Collen, October 21 Katherine Forrest September 21 Savina Teubal, Marylyn Donohue November 18 Eloise Klein Healy, Jess Wells November 21 Terry Wolverton Sharon Stricker December 19 Eloise Klein Healy December 16 Marie Claire Blais (Cancelled)

28 FALL 2014 Speakers in Lesbian Writers Series, 1991 to 1994 1991 1992 1993 1994

Gail Suber, Coordinator Gail Suber and Sophia Sophia Corleone, Sophia Corleone, A Different Light Books Corleone, Co-Coordinators Coordinator Coordinator 4014 Santa Monica Blvd. A Different Light Books A Different Light Books Plummer Park, Fiesta Hall Silver Lake, Los Angeles, CA 4014 Santa Monica Blvd. 4014 Santa Monica Blvd. 7377 Santa Monica Blvd., Silver Lake, Los Angeles, CA Silver Lake, Los Angeles, CA West Hollywood, CA January 19 Paula Gunn Allen, Aleida Rodriguez January 18 Paula Gunn Allen January 23 Janet Silverstein, February 19 Cherrie Moraga February 16 Barbara Wilson, January 25 Sara Levi Calderon, Adele Renault March 5 June Jordon Vicki McConnell Jacqueline de Angelis February 6 Sarah Schulman, March 18 Nisa Donnelly, February 17 Sabrina Sojourner, February 8 Minnie Bruce Pratt Carla Tomaso Jacqueline Woodson Lauren Wright Douglas February 15 Becky Birtha, March 6 Jacqueline de Angelis, March 19 Chrystos March 16 Ayofemi Folayan, Canyon Sam Sandra Scoppettone March 25 Sky Lee, Margaret Sloan-Hunter February 29 Monique Wittig April 3 Terri de la Pena, Rebecca Brown April 13 Judy Grahn March 14 Lillian Faderman Canyon Sam April 16 Shani Mootoo, April 20 Sophia Corleone, March 28 Marie Cartier, April 24 Monique Wittig Makeda Silvera Bia Lowe Janet Silverstein, May 15 Jane DeLynn, April 23 Eileen Myles, May 11 Eloise Klein Healy Carolyn Brigit Flynn Jenifer Levin Ana Maria Simo May 18 Teri de la Peña, April 11 Karen Sterling, May 22 June Jordan April 29 Donna Minkowitz, Jewell L. Gomez Teresita Bosch June 5 Lori Anderson, Sara Miles, June 8 Ann Bannon April 25 Joan Larkin, Eloise Klein Healy Robin Podolsky June 15 Suzanne Selby, Eloise Klein Healy June 12 Mary Wings, May 6 Paula Gunn Allen Kris McHaddad, May 16 Dorothy Allison, Anna Livia May 7 Angela Davis Terry Wilson Karen Marie Christa Minns July 10 Olga Broumas, May 14 Bia Lowe, June 23 Rachel Guido deVries, May 30 Joan Nestle T. Begley Carole Maso Rose Romano June 13 SDiane Bogus July 31 Pamela Gray, May 13 Jane Miller July 12 Katherine Forrest June 20 Terri de la Pena, Robin Podolsky May 21 Margaret Randall July 20 Jacqueline de Angelis, Sharon Stricker August 21 Maureen Seaton, June 3 Kim Vaeth, Jeanne Simonoff July 11 Katherine Forrest Bia Lowe Aleida Rodriguez August 17 Karen Marie July 18 Patricia Murphy, September 11 Terry Wolverton, June 10 Terry Wolverton, Christa Minns, Jeanne Simonoff Eileen Myles Elizabeth Pincus Robin Podolsky August 15 Rose Romano, September 18 Aleida Rodriguez, June 11 Jacqueline de Angelis, September 21 Robbi Sommers, Pamela Gray Michelle Cliff Joan Larkin Tee A. Corinne August 22 Susanne Justice, October 16 Jewelle Gomez, June 18 Katherine Forrest September 22 Louise Moore, Kris McHaddad, Dorothy Allison June 25 Suzanne Gardinier, Toni Garcia Angela Counts October 23 Marilyn Hacker Michelle T. Clinton October 19 Beth Brant, September 12 Mafalda Barberis November 6 Nicole Brossard July 9 Sarah Schulman, Carolyn Weathers Edouardo, November 13 Elizabeth Nonas, Jenifer Levin November 15 SDiane Bogus, Yvette Padilla, Diane Salvatore Sharon Stricker Martha Tormey December 4 Judy Grahn November 16 Margaret September 19 Janet Capone, December 11 Julia Penelope Cruikshank, Kyle Anne Bates Teresita Bosch October 17 Aleida Rodriguez, December 21 Elizabeth Nonas, Janice Gould Terry Wolverton October 24 Alison Bechdel November 14 Margaret Randall November 21 Carolyn Weathers, Nisa Donnelly December 12 Lauren Wright Douglas, Vicki McConnell December 19 Terry Wolverton, Elizabeth Nonas

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 29 ucla center for the study of women Banu Subramaniam presents U-Mass, Amherst SURROGATING THE CRADLE OF THE WORLD On the Onto-Espistemological Illusions of Matter Deboleena Roy Emory University GERMLINE RUPTURES Methyl Isocyanate Gas and the Transpositions of Life, Death, and Matter in Bhopal

WEDNESDAY Nov 5, 2014 4 to 6 pm | Royce 314 cosponsored by UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics30 FALL 2014 message from the coordinator

Thinking Gender 2015

HINKING GENDER is an inter- maternal identities; gendered net- peers and participating scholars. Tconnected scholarly space for works; gender disparities in scienc- We expect the presenters to pose graduate students studying gender, es; language, communication, and incisive questions to, and respond race, and sexuality across all disci- gender; and feminist epistemology. to topical comments from, the plines and historical periods. Aug- Expanding upon the one-day faculty and scholars moderating menting the scale and the scope of format of previous conferences, the panels, as well as the audience. this annual conference organized CSW invites to participate in a Participants may receive travel by CSW, Thinking Gender 2015 two-day conference at UCLA Covel grants and the top presentations will feature a keynote, networking Commons. In addition to the key- may be published in a edited vol- workshops, a poster exhibition, note on gender studies and sci- ume. and more than forty presentations, ences, we also include workshops We welcome submissions of over two days from April 23 to 24. and interactive activities for the individual papers, pre-constitut- 2015. participants. including an introduc- ed panels, and posters now. The With the theme of “Power, Con- tion of Krav Maga.This self-defense deadline is December 15, 2014. tested knowledge, and Feminist technique is based on the self-pro- More details please visit http:// practices,” the twenty-fifth grad- tective principle and knowledge/ www.csw.ucla.edu/conferences-1/ uate student research conference practices generated from real expe- thinking-gender will focus on feminism and scienc- riences in real contexts. In terms of – Chien-Ling Liu es, exploring the participation and/ scope, we envision a broad range Chien-Ling Liu is the or contributions of marginalized of presenters and an audience in- conference coordinator individuals or groups who had terested in interdisciplinary, trans- of Thinking Gender 2015. She is a been historically excluded from national, cross-regional studies that Ph.D. Candidate in knowledge production, and analyz- engage with both contemporary the Department of ing how the feminist approach has and historical issues. In addition History at UCLA. Her altered the existing understanding to presenting research papers in dissertation is on the of scientific knowledge and prac- panels, we plan a poster exhibition microbiological studies and public health work by the Pasteur Institutes tices. The topics of panels include on the themes of the conference. in China between 1899 and 1950, the bodies of medicine; gender Undergraduate students are eligi- particularly concerning prophylaxis of movement in contested spaces; ble to submit poster proposals. smallpox and rabies. She is interested in construction and representations Thinking Gender provides a power dynamics of scientific knowledge production and practices in cross- of bodies in the arts; faith and scholarly and social milieu for cultural contexts, relating to the issues feminism; gender in conflict zones; graduate students from around the of modernity. When not writing her technology and power; gender, world to present and discuss their dissertation, she enjoys going to movies cultures, and environmental crisis; work, as well as to expand their and playing badminton. consumerism in reproduction and networks and connect with their

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 31 announcement 2014 CSW Policy Brief Prize Women in the Informal Economy: Global Challenges, Local Solutions

HE CSW POLICY BRIEF PRIZE sup- topic of “Women in the Informal also earn less, engage in small- Tports and promotes ourstand- Economy: Global Challenges, Local er-scale operations, and often work ing applied feminist scholarship by Solutions.” in less visible professions. graduate students at UCLA. Each The informal economy has been Students are invited to submit CSW Policy Brief presents research defined as “all income earning briefs with policy recommenda- in support of a policy change that activities that are not effectively tions on topics related to women would substantially improve the regulated by the state in social en- in the informal economy, including health and well being of women vironments where similar activities immigration, female entrepreneur- and their families are regulated” (The Informal Econ- ship, health (including mental This year, we are partnering omy: Studies in Advanced and Less health) and health care issues, with Chris Tilly, Professor of Urban Developed Countries, Alejandro transportation, public safety, or Planning and Director of the UCLA Portes, Manuel Castells, and Lau- housing. Possible topics include Institute for Research on Labor ren A. Benton, eds., p. 12). Many global-level patterns and changes and Employment, to invite sub- economic activities can be consid- in the informal economy and their missions on the topic of “Women ered informal economy, including causes, how informal economic in the Informal Economy: Global work in un- or under-regulated activities reinforce or challenge Challenges, Local Solutions.” Up to factories, housecleaning, childcare, gender hierarchies, connections three students will be selected to and street vending. Although once between informal economy and re- work with CSW staff and research- viewed as solely an aspect of “de- mittances and/or transnationalism, ers on the editing and publication veloping” economies, the informal and lessons from past government of a policy brief for distribution to economy has recently been rec- efforts to regulate the informal community partners, nonprofit and ognized as a key element of “de- economy and/or support entre- research organizations, and public veloped” economies as well. The preneurship. Submissions may be officials. Selected students will emergence and growth of informal local, national, or international in receive a $500 stipend and receive work can be attributed to the forc- scope. recognition at the CSW Awards es of globalization and economic Questions should be directed luncheon in 2015. We may also or- restructuring, which have created a to Brenda Johnson-Grau, Manag- ganize an event where the students supply of workers who face bar- ing Editor, UCLA Center for the can present their work. riers to the formal economy, and Study of Women, [email protected]. To Currently enrolled UCLA gradu- a demand for low-cost goods and submit a brief, visit http://www. ate students are invited to submit a services. Women are overrepresent- csw.ucla.edu/current-projects/for- brief of approximately 750 words, ed in the informal economy around grad-students/awards-grants-and- excluding bibliography/sources, the world. Compared with men fellowships/policy-briefs. Deadline graphs, tables, and images, on the who perform informal labor, they for submissions is November 30.

32 FALL 2014 Labor Women and Reflecting on API Women in Labor Today

Presented by: Renee Tajima-Peña, UCLA Asian American Studies Discussants: Maylei Blackwell, UCLA Chicana/o Studies Quynh Nguyen, Organizer and featured in the “Labor Women” film Wednesday, November 12, 2014 12:30 - 2:00 pm Public Affairs Building, Room 5391

www.irle.ucla.eduCo-sponsored by UCLA [email protected] Asian American Studies and UCLA Gender Studies (310) 794-5957

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 33 INTERIM DIRECTOR Elizabeth Marchant Chair, Gender Studies, and Associate Pro- fessor, Comparative Literature ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR THINKING Rachel Lee Associate Professor, English and Gender Studies ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Pamela Crespin, Ph.D. MANAGING EDITOR GENDER Brenda Johnson-Grau ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Liliya Tepper ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Kimberlee Granholm 2015 THINKING GENDER COORDINATOR Chien-Ling Liu ASSISTANTS Bessie Sanchez, Mahati Kumar, Gerleroz CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS Exconde, Isabel Melendez, Radhika Me- hlotra, Paola Navarro, Sally Marquez, and Skye Allmang.

UCLA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN now available 1500 Public Affairs Building/Box 957222 on the CSW website: Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222 campus mailcode: 722203 www.csw.csw.ucla.edu http://www.csw.ucla.edu/news/think- [email protected] • [email protected] ON THE COVER: CSW/Department of Gender ing-gender-2015-call-for-presentations Studies’ Annual Fall reception. Top row from left to right, Jacob Lau, Rachel Lee, Grace Hong, Raja Bhattar, Kimberlee Granholm; MIddle row, from left to right, Mishuana Goeman, Diane Richardson, Alice Wexler; Bottom row from left to right, Maylei Blackwell, Elizabeth Marchant, Purnima Mankekar, Belinda Tucker

34 FALL 2014 spring 2015

uclaUCLA center Center for the Studyfor of Womenthe study of women research that rethinks1 2 SPRING 2015 THINKING GENDER 2015 The 25th edition of CSW’s Annual Graduate Research Conference will take place over two days, April 23 & 24, and will feature a keynote address, reception, networking luncheon, workshops, and a poster session.

BY CHIEN-LING LIU

THINKING GENDER 2015, CSW’s Medicine. On this first day, we will of movement, contesting anthropo- 25th Annual Graduate Student also introduce Professor Herzig’s centrism, claiming public visibility Research Conference, promises new book, Plucked: A History of and power, challenging stereotype to strengthen scholarly networks Hair Removal, will available for of body in the arts, locating agency and inspire lively conversation. purchase. In Plucked, Professor in politics of the body, and contest- To help make this landmark anni- Herzig describes the surprising ing marginality. versary a memorable success, we histories of race, science, industry, These presentations span the have expanded the conference to a and medicine behind hair-removal topics that are interdisciplinary, two-day schedule at UCLA’s Covel practices and norms. transnational, cross-regional, and Commons and added a keynote ad- This year, scholars from near both contemporary and histori- dress, poster exhibition, awards for and far will present exciting and cal. Representing 33 colleges and papers and posters, student travel innovative work on the tangled universities from around the world, grants, workshops, and more. relationships between knowledge our presenters come from disci- We will open the conference and the gendered body. Presen- plines in humanities and sciences with a keynote address, “Body tations, including 12 illustrated at UCLA, from other UC campuses Modifications: Violence, Labor, posters and 43 research papers in and other states, and from Aus- and the Subject of Feminism,” by 12 fascinating panels, will cover tralia, Poland, Canada, France, Rebecca M. Herzig, the Christian a wide array of topics, including Germany, and China. We envision A. Johnson Professor of Interdis- issues of biomedical body and that the conference will interest a ciplinary Studies and Chair of the knowledge production, sexuality broad audience, from north and Program in Women and Gender in Asian media, feminist inquiry south campus of UCLA, as well as Studies at Bates College (http:// and practices, queer body and from local academic and lay com- www.bates.edu/gender/faculty/ sexuality in performance, gendered munities. rebecca-m-herzig/), from 2 to 3:15 militarism and social protests, and The poster exhibition will take pm. The keynote address is cospon- of gendered roles and professional- place on the first day, following the sored by the UCLA Colloquium in ism. Also featured are discussions keynote address. After the post- History of Science, Technology, and on exploring identity and culture er exhibition, we will award the

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 3 Those who pay the $35 registra- tion fee for the conference will have the option of attending one of these workshops: “Fight Like a Woman” with Marcus Kowal (far left) and “Acupressure: Massaging Your Way to Optimal Health” (left) with Dr. Felicia Yu.

student travel grant, best posters, MMA fighter and 2nd degree Krav rabies. She is interested in power and best papers. These awardees Maga Black Belt. This workshop is dynamics of scientific knowl- will receive certificates and finan- cosponsored by Marcus Kowal and edge production and practices in cial awards. All awardees have an Systems Training Center (http:// cross-cultural contexts, relating to opportunity to publish in a special systemstrainingcenter.com). the issues of modernity. When not Spring 2015 issue of InterActions In Massaging Your Way to Opti- writing her dissertation, she en- or Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, mal Health, Dr. Felicia Yu (above) joys going to movies and playing Technoscience. will show participants how to badminton. The panel presentations are stimulate their own acupressure __ scheduled for the second day, points to alleviate such symptoms Thinking Gender is open to the Friday, April 24, from 9 am to as pain, headache, nausea, men- public and all are welcome. At- 12:15 pm, and from 2:45 to 6 pm. strual cramps, abdominal pain, and tendance at conference panels For a complete schedule, please insomnia. Dr. Yu is an East-West and the keynote address is free. visit CSW website (http://www. Primary Care Fellow at the UCLA A registration fee of $35 provides csw.ucla.edu/conferences-1/think- Center for East-West Medicine. access to the conference work- ing-gender). Thinking Gender 2015 welcomes shops, networking lunch, and Also on Friday will be a net- you to join us for two days of in- keynote cocktail reception; you’ll working lunch and two workshops, spiring scholarship, energetic con- also get a Thinking Gender tote “Fight Like a Woman” with Marcus versation, and lively networking. bag and CSW ceramic mug. Select Kowal and “Acupressure: Massag- PRIME when you visit the regis- ing Your Way to Optimal Health” Chien-Ling Liu is the conference tration website: https://uclacsw. with Dr. Felicia Yu. coordinator of Thinking Gender submittable.com Fight Like a Woman will discuss 2015. She is a Ph.D. Candidate Location of Covel Commons on the practicality and thinking behind in the Department of History the campus of UCLA: http://maps. Krav Maga and the mental game at UCLA. Her dissertation is on ucla.edu/campus/?locid=329 when in a situation where self-de- the microbiological studies and For more information on the fense is necessary. Marcus Kowal public health work by the Pasteur program, visit http://www.csw.ucla. (above), the lead instructor and Institutes in China between 1899 edu/conferences-1/thinking-gender/ owner of System Training Cen- and 1950, particularly concern- ter, is a profesional kickboxer and ing prophylaxes of smallpox and 4 SPRING 2015 Body Modifications: Violence, Labor, and the Subject of Feminism Keynote by Rebecca M. Herzig

Rebecca M. Herzig is the Christian A. Johnson Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and Chair of the Program in Women and Gender Studies at Bates College. Her teaching, research, and activist work all seek to engage broad audiences in reflection on the social dimensions of science, technology, and medicine. Recent publications include a special issue of the Lancet on “Medicalisation in the 21st century,” co-edited with Jonathan Metzl, and The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics, co-edited with Evelynn Hammonds. Her latest book, Plucked: A History of Hair Removal, is now available from NYU Press.

From 3 to 4:15 pm, copies of Plucked will be available for purchase. Price is $29.95 plus sales tax.

COSPONSOR of keynote: UCLA Colloquium in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 5 6 SPRING 2015 Kath Weston

A single body cannot bridge that mythical divide between insider and outsider, researcher and research. I am neither, in any simple way, and yet I am both.

– Kath Weston, Longslowburn

BY RADHIKA MEHLOTRA

AVING PUBLISHED widely on Big Data scheme that proposes to ises registry. What is at stake in the issues related kinship, gen- render each animal destined for struggles over animal citizenship, Hder, and sexuality, as well as the dinner table capable of being bio-intimacy, and techno-intimacy poverty in the U.S., Kath Weston, tracked and traced, in whole or that have ensued in the wake of a professor in the department of in part, throughout its material implementation of the NAIS?” anthropology at the University of existence, in the name of protect- Weston has interests in political Virginia, has recently turned her ing public health and facilitating economy; political ecology and attention to surveillance technolo- international trade. The NAIS rep- environmental issues; historical gies and the body. In an upcoming resents a historical shift away from anthropology; science studies; and talk in the Life (Un)Ltd lecture prevention and inspection of food kinship, gender, and sexuality. series organized by CSW Associate production facilities, toward an in- Weston was awarded the Gug- Director Rachel Lee, Weston will vestment in trace-back operations genheim Fellowship in 2011, for discuss one of the case studies that attempt to secure the nation’s “demonstrating exceptional capac- from her forthcoming book, Ani- food supply by securing the animal ity for productive scholarship or mate Planet: Making Visceral Sense body. Under the scheme, each pig, exceptional creative ability in the of Living in a High-Tech Ecologically sheep, and cow receives a ‘unique arts.” 1 Her fieldwork and research Damaged World: “In the United individual identifier’ sutured to its pursuits have taken her to India, States, the National Animal Identi- body using a range of surveillance Japan, the United Kingdom, and fication System is a state-sponsored devices and mapped onto a prem- 1. http://www.gf.org/about-the-foundation/the- fellowship/

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 7 Weston’s books seek to communicate the lived experience of the communities she studies.

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. contributes to the formation of this enjoyable for the lay reader.” 5 Her work has long challenged the gender, race, and sexuality, and In a review of Families We Choose: preoccupations and predilections other genres of social experience. Lesbians, Gays, Kinship (1997) of the academic social sciences. In Weston…argues that an account- in Library Journal, Eric Bryant Longslowburn: Sexuality and Social ing of time and its contingency is wrote “this book demands—and Science (1998), she “argues that crucially missing from, or merely deserves—thorough and care- despite the recent growth in gay left implicit in, such work.” 3 ful reading. With weighty prose, and lesbian studies departments, Her interest in the lived expe- Weston, an anthropology professor, sexuality is not a new topic for riences of lesbians and gays ani- writes that gays and lesbians, long social science. She also suggests mated two of her books, Render seen as exiles from kinship ties, that sexuality should not be a Me, Gender Me (1998) and Families are choosing to create their own ghettoized area of study but rather We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship families. Arguing that these “cho- should be considered in relation (1997). Render Me, Gender Me sen” families cannot be understood to work, migration, family, and all “challenges comfortable assump- apart from the “straight” families the other core topics that concern tions about gender by weaving… in which gays and lesbians grew social scientists.”2 According to [her] own thought-provoking up, she draws on interviews to de- Stefan Helmreich, Weston’s book, commentary together with the scribe gays’ relationships with their Gender in Real Time: Power and voices of lesbians from a variety of straight families. Weston places her Transience in a Visual Age (2003) race and class backgrounds.” 4 The interpretation in perspective with “is a provocative intervention into Library Journal hailed the books, historical and legal background in- how critical cultural theory might noting that “Weston’s witty, lyri- formation and extended quotations engage the formulations of sci- cal writing style coupled with the from interviewees.” ence and mathematics in order to voices of the interviewees makes In a recent book, Traveling Light: think anew about how temporality On the Road with America’s Poor 3. http://web.mit.edu/anthropology/pdf/articles/ 2. http://www.amazon.com/Long-Slow-Burn-Sexuality- helmreich/helmreich_weston_interview.pdf Science/dp/0415920442 4. http://cup.columbia.edu/book/render-me-gender- 5. http://cup.columbia.edu/book/render-me-gender- me/9780231096423 me/9780231096423

8 SPRING 2015 (2009), she rode the bus for five after long waits to board, bad food available at academia.edu: https:// years to document what it’s like to at rest stops, hiked up prices for www.academia.edu/2314386/Polit- be poor in America. As a review in the poorest travelers), Weston is ical_Ecologies_of_the_Precarious Publisher’s Weekly described the also refreshingly self-reflective on book, “In this accessible gem of a her own relative privilege (being Radhika Mehlotra is a graduate student narrative, Weston makes a special white and a citizen, having a credit researcher at CSW contribution to the conversation card). Although her writing occa- __ (and glut of ethnographies) that sionally reads like choppy journal For more info on Life (Un)Ltd, seek to describe how the other half entries, her simple observations are visit http://www.csw.ucla.edu/re- lives. Raised in the working-class marked by a spare grace: Arrival is search/projects/life-un-ltd/life-un-ltd outskirts of Chicago and trained not all. Often the road is the thing. as an anthropologist, the author is This book is a piece of 21st-century devoid of condescension or naïve Americana in motion, and its char- astonishment as she zigzags across acters and cities will resonate and the country by bus—one of the linger with readers.” last quasi-public spaces—swapping In her career as author, scholar, advice, snacks, favors, worldviews and activist, Weston has always and nuggets of profound wisdom been in motion, reimagining her with her fellow travelers. With- research and her role in it. Her in these shared stories, Weston new book will surely be another interweaves her own experiences landmark book in the fields of in traveling on a limited budget anthropology, feminist studies, and with acute anthropological anal- science and technology studies. ysis. Attuned to the hardships of “Political Ecologies of the Precar- bus travel (no guaranteed seats ious,” an essay from the book is

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 9 Little Prairie Ronde, Cass County, Michigan, where Amalie Hathaway lived and wrote her philosophy papers in the 1870s and 1880s.

10 SPRING 2015 Women Philosophers at the American Philosophical Association

A Personal Account of the 111th Meeting of the Eastern Division by Carol Bensick

S A MEMBER of the ior. My paper was on a lecture on cal-sized audience. Society for the Study of Schopenhauer by an immigrant In the hours since arriving for AWomen Philosophers and woman at the 1881 session of the the convention, I had been trying a new member of the American nineteenth-century Massachusetts to broaden my paper in order the Philosophical Association, I recent- phenomenon, the Concord Sum- better to bring out the great im- ly travelled to Philadelphia to pres- mer School of Philosophy and Lit- portance I had come to attribute ent a paper on nineteenth-century erature. The program thus showed to Hathaway. As I see it, Amalie American Amalie Hathaway’s lec- the great variety among women Hathaway is important in two ture on famous German pessimist philosophers, as well as the range respects. Intrinsically, her existence philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. of genre characteristically accepted challenges the existing record Mine was to be the middle pre- and advocated for by scholars of of nineteenth century American sentation of three on the society’s women’s philosophy. philosophy. It shows that Ger- theme of women philosophers. I arrived early, finding a business man-American women as well as Each was strikingly different. The meeting of the Society wrapping well-known German American first was a paper on contemporary up. Three members of the board men like Henry Brockmeyer edu- theorist of material culture and of directors were present and one cated their communities in German University of Georgia Professor of the presenters. As the start time philosophy not only on the East Beth Preston by Hector MacIntyre, drew closer, the other presenter ar- coast but in the American Midwest a doctoral student from the Uni- rived. Unless I misremember, there in the middle of the l9th century. versity of Ottawa, Canada. The were no other attendees. The chair As well, I wanted to show that not third was a performance by Sa- of the panel had written to us that all women philosophers before brina Misir-Hiralall, an adjunct our panel was scheduled against at Pragmatism were either quasi-Kan- professor from the Montclair least one other panel of interest to tian admirers of Ralph Waldo State University, New Jersey, of the society’s members, including Emerson, neoPlatonist adherents a Hindu dance about a princess at least one in which one of the of Bronson Alcott, Platonist fol- who after alienating her husband directors was presenting. It is hard lowers of Hiram Jones, Hegelian (really the god Krishna) attracts to imagine and impossible to know protegees of William Torrey Harris, him back by showing she admits how different if at all the session Aristotelian followers of Thomas and repents her unspiritual behav- would have been had it had a typi- Davidson, or personalist adherents

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 11 of George Holmes Howison. In ad- attention to other nineteenth-cen- scripts were not preserved by her dition, Hathaway adds to the num- tury German immigrant women, husband after she suddenly died ber of nineteenth-century women such as Olga Plumacher (a Hart- at the age of 40. This incited one who studied philosophy at the mann specialist), who published of the directors (Professor Dorothy university level: before Caroline and corresponded about German Rogers) to remark that the same Miles, Mary Sophia Case, or the philosophers; to spark interest in thing was true as far as her manu- better-known Eliza Sunderland and other nineteenth-century Ameri- scripts were concerned in the case Marietta Kies, there was already can women—such as Anne Lynch of Marietta Kies, a woman philos- a woman student in the Philoso- Botta—whom the history of phil- opher of her own rediscovery who phy Department at the University osophical has not yet claimed but actually became a college profes- of Michigan. Hathaway’s career whom it should, whom evidence sor. Otherwise, questions notably also brings to light the virtually shows read, wrote on, listened to, bypassed Hathaway’s philosophical unknown because virtually undoc- lectured on, or seriously thought claims about Schopenhauer (and umented existence of the Chica- about canonical and/or contem- Harvard Professor Francis Bow- go Philosophical Society. Finally, porary philosophy. Finally, I had en), but gravitated to the Concord Hathaway’s existence reveals that hoped to elicit feedback, from School of Philosophy. I attribut- there could exist in the nineteenth specialists on American philoso- ed this primarily to my failure to century a woman learned in Greek, phy, particularly on how Hathaway provide a handout of Hathaway’’s Continental, and British historical compares with German-American text and to the detailed, advanced, and contemporary philosophy; male philosophers such as Brok- and technical nature of much of talented and skilled in writing meyer; from specialists in Schopen- Hathaway’s presentation. But I was English expository, interpretative, hauer, regarding Hathaway’s struck by a rough similarity with and critical prose; and who based interpretation in contract with the situation when Hathaway gave on nothing but her personal stud- current views; and from specialists her lecture in 1881: the audience ies at the University of Michigan on women philosophers regarding looked to the (male, senior) faculty and her membership in a Chicago possible connections with women of the School (Hathaway’s was a self-described philosophy club, had from other eras and cultures and/ special lecture) for comments on the confidence to publicly call into or resonances with classic and con- the philosopher Arthur, avoiding question the Harvard, “official” temporary feminist philosophy, a Hathaway’s argument about his interpretation of a hotly controver- field in which I wasn’t well versed. philosophy. But again, this could sial European philosopher. This turned out to be asking be explained by the lack of any To accomplish this, I had hoped too much of myself. Announcing samples of the writing of Schopen- to add to my paper a mention, for for a new title “Rediscovering an hauer and the highly detailed example, of the Chicago Philo- Early German-American philoso- nature of her presentation. sophical Society where Hathaway pher,” I had to settle for my paper In retrospect, certain things lectured: of Rev. Benjamin Frank- as written, publicizing the striking stand out about the panel from the lin Cocker, her part-time teacher uniqueness of the second paper point of view of the Center of the at the University of Michigan in on Schopenhauer in English by a Study of Women. In regard to the 1871-76; of the various journalists woman and the surprising career dance, the fact is that the source and later authors, mainly women, of a prolific, educated, historically tradition is about a woman, but who mentioned or discussed her unknown woman philosopher in not apparently by one. It does rep- and her paper in newspapers and the 1870s. resent a woman expressing herself, magazines across the eastern half In a brief discussion after the pa- however, and being capable of of the United States in the 1880s pers I was led to reveal the shock- high spirituality, being a bride of and 1890s. I had also hoped to call ing fact that Hathaway’s manu- Krishna. And it was presented by

12 SPRING 2015 a woman. So it was to this extent had actually left out Amalia Hatha- any audience to believe that this feminist. In regard to the paper way’s name. was possible. Unaware, I was still on Preston, it took for granted the Admittedly, my submission title defensive about women’s philo- worthiness and importance of her was long and cumbersome: some- sophical powers. thought—treated her, so to speak, thing had to be omitted. I expect- To see Hathaway’s brilliance like a man. Insofar it represented ed it to be The Concord School, needs knowledge of Schopenhau- the acceptance of women philoso- but in fact I had to admit it was er—and Kant, Plato, Hegel, Comte, phers as unproblematically equal more plausible to omit Hathaway, Spencer, if not Bowen. But the to men. If I remember correct- because her name is, after all, gender question (I take it) is why ly, there was no particular or no not known and that of the Con- did Hathaway—in Illinois, in the strong attempt to tie Preston’s cord School is. And so the sequel 1870s—choose to cultivate bril- ideas to her gender or to gender. showed. liance in Philosophy? And it does In my own case, I had also de- This suggests several thoughts. not require philosophical knowl- clined to make gender the point of Why did I put the Concord School edge to pursue that. my reading, although I stated, and in the title? Because I thought I Carol Bensick has been a CSW Research believe, that this can and should be had better include something that Scholar since 2010. She received done. Nor did audience questions scholars would recognize. The her Ph.D. in English and American Literature from Cornell University in take an especial feminist tack. But same reason the chair evidently 1982 after completing a dissertation then they had not been encour- foregrounded it in the program. We titled “La Nouvelle Beatrice: Renaissance aged to. didn’t trust the name of Hathaway Medicine and New England Theology.” To be sure, the Society for the to attract an audience. She has taught at University of Denver, Study of Women Philosophers has If this means anything, perhaps Cornell University, UCLA, University of Oregon, and UC Riverside. Her book, not historically always stressed it is that in presenting forgotten La Nouvelle Beatrice: Renaissance and scholarly politics, being primarily women philosophers, or women Romance in “Rappaccini’s Daughter,” historical and empirical. Other anything, it is critical to insist on was published in 1984. Her most groups in Philosophy, including the them by name and to be explicit recently published articles include “Esther Edwards Burr” in American worldwide Societies for Women in and forceful about their impor- National Biography (1999) and “Partly Philosophy, and the APA Commit- tance. This translates to belief in Sympathy, Partly Rebellion: May Ward, tee for the Status of Women, do them. If we don’t believe in the Hawthorne, and The Scarlet Letter,” in this. But I wondered, did this lack importance of our foundlings, we Hawthorne and Women (1999). She gave papers at the Summer Institute for of a feminist slant have anything to might almost as well leave the American Philosophy in 2012 and 2013 do with our lack of an audience? manuscripts uncollected. on John Dewey and Jane Addams and Without this, the panel’s appeal In retrospect, it’s apparent that on William James and Women. was to scholars of material culture, I tried to present Hathaway as a Author’s note: At the conference, pessimism (or the Concord School Schopenhauerian. But if that was an editor from Lexington Press of Philosophy), or Hinduism. (That my goal, I should have tried to get made an appointment with me to there would be a dance wasn’t on a panel about Schopenhauer discuss a possible book. Thanks on the program.) It made perfect or at least German philosophy. For to CSW, I am now in touch with sense that the main question about the Society for the Study of Wom- their consulting editor of American my paper was about the Concord en Philosophers, I should have Philosophy to discuss doing a book School, because and as I had foregrounded gender. Why didn’t on Julia Ward Howe. forgotten, I had made the Concord I? Because I was anxious to show School a leading part of my sub- (off) how brilliant in her interpre- mission title. In fact, I was shocked tations Hathaway was. And why to belatedly discover, the program was that? Evidently I did not trust

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 13 14 SPRING 2015 Writing to Connect CAN CREATING A PERSONAL WEBSITE IMPROVE ADJUSTMENT TO BREAST CANCER?

BY LAUREN HARRIS

PPROXIMATELY one in also faced with social concerns, in- experience (Nosarti et al., 2002; eightA women in the United States cluding managing communication Pinquart & Duberstein, 2010b) will be diagnosed with breast can- with loved ones about their health and that social isolation is associ- cer at some point during her life and having less energy to engage ated with poor health outcomes (Howlader et al., 2012). In 2014 in valued social activities. (Widows et al., 2000; Lutgendorf alone, more than 232,000 Ameri- Many studies demonstrate that & Sood, 2011). Despite the impor- can women were diagnosed with traditional types of therapy, such as tance of social support, fostering the disease (DeSantis et al., 2014). cognitive behavioral therapy and communication between women Diagnosis and treatment of breast supportive-expressive therapy, can with breast cancer and their social cancer, which can include surgery, improve emotional distress and network can be challenging. Wom- radiation, chemotherapy, and/or quality of life in cancer patients en may be hesitant to ask others endocrine therapy, can profoundly (Faller et al., 2013; Naaman et for help, lack the energy to seek impact a woman’s physical, psy- al., 2009). However, some breast support, or feel burdened by hav- chological, and social functioning. cancer patients may be unable to ing to repeat the same information Although most women diag- participate in therapy in a tradi- over and over. Family and friends nosed with breast cancer adjust tional, face-to-face setting due to may want to offer support, but well over time, breast cancer side effects of treatment (for ex- may not know what to say or do. patients do have elevated rates of ample, fatigue and pain), intensive Personal websites provide a depression and anxiety disorders medical treatment schedules, and central space for women to share compared with the general popu- unavailability of therapy services their cancer experience and com- lation (Mitchell et al., 2011; Fann in their communities. Therefore, it municate their needs, bridging the et al., 2008). Depression in cancer is crucial to identify resources that potential gap in communication patients is associated with low- are both effective and accessible to between the patient and her sup- er participation in medical care, address the difficulties women face port system. Online journaling may longer hospital stays, and, perhaps, following a breast cancer diagnosis. help women to create a story of lower survival (Colleoni et al., A large body of research demon- their experience with breast can- 2000; Prieto et al., 2002; Fann et strates that strong social ties can cer, express emotions, and boost al., 2008; Pinquart & Duberstein, improve both psychological and confidence in their ability to cope 2010a). Breast cancer patients are physical health during the cancer with the cancer experience, factors

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 15 that can promote positive adjust- bers of the research team led a friends and family. ment in women with breast cancer discussion about potential uses for Given the promising results of (Howsepian & Merluzzi, 2009; personal websites (for example, the PCO study, we were interested Stanton et al., 2000). However, communicating with friends and in characterizing women’s expe- very little research has examined family), proactively addressed riences of using their personal whether using a personal website common concerns about personal websites and identifying elements can improve breast cancer patients’ website use (such as pressure to of online journaling that were par- psychological health and bolster post frequently), and helped wom- ticularly helpful in improving psy- social support. Our research group en create their websites and initi- chosocial well-being (Harris et al., at UCLA developed and tested a ate their first journal post. Women 2014). Women reported on their program called Project Connect were encouraged to invite family website use one and six months Online (PCO) to evaluate whether and friends to visit their website; after attending the workshop. We women with breast cancer could website visitors could subscribe also asked family and friends who benefit from creating and main- for automatic email notifications visited the websites for feedback taining a personal website to share whenever the woman posted a about their experience viewing their experience and communicate journal entry on her website. the women’s websites. Identifying with family and friends (Stanton et Women randomly assigned effective components of personal al., 2013; Cleary & Stanton, 2014). to create personal websites ben- website use for women with breast efitted significantly on measures cancer will help researchers refine The Project Connect of depressive symptoms, positive future studies to be maximally Online Study mood, and life appreciation at six- effective, efficient, and tailored to In the randomized controlled trial month follow-up compared with women’s needs. of PCO, 88 women diagnosed control participants (Stanton et al., Most women’s website content with breast cancer were assigned 2013). PCO promoted these adap- described the story of their diag- to create a personal website or tive changes through increased nosis and treatment and discussed to a waiting-list control condi- perceived social support from their emotional experience. A few tion. Women assigned to create friends, decreased loneliness, and women wrote about disappoint- a personal website attended a increased confidence in the ability ment when others failed to provide three-hour workshop for hands-on to cope with the cancer experience effective support. More often, how- creation of the website, whereas (Cleary & Stanton, 2014). These ever, women expressed gratitude the waitlisted group was invited results demonstrate that personal for guidance from their medical to attend the workshop and create website use can improve psycho- team and for support from fami- a website after the study’s con- logical well-being among women ly, friends, colleagues, and other clusion. Both groups completed with breast cancer. Interestingly, breast cancer survivors. Reflecting questionnaires about their psycho- the websites were most helpful for a mixed experience with receipt of logical and social functioning when women who were currently under- social support, one woman wrote, they enrolled in the study and six going treatment for their breast “people you know and love can months later. cancer (for example, chemother- disappoint you when you need The primary feature of each apy and/or radiation) compared them the most… and it is equally woman’s personal website was a with women who had already com- astonishing the people who [step] journal; websites also included pleted treatment. The researchers up to help.” a “How You Can Help” feature, suggested that women in current Many women also wrote about where women could post their treatment may have more need to spirituality and finding benefit in wishes for specific kinds of sup- process their cancer experience the cancer experience. For in- port. During the workshop, mem- and garner social support from stance, some women wrote that 16 SPRING 2015 cancer had given them a better visitors can provide a valuable and cognitive processing words in understanding of what was truly source of information about the their journal posts was associated important in their lives, had helped ways in which personal websites with improved psychological func- them treasure family and friends, can bolster communication and tioning. Consistent with findings and had prompted engagement in support between breast cancer from previous studies, we found meaningful activities. patients and their loved ones. that higher use of positive emotion Overall, women who created In order to identify subgroups of words was significantly associated personal websites as part of the women who were highly engaged with an increase in positive mood PCO study reported that their in contributing to their websites, over the study period, and higher experience using the websites was we examined predictors of website use of negative emotion words was positive. Women found the web- use. We found that women with significantly associated with a de- sites most useful in terms of giving more advanced breast cancer (stag- crease in depressive symptoms over them a place to express emotions es 3 and 4) were more likely to the study period. These results sug- and tell the story of their experi- post to their websites than women gest that emotional expression was ence. As one woman wrote, “I am with earlier-stage cancer, suggest- an important aspect of journaling alive and I have a story to tell.” ing that women with advanced that may have led to psychological Despite their positive experiences cancer may have perceived more benefit. using their personal website, wom- need for a platform to share their en noted some barriers to website experience and garner support Conclusions and use. The most common barrier was from others. Future Directions lacking time to contribute to their We were also interested in Personal website use may help website due to other obligations identifying specific components of women with breast cancer create and stressors (for example, work women’s writing as “active ingre- a narrative of their experience, and illness). dients” of online journaling that express emotions, bolster sup- We collected data from 66 visi- could help explain the improved port from friends and family, and tors to the websites, most of whom depressive symptoms, positive improve psychological well-being. were female friends of the breast mood, and life appreciation ob- Our findings suggest that personal cancer patients. Visitors found the served in the PCO study. Previous websites may be particularly useful websites most helpful for providing research has demonstrated that for women with advanced breast updates on the patient’s health and use of positive emotion words (for cancer and/or women currently emotional state and for helping the example, “joy”), negative emotion undergoing breast cancer treat- visitor feel close to the patient. words (for example, “angry”) and ment. The next iteration of PCO When we asked about actions words that reflect cognitive pro- will recruit women with metastatic that website visitors intended to cessing (for example, “realize”) in (stage 4) breast cancer in order to take as a result of reading the written emotional disclosure tasks address the needs of this group of website, they reported that they predicts improvement in psycho- women who often experience pro- planned to visit the website again, logical functioning (Pennebaker & found impact on physical, psycho- contact the patient, and offer help. Chung, 2007). logical, and social functioning as a One visitor wrote, “I did not see We used Linguistic Inquiry and consequence of the disease. [the patient] often, and did not Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker Future research should also know that my friend had experi- et al., 2007), a computer program explore the potential for personal enced this journey with cancer… I designed to analyze the content websites to improve adjustment have already written her an email of text files, to examine whether to other types of cancer as well as and will continue to check on her.” women’s use of positive emotion other illnesses and stressors. With Our findings suggest that website words, negative emotion words, Internet access expanding rapidly

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 17 in the United States and around on emotional distress and quality of life of health psychology. Oxford: Oxford the world, online journaling is a in adult patients with cancer: Systemat- University Press. ic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Ireland, potentially low-cost, accessible way Clinical Oncology, 31, 1-20. M., Gonzales, A., & Booth, R. J. (2007). for individuals to chronicle stress- Fann, J. R., Thomas-Rich, A. M., Katon, The development and psychometric ful experiences and garner effec- W. J., Cowley, D., Pepping, M., McGre- properties of LIWC2007. Austin, TX, tive social support. gor, B. A., & Gralow, J. (2008). Major LIWC. depression after breast cancer: A review Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2010a). Lauren Harris is a Ph.D. candidate of epidemiology and treatment. General Depression and cancer mortality: A me- in Clinical Psychology at UCLA. She Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 112-126. ta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 40, received the Elizabeth Blackwell, Harris, L. N., Cleary, E. H., & Stanton, A. L. 1797-1810. M.D. award in 2014 in support of her (in press). Project Connect Online: User Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2010b). research. Her research interests include and visitor experiences of an Inter- Associations of social networks with stress, coping, and adjustment to net-based intervention for women with cancer mortality: A meta-analysis. Criti- illness. Lauren’s dissertation evaluates breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology. cal Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 75, Project Connect Online, an Internet- Howlader, N., Noone, A. M., Krapcho, M., 122-137. based intervention designed to improve Neyman, N. Aminou, R., Waldron, W., Prieto, J. M., Blanch, J., Atala, J., Carre- psychosocial and physical adjustment to … & Cronin, K. A. (eds). SEER Cancer ras, E., Rovira, M., Cirera, E., & Gastó, breast cancer. Lauren is also a trainee Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage C. (2002). Psychiatric morbidity and at the Simms/Mann UCLA Center 2009 Populations), National Cancer In- impact on hospital length of stay among for Integrative Oncology, where she stitute, Bethesda, MD, 2012. Retrieved hematologic cancer patients receiving provides individual and group therapy January 30, 2015. stem-cell transplantation. Journal of for individuals diagnosed with cancer Howsepian, B. A., & Merluzzi, T. V. (2009). Clinical Oncology, 20, 1907-17. and their loved ones. Contact Lauren at Religious beliefs, social support, Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, [email protected]. self-efficacy and adjustment to cancer. C. L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. A., Kirk, S. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 1069-1079. B., ... & Twillman, R. (2000). Emotion- Author’s note: This article was Lutgendorf, S. K., & Sood, A. K. (2011). ally expressive coping predicts psy- based on research conducted by Biobehavioral factors and cancer pro- chological and physical adjustment to gression: Physiological pathways and breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Lauren Harris, Elizabeth Cleary, mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, Clinical Psychology, 68, 875-882. and Annette Stanton, which is 73, 724-730. Stanton, A. L., Thompson, E. H., Crespi, C. currently in press at Psycho-Oncol- Mitchell, A. J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Hal- M., Link, J. S., & Waisman, J. R. (2013). ogy. This research was supported ton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., & Me- Project Connect Online: Randomized ader, N. (2011). Prevalence of depres- trial of an Internet-based program to by funding from the Breast Cancer sion, anxiety, and adjustment disorder chronicle the cancer experience and Research Foundation, the Susan G. in oncological, haematological, and facilitate communication. Journal of Komen for the Cure Foundation, palliative-care settings: A meta-analy- Clinical Oncology, 31, 3411-3417. and a National Institute of Men- sis of 94 interview-based studies. The Widows, M. R., Jacobson, P. B., & Fields, Lancet Oncology, 12, 160-174. K. K. (2000). Relation of psychological tal Health Predoctoral Fellowship Naaman, S. C., Radwan, K., Fergusson, vulnerability factors to posttraumatic (NIMH 15750). D., & Johnson, S. (2009). Status of stress disorder symptomatology in bone psychological trials in breast cancer pa- marrow transplant recipients. Psychoso- REFERENCES tients: A report of three meta-analyses. matic Medicine, 62, 873-882. Cleary, E. H., & Stanton, A. L. (2014). Me- Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological diators of an Internet-based psychoso- Processes, 72, 50-69. cial intervention for women with breast Nosarti, C., Roberts, J. V., Crayford, T., cancer. Health Psychology, http://dx.doi. McKenzie, K., & David, A. S. (2002). org/10.1037/hea0000170 Early psychological adjustment in breast Colleoni, M., Mandala, M., Peruzzotti, G., cancer patients: A prospective study. Robertson, C., Bredart, A., & Gold- Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, hirsch, A. (2000). Depression and de- 1123-1130. gree of acceptance of adjuvant cytotoxic Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). drugs. The Lancet, 356, 1326-27. Expressive writing: Connections to Faller, H., Schuler, M., Richard, M., Heckl, physical and mental health. In H. S. U., Weis, J., & Küffner, R. (2013). Ef- Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook fects of psycho-oncologic interventions

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UCLA Center for the Study of Women 19 20 SPRING 2015 Interrogating Japanese American Knowledge Production and Narratives of “Success”

BY WENDI YAMASHITA

At the Japanese American National Museum’s 2011 annual WANTED TO BEGIN with this gala dinner, before the late Senator Daniel Inouye comes moment that troubled me then and has continued to haunt me to stage, he is introduced by his wife, Irene Hirano, a past even now.1 It is this moment president of the Museum. Introducing him means that Ithat has propelled my dissertation she must list all of his accomplishments and his continued project—one that is interested in the way Japanese Americans investment in the museum that forces us to honor him as choose to narrate themselves and well. And of course she cannot help but include how Inouye their World War II experiences is third in line for the presidency as she proudly jokes that in opposition to other groups of this is reason why there are secret service agents running color. By incorporating us into this logic of “success” Inouye situates around. And after Inouye narrates his life story that should Japanese Americans as exceptional never be forgotten he begins discussing “how far Japanese citizens who are worthy of state Americans have come” by relating statistical information to recognition and thus affirmation. the audience about our law abiding nature, our low crime “Success” is only measurable in relation to the “failures” of these rates, our high intellectual rates, and that we are among the other groups and is in fact predicat- “three ethnic groups with the highest per capita income.” He ed on that. This logic of celebra- then goes on to incorporate his own life into this “success” tory success institutionalizes affects within the Japanese American com- narrative saying, “today I stand before you, when I was first munity that allow for and teaches declared an enemy alien on December the 7th and today I us to abandon people. This success am president pro-tempore, third in line for the presidency.” narrative as a strategy for survival And then he looks affectionately at the crowd and states, allows Japanese Americans to hold on to the very things that protect “that’s not too bad” to which the audience enthusiastically us from state violence but allows applauds him. for the death of others. This is the way in which the state can mobi- 1.This moment is not an isolated incident but instead is one that happens over and over again.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 21 lize Japanese Americanness to do ization where Japanese Americans, attempted to assimilate to “prove “its repressive work and its policing particularly after Redress, illumi- their ‘Americanness’” so that “a of civil society” and ourselves.2 nate the way contemporary power similar fate of being singled out For my proposed dissertation relations no longer simply operates as a racial group and incarcerated research, I am interested in look- through exclusionary measures but would not befall them again.”7 As ing at how Japanese American now also relies upon the affirma- Inouye’s speech shows, Japanese knowledge production and modes tion and recognition of certain Americans’ rehabilitation not only of memory inevitably reproduce differences. Below, I briefly outline becomes an integral part of their forms of surveillance and carcer- two different historical moments identity but also how this very ality operating during Japanese where this disidentification begins particular racialization of Japanese American incarceration that are to take root via Japanese Ameri- Americans provides the building predicated on even more brutal cans’ racialization by the state. blocks for the way the current pris- forms of death and destruction Japanese American incarceration on regime looks. Expanding upon of “deviant” populations. I want is simultaneously a site where tech- Kim’s analysis of rehabilitation, I to think about the way in which nologies of carcerality work to de- want to think about the ways in Japanese Americans are legitmated monize and dehumanize Japanese which the notion of rehabilitation with “value” because they per- Americans in ways that legitimize is tied up with the way Japanese form masculinity and femininity in punishment and imprisonment but Americans were and continue to be “proper and respectable ways that it also happens to be a site of reha- racialized as “successful.” This dis- redeem, reform, or counter their bilitation and normativization. As course of “success” that stems from racialized “deviancy” in a post Jodi Kim argues in Ends of Empire, Japanese Americans rehabilitative- Redress era.3 Other groups are incarceration is articulated as a ness ultimately produces feelings positioned in opposition to Japa- space where Japanese Americans of innocence/guilt and criminal/ nese Americans and are marked as “could learn to be productive sub- non-criminal that sustain carceral “deviant, illegal and criminal” and jects without ‘damaging’ the envi- logics. This disidentification is are unable to “circumvent the de- ronment, becoming hyper-compet- constituted by claims to whiteness valuing process of race and gender itive in any field, or contributing to in opposition to blackness that by citing other readily recogniz- California’s ‘maladjustments.’”6 In allows for one to become free/ able signs and signifiers of value, this way, I want to think about Jap- mobile because one is not a “true” such as legality, heteronormativ- anese American incarceration as a criminal. Rehabilitation allows for ity, American citizenship, higher racialized spatial-social enclosure Japanese Americans to obtain this education, affluence, morality, or to see the links between the past mobility. respectability.”4 I am interested (Japanese American incarceration) Furthermore, in my research I in how this devaluation occurs in and the present (mass incarcera- think about how the demise of the conjunction with the valuation tion). However, I also want to pay social wage has allowed for the of Japanese Americans as “pro- close attention to the differences proliferation of prisons as a form ductive, worthy, and responsible that exist between these enclo- of racial subordination and class citizen[s].”5 By turning to Japa- sures, including how Japanese rule, where the state strategically nese American modes of memory American incarceration is spatial- utilizes Japanese Americans, incar- and knowledge production, I hope ly and temporally different from ceration and redress as a moment to show the complexities of racial- mass incarceration. One of these of national redemption that not

2. Wahneema Lubiano, “Black Feminism and Black differences is the way that Japa- only rights a past wrong but justi- Common Sense” from The House that Race Built (New York: Pantheon, 1997), 235. nese Americans take on notions of fies the demise of the social wage. 3. Lisa Marie Cacho, Social Death: Racialized rehabilitation and how they have However, exactly at this moment Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected (New York: NYU Press, 2012), 148. 6. Jodi Kim, Ends of Empire: Asian American Critique and of dismantling, the Civil Liberties 4. Social Death, 148. the Cold War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 5. Social Death, 148. 2010), 119. 7. Ends of Empire, 120. 22 SPRING 2015 Act of 1988 passed, where the brance (DOR) event titled, “EO violence and the possibility for sol- state not only acknowledged that 9066 and the [In]justice System” idarity. Even as this program made internment did happen but that the was held at the Japanese American important strides in thinking about U.S. was wrong for incarcerating National Museum and highlighted other groups of color it ultimately Japanese Americans and that it the urgency of recognizing that fell short in conflating black and would compensate former incar- the U.S. “justice system continues Japanese American experiences. cerees with $20,000. I examine to imperil communities of color My work seeks to expose the the ways in which Japanese Amer- with police violence, profiling, ways in which disidentification icans’ particular racialization and and mass incarceration.”10 Recog- with blackness occurs and the knowledge production about its nizing police brutality, anti-black logics it produces as well as to con- own incarceration history inadver- racism, and mass incarceration as sider how identification problem- tently supports this neoliberal logic contemporary forms of state vio- atically neglects the very different wherein prisons are the geographic lence, DOR 2015 sought to place ways the state racializes us. As I solution to political and economic the deaths of black men by police continue working on this project, I crisis.8 Despite being incarcerated within the context of Japanese ask: how does acknowledging our Japanese Americans are articulated American history. In other words, contradictory location (as former as having achieved “success” and speaking to “the importance of incarcerees and subjects of redress) are “deserving” of redress, which remembering the Japanese Amer- inform our relationships to other allows for the state to “celebrate ican struggle during World War communities? What does it mean diversity and achievement often at II” means that “we seize today’s to make Japanese American priv- the cost of the vast population of opportunity to begin a conversa- ilege visible when narrating our unemployed, underemployed, or tion in our community about the experiences of incarceration and highly exploited people of color.”9 interrelated yet distinct injustices racialized violence? I believe that In other words, Japanese Ameri- other communities face.”11 In this by tracing our genealogy to some- cans are given redress and repara- presentation, Japanese American thing other than these moments tions because they were wrongfully history was re-narrated to high- where we position ourselves as incarcerated that ultimately means light black and Japanese Ameri- “ideal” citizens and acknowledge that others are “deserving” of it. can interaction, coexistence, and our contradictory location, then we In this way, Japanese Americans shared spaces (neighborhoods can imagine a future that is ethical are not only acknowledged and and work places) to prove that to all and not just some Japanese compensated for their rehabilitat- we should care about black lives. Americans. ed status but they also function However, drawing from a dis- Wendi Yamashita is a Ph.D. candidate to rehabilitate the state from its course of multiculturalism, this in the Department of Gender Studies. racist and violent past by narrating dominant imaginary for imagining Her proposed dissertation interrogates racism as officially over. interracial solidarity nostalgically Japanese American modes of memory In these moments we are able remembers moments of connection and knowledge production for to see how Japanese Americans as only being fruitful ones. While reproducing forms of surveillance create distance from blackness that this re-narration is powerful, it is and carcerality operating during inherently legitimize the state’s ultimately the moments of discon- internment that are predicated on simultaneous defunding of the nect that highlight exactly where even more brutal forms of death and social wage and the proliferation our histories diverge and our destruction of “deviant” populations. of prisons. And yet, on February connections are missed or broken She received CSW’s Paula Stone 18, 2015, the 2015 Day of Remem- that reveal much more about state Dissertation Research Fellowship in 8. Ruth Wilson Gilmore. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley: 10. EO 9066 and the [In]Justice System. Program. 1. 2014. University of California Press, 2007, 26. 11. EO 9066 and the [In]Justice System. Program. 1. 9. Vijay Prashad, “Second Hand Dreams,” Social Analysis Helen Ota. EO 9066 and the [In[Justice System. 49:2 (Summer 2005): 196. Multimedia Presentation. UCLA Center for the Study of Women 23 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Rachel Lee Associate Professor, English and Gender Studies ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Pamela Crespin, Ph.D. MANAGING EDITOR Brenda Johnson-Grau ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Liliya Tepper ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Kimberlee Granholm THINKING GENDER COORDINATOR Chien-Ling Liu EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Radhika Mehlotra, Paola Navarro, Sally Marquez, and Skye Allmang.

UCLA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN 1500 Public Affairs Building/Box 957222 Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222 campus mailcode: 722203 www.csw.csw.ucla.edu [email protected] • [email protected]

ON THE COVER: Featured in this issue are top row from left to right, Lauren Harris, Kath Weston, Chien-Ling Liu, mIddle row from left to right, Carol Bensick, Marcus Kowal; bottom row from left to right, Wendi Yamashita, Rebecca Herzig, and Felicia Yu

24 SPRING 2015 summer 2015

uclaNewsletter center of the UCLA for Center the for the Studystudy of Women of women research that rethinks1 COMING IN FALL 2015

Feminism + the Senses message from the director

Researcher: Addressing Assumptions Alessandra Williams, a doctoral and Biases,” provides an overview student in the Department of World of their work on researcher bias and Arts and Cultures, received a CSW provides some guidelines for best Travel grant to support her research, practices in avoiding bias in doing which she presents in “Mixing Pup- research on women. Both recent- petry with Ethnography, part two: ly received Master’s degrees from The ‘Fugitive’ Terms of Contempo- the UCLA Luskin School of Public rary Indian Dance.” In the article, Affairs. Williams writes about the work of Lisa Bloom, a CSW Research Ananya Chatterjea, a choreographer Scholar, presents some work from who seeks to promote “a radical her current book project in “Judit postmodern dance practice in which Hersko’s Polar Art: Anthropogenic choreographers transcend cultural Climate Change in Antarctic Ocean- limitations by building solidarity scapes.” Bloom received a CSW Tillie with artists inquiring into the aes- Olsen Grant to support her research, thetic forms of communities of color which examines Hersko’s “Pages and the cultural activist research of his final issue of the 2014-2015 from the Book of the Unknown their dancers.” academic year presents a range Explorer,” a project that addresses Finally, an article on the 2015 Tof research supported by CSW. climate change and notions of heroic CSW Awards describes the recipients In “Border-Crossings between East exploration by creating a fictional and their impressive work as schol- and West Europe,” Renata Redford, a narrative of a woman polar explorer ars and activists. doctoral student in the Department in 1930s. Hope you have a wonderful sum- of Italian who received the CSW In “Inflammation and Depression: mer break! See you in the Fall! Jean Stone Dissertation Fellowship Why Do Women have a Higher Risk in 2014, writes about how “borders, for Depression than Men?,” Mona – Rachel C. Lee often understood as imaginary con- Moieni presents the results of a structs, are inherently problematic study using endotoxin. Moieni, who and evolving sites from which to is a doctoral student the Department reframe thinking about belonging,” of Psychology and received the CSW She also addresses current discourses Elizabeth Blackwell, MD, Award in regarding the feminization of migra- 2015, reports the results: “First, we tion and some writers whose work found that women showed great- reveals a “private history of the East er increases in depressed mood in European female body in Italian.” response to an inflammatory chal- Carolyn Abrams and Ana G. Luna lenge. This may mean that women received a CSW Travel Grant to give are more sensitive to the mood a conference presentation in 2014. changes that may accompany an Their article, “The Reality of the increase in inflammation.”

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 3

BORDER-CROSSINGS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST EUROPE

BY RENATA REDFORD

“People? … [Y]ou never HAT DOES IT MEAN Upon landing at John F. Kennedy know where to find them. The to cross a border? The Airport on Thanksgiving, our lives wind blows them away. They Wcharged debates sur- seemed to unfold in Technicolor. rounding national borders have Vibrant candy wrappers and Western have no roots, which hampers inspired a number of interpreta- advertisements reflected the morn- them a good deal.” tions.1 Borders, often understood as ing light as people pushed past us. imaginary constructs, are inherently As a child, the colors blurred and be- – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, problematic and evolving sites from came aggressive reminders of a new Le Petit Prince, 1943 which to reframe thinking about dimension of reality. As time passed, belonging.2 Ultimately, according to however, memories of food shortag- John Agnew, borders matter because es and living under the protection “they have real effects and because of the American Embassy would they trap thinking about and acting fade into oblivion. What we could in the world in territorial terms.”3 not know at the time would be how In 1987, before the fall of the narrowly we had escaped the chaos Berlin Wall, my family left Transyl- that would follow Ceausescu’s assas- vania under the Ceausescu regime to sination. Although having lived in seek political asylum in the United Transylvania we were not strangers States. As an ethnic Hungarian and to the equivocal nature of borders, it dissident living under the Romanian would be decades before we would regime, my mother envisioned a be ready to return to Romania or different mode of reality from one reconcile our own border-crossings.5 colored by darkness and silence.4 Yet ours is but a small chapter in

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 5 the same narrative that has defined tion and internal migration – Italian East and West of Europe gives rise to humanity throughout millennia. identity itself ethnically defined well new forms of writing with a larger During the twentieth century, Eu- into the 1960s – Italians seem to project in mind – one that configures rope’s borders violently transformed. have participated in a collective act new possibilities not only for liter- Between the end of the First World of forgetting that suppresses their ature but for the ways in which hu- War and the fall of the Berlin Wall, own history as an other.10 Today mans are connected across borders. many of Europe’s borders were re- Italy represents a receiving culture During 2011, 2013, and 2015, I drawn and reinforced with concrete.6 in which the “category of the ‘mi- interviewed writers Ingrid Beatrice The Ottoman and Austro-Hungari- grant’ is used to redefine Italy’s place Coman, an Italo-Romanian, and an empires both fell, while various within Europe from marginal to cen- Jarmila Oˇckayová, an Italo-Slovaki- countries either contracted or ex- tral as boundaries of inclusion and an.15 As two women writers living panded in size. Although migration exclusion are shifted, from Southern between both the East and West of was understood as a political act Europe to the East.”11 In this light, Europe, their work represents a new during the Cold-War era, post-1989 the movement of women from East form of writing that exists beyond the Eastern and Western systems of Europe reflects not only a dynamic both their countries of origin and migration merged in a way that led set of relations between places and destination. In effect, their work to the massive migration of people, cultures, but also has the potential overlaps the memories and cultures predominately women, across bor- to reconfigure thinking about gender of both countries while reimagin- ders.7 In Women Migrants from East and identity. ing new ways of thinking about to West, oral historian Luisa Passerini Despite much excellent work belonging and identity. Jarmila emphasizes the need for scholars on themes of migration, however, Ocˇkayová’s L’essenziale è invisibile of European migration to study its Italian scholars have not thoroughly agli occhi (The essential is invisi- recent feminization. In this context, explored the positive role of migrant ble to the eye) (1997) examines a Italy’s historic location between women writers from East Europe.12 Slovakian woman’s desire to find East and West Europe positions it Indeed, while critics of Italian “mi- the source of her mysterious illness, as a crucial, yet problematic site of gration literature” have studied var- conceived during her experience of migration. As several critics have ious writers from North Africa and crossing the border. It is only when observed, the borders between the the Middle East, Italophone women she learns to reconcile her Italian East and West of Europe were always writers coming from East Europe and Slav selves that she can expunge vague and contested as Italy’s histo- and Italian transnational women her visceral sense of dislocation. In ry of its Northeast border reveals. writers coming from the North- contrast, Ingrid Beatrice Coman’s Per As the borders of Europe relaxed, eastern border of Italy have gone chi crescono le rose (For whom roses Italy experienced an unprecedented largely overlooked.13 I work from grow) (2010) revisits the history of influx of migrants from Africa, the the concept of a “feminization of the exploitation of women’s bodies Middle East, and East Europe. In migration” throughout the breadth under the Ceausescu regime and doing so, Italy became a destination of my research in order to examine indirectly creates parallels with the culture rather than a country from how intra-European migration plays experiences of Italian women under which people generally migrated.9 a pivotal role in the “consolidation Mussolini. Seen as threats to an already fragile of... [an] emergent new European Aware of the current discourse national identity and to “authentic” political and cultural space” and regarding the feminization of mi- Italian culture, migrants are discrim- transgresses older divisions between gration, Coman and Ocˇkayová both inated against in an effort to main- the West and the East of Europe.14 seek to uncover the private history tain Italy’s imagined cultural and re- Partially inspired by my private of the East European female body ligious homogeneity. Despite Italians’ history, my current research projects in Italian. As Coman stresses, “In complex history of external emigra- examine how mobility between the some way, who has moved across the

6 SUMMER 2015 rivers of pain and estrangement … of the European Border: a history Discourse on Migration and Racism perceives the world more profound- of nowhere. New York: Palgrave in Contemporary Italy,” in Salvatore Macmillan, 2007. Sechi, ed., Deconstructing Italy: Italy ly... To forget is to expose oneself to 7. See Luisa Passerini, Dawn Lyon, Enrica in the Nineties. Berkeley: International the [dangers] of the mechanisms of Capussotti and Ioanna Laliotou, eds. and Area Studies, 1995; Graziella power and violence.”16 Women Migrants from East to West: Parati, Migration Italy: The Art of Gender, Mobility and Belonging Talking Back in a Destination Culture. in Contemporary Europe. Oxford: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Author’s Note I would like to : Brghahn, 2007, p.4 and 9. 2005. thank Professor Lucia Re whose 8. Ibid. See also Richard Robinon’s 11. Passerini, Women Migrants From East early critical readings of this proj- Narratives of the European Border: to West, p.8. Although traditionally ect and rich discussions have been a history of nowhere. New York: defined as a culture to which migrants fundamental. I critically examine the Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; for a move, Graziella Parati redefines the style and critical implications of the discussion of the Italian northeast notion of a destination culture as a transnational texts mentioned in this border and the Wilson line’s role in the “new hybrid culture that is the result essay elsewhere in my dissertation, Cold War, see Pamela Ballinger, History of both the changes brought to a tentatively titled “Cartographies of in Exile: Memory and Identity at the local culture by incoming people and Estrangement: Transnational Italian Borders of the Balkans. Princeton: the influence of that [new] culture on Women’s Identity between Italy and Princeton University Press, 2003. incoming cultures” (70). East Europe,” as well as in several Works on Eastern Europeans as the 12. There are a few exceptions regarding forthcoming articles. other of Europe are vast. See Maria the study of Italophone writers from Todorova’s Imagining the Balkans. East Europe: namely Sonia Sabelli, Renata Redford is a Ph.D Candidate New York: Oxford University Press, Nora Moll, and Emma Bond. in the Department of Italian at UCLA. 1997; Larry Wolff’s Inventing Eastern 13. In my forthcoming article, “The She received the CSW Jean Stone Europe: The Map of civilization on the Peculiar Case of Italian Migration Dissertation Fellowship in 2014. She Mind of the Enlightenment. Stanford: Literature,” I offer a more nuanced specializes in twentieth and twenty-first Stanford University Press, 1994. view of the current debate on century Italian literature and culture 9. See Graziella Parati’s Migration migration literature in Italy, which I with an emphasis on the intersection Italy: The Art of Talking Back in suggest is a product of an inherited between fascism and communism. a Destination Culture. Toronto: critical framework from fascism. Her current research interests include University of Toronto Press, 2005. 14. My study is partially a response to an interdisciplinary approach to the Although traditionally defined as a Luisa Passerini’s focus on women’s relationship between race, gender, culture to which migrants move, Parati migration in her introduction to and memory in Italian literature extends the notion of a destination Women Migrants from East to West: as they pertain to women writers, culture and refines it as a “new hybrid Gender, Mobility and Belonging transnationalism, cosmopolitanism, and culture that is the result of both the in Contemporary Europe. Oxford: the Mediterranean. She is also an avid changes brought to a local culture by Brghahn, 2007. runner. incoming people and the influence 15. I carried out this research thanks of that [new] culture on incoming to the gracious financial support of NOTES cultures” (70). the UCLA Center for European and 1. See political geographer John Agnew’s 10. The research on Italians’ racialization Eurasian Studies and the UCLA Center “Borders on the mind: re-framing is vast. See Lucia Re’s “Italians and for the Study of Women. bordering thinking,” Ethics & Global the Invention of Race: the Poetics 16. Interview with Ingrid Beatrice Coman, Politics. Vol. 1, No. 4, 2008, pp. 175- and Politics of Difference in the summer 2011. Italics are her own. 191, for an extensive discussion of the Struggle over Libya, 1890-1913,” border studies and current debates. California Italian Studies Journal, 1(1). 2. Agnew, “Borders on the mind,” p.2-4. 2010. Retrieved from: http://www. 3. Agnew, “Borders on the mind,” p.1. escholarship.org/uc/item/96k3w5kn. 4. See Gail Kligman, The Politics of Fred L.Gardaphé, Italian Signs, Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction American Streets: The Evolution in Ceausescu’s Romania. Berkeley: of Italian American Narrative. University of California Press, 1998. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996; 5. For a discussion of the equivocal Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness nature of borders, see Etienne of a Different Color: European Balibar’s Politics and the other scene. Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. London, Verso, 76. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University 6. See Richard Robinson, Narratives Press, 1998; Marco Jacquemet, “The

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 7 Media headlines and photos illustrate competing representations of women in Bangladesh following the collapse of the Rana Plaza garment fac- tory. These serve as a prime example of how existing assumptions and biases can be easily reinforced and consequently detract from productive social change. Image by Carolyn Abrams The Reality of the Researcher Addressing Assumptions and Biases

BY CAROLYN ABRAMS AND ANA G. LUNA

THICS IN FIELDWORK has cusses the realities faced by research- searching and representing the social long been a popular topic of ers and provides best practices for world” (Maynard, 1994). conversation. Researchers addressing assumptions and biases. During the last ten years, sec- Efrom diverse disciplines have focused ond-wave feminist writings have on the position, privilege, and power Researching Women: developed approaches and tools of the practitioner. Through de- An Objective Science? focused on the theoretical appropri- bate and discussion, academics and In the past, social science and inter- ateness of methods and technique. practitioners have identified research national development were purported These contributions have influenced assumptions and biases as key influ- to be objective and neutral, while si- conceptual frameworks in the study encers in research design, collection, multaneously generalizing the female of other oppressed and minority and evaluation. However, despite perspective and experience (Kabeer groups (such as gays, lesbians, ethnic frequent discussion, assumptions and 1994; Bernard 1973; Callaway 1981; minorities, people with disabilities, biases continue to significantly skew Smith 1988). Women were concep- and children) (Ali et al. 2000; Lewis research perspectives, therefore block- tualized in limited capacities (as and Lindsay, 2000; Plummer, 1995; ing productive social change. More- housewives, caregivers, dependents, Thomas 1999). Comparatively, very over, within the area of international mothers) (Abrams, Luna, 2014, little research and writing has been development and women’s studies, p. 35) and their experiences were dedicated to contributing actionable an apparent disconnect prevails regarded as anecdotal or feminine solutions, especially with regard to between practitioner’s conceptual un- (p. 38). Observing “the production of data analysis and research meth- derstanding and their willingness to knowledge as partial and gendered” ods (Maynard 1994; Melissa and actively address researcher realities. (Mackinnon, 1982), Mackinnon and Bryman, 2004). This lack creates a In an effort to bridge the conceptu- other second-wave feminist research- noticeable tension, between what we, al and the practical, this article exam- ers argued ‘objectivity’ to be a flawed as researchers, preach and what we ines the role of the researcher within methodological stance, of which practice. the context of fieldwork. Through objectification is the social practice As this applies to objectivity, many the exploration of objectivity and (Maynard, 1994). Many female-ori- social researchers would agree, in power distribution, we acknowledge ented researchers continue to sup- theoretical settings, that complete contemporary tradeoffs, challenges, port this critique by focusing on the freedom from bias and personal value and strategies faced by researchers in “general inequalities and oppression systems is ultimately unattainable designing, conducting, and interpret- experienced by women, as well as (Melissa and Bryman, 2004). How- ing data. In doing so, this article dis- less biased and partial ways of re- ever, in the real world context of the

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 9 Female factory workers gather in the urban slums of Bangladesh to discuss workplace and household vulnerabilities with ActionAid researcher, Ana G. Luna, and partner organi- zation, PSTC. Photo by Ana G. Luna practicing researcher, methods, ap- the hidden and unexplained cultur- proaches, findings, and frameworks al agendas, and assumptions of the As a product of human remain “riddled with unacknowl- knower/researcher are called into interaction and cooperation, edged personal beliefs, assumptions, account” (Harding, 138). Thus, in de- power imbalances ultimately and biographies” (Maynard, 1994, fining objectivity as a developmental 138). challenge, researchers must seek to shift relationships and The following are indicators of an discern between weak and strong ob- shape behaviors of both the “objective” researcher: jectivity. (See “Researcher Toolbox.”) researched and the researcher.

• Ignoring how the personal Power Hierarchy: cultural or religious beliefs of the The Researcher Versus As a product of human interaction researcher impact the framing, the Researched and cooperation, power imbalances collecting, and interpreting of Perceived as well as exercised power ultimately shift relationships and data (Holland, 1998; DeVault, play a theoretically recognized—but shape behaviors of both the re- 1999) practically ignored—dimension in searched and the researcher. Passive • Overlooking how personal per- the research process (Melissa and researchers, either unaware or un- spective of the researcher chang- Bryman, 2004). Such imbalances in willing to address this power imbal- es and influences the research research expectations, duties, and ance, often risk offending, exploiting, process (Skeggs, 1997; Mischler privileges extend from the field to the misinterpreting, and/or endangering 1979) office environment. study participants (Olesen, 2011; • Downplaying research choices, In practice, the researcher and the Olesen 1994). challenges, and assumptions in participant both engage in a mutual That said, it is not always possible creating design interventions, creation and collection of data (Hard- or realistic to know what has been frameworks, procedures, and ing, 1987). Despite this putative influential to the participant and her/ coding categories (Bryman, 1998; cooperation-oriented exchange, how- his range of feelings. In the field, Bryman and Burgess 1994) ever, the balance of power is often many researchers find it difficult to skewed in favor of the researcher. The make sure that what is being un- Practitioners who deny their inher- researcher expects women to reveal derstood by the interviewer is being ent assumptions and biases, in an details of their experiences, while understood by the interviewee (May- attempt to appear or achieve ob- providing nothing personal of their nard, 1994). After all, most interven- jectivity, gloss over the role of the own (Skeggs, 1997). The researcher tion types are linguistically heavy, researcher (Maynard, 1994, 141) and also exercises the right to contextual- yielding a multitude of rhetoric. deny the influence the researcher has ize, interpret, define, and omit details Terms containing multiple meanings, in shaping the reality experienced of women’s experiences on a consis- definitions, and operational capacities by female subjects (Maynard, 1994, tent basis (Maynard, 1994). Charged require the researcher to identify and 141). Doing so reduces researched with design, collection, and evalua- address discrepancies in the use and women to static objects and gener- tion duties, the researcher constructs meaning of language during an inter- alized stereotypes and threatens the social realities and frameworks while view and/or during analysis (Melissa general purpose of female-focused seeking answers (Maynard 1994; and Bryman, 2004). Addressing the research. Instead of viewing objectivi- Melissa and Bryman 2004). In this social reality that practitioners enter ty as an achieved state of mind where way, the questions researchers ask, when executing research, we chal- the analyst must bury existent biases the way researchers locate themselves lenge researchers to recognize and or values, we urge fellow researchers within their own questions, and the reveal “what is usually hidden and to pursue objectivity as a “process in purpose of their work influence the unacknowledged as visible and part which all evidence is marshaled in mechanics, outcomes, and quality of of the equation” (Maynard, 1994). the creation of knowledge, including research (Maynard 1994). (See “Researcher Toolbox.”)

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 11 Drawings and maps detail the physical and social risks from the perspective of the researched. In this photo, women draw and explain the hardships associated with living next to an active railroad. Photo by Ana G. Luna RESEARCHER TOOLBOX

10 Ways to Address Researcher Bias and Assumptions

Aiming to increase the credibility, assumptions influence research de- Video and Audio Recordings or replicability, and transparency of sign and analysis. Separate from the Photos: Utilizing such documentation research, we collected and created a reflexive journal (which is completed provides a practical way to capture list of best practices. Some techniques throughout the research process), important details of the research have existed for decades, while oth- a researcher autobiography is com- process. This material includes—but ers are new. At the core is the guiding pleted in advance. This tool has the is not limited to—conversations, principle that “a researcher’s back- potential to identify how social and tone, emotion, body language, and ground and position will affect what technical choices impact research environmental factors. Each of these they choose to investigate, the angle design, methods, interpretation, and tools can provide context, enable the of investigation, the methods judged community relationships. researcher to refer back for further most adequate for this purpose, the observation and analysis, and prevent findings considered most appropriate, Reports that Document Frame- oversights and mis-documentation. and the framing and communication works, Definitions, and Procedures: Most notably, these tools give others of conclusions” (Malterud, 2001, p. In producing research reports and the opportunity to make observations 483-484). The following techniques publications, the author can provide and draw their own conclusions, aim to increase cohesion between further transparency by divulging which further challenges researcher theory and practice and also estab- (however briefly) initial assump- assumptions and bias. lish greater credibility and replicable tions, core beliefs, and values that research. may have influenced research design, Clarification: This process ques- collection, and analysis. This practice tions the use and meanings of terms Create and Develop can serve as a disclaimer to the read- during the data collection process. By A Reflexive Journal: This form of er and can encourage greater under- defining relevant terms and incorpo- documentation provides a space standing of the research process. rating clarifying questions throughout for the researcher/investigator to the research process, and particularly record their methods, reasoning, Incorporate when interviewing, the researcher decisions, and details about their Multiple Investigators: By involv- can provide a better understanding project. Ongoing entries allow the ing numerous investigators, the for how they intend language to be researcher/investigator to reflect researcher creates an environment in used and interpreted. This practice upon the research process and which a multiplicity of knowledge, can help prevent misunderstandings observe changes in their own values perspectives, and understandings and promote greater consistency in and perspectives. Given the influen- can be incorporated into the research the data collection process. tial nature of these changes, such a process (whether complementary or journal can provide greater insight divergent). In doing so, there is an Recognize and Record into the research process. opportunity to cultivate a reflexive Moments of Difficulty and Chal- dialogue and therefore identify and lenge: To increase transparency A Researcher Autobiography: A challenge assumptions and bias. The and clarity in the research process, researcher autobiography allows goal here is not to reach an “objec- practitioners should embrace diffi- researchers to reflect and document tive” truth but rather to gather the culties and challenges. Discussing how gender, class, race, religion, most information to help present and and describing decision-making and previous experience, and personal interpret research findings. rationality creates cohesion between

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 13 research questions, methods, and outcomes, and thereby increases the quality and accessibility of research.

Body Language: Non-verbal exchang- es, laughter, or distress are non-explicit cues that can be helpful indicators when interviewing and collecting data. By documenting various forms of expression, the researcher can record key reactions that might otherwise be dismissed or left unnoticed. As a result, the researcher provides a clearer pic- ture of the research subject and avoids the misrepresentation of findings.

Approach Interviews as Storytelling: In an effort to address uneven balances in power, some practitioners have cho- sen to approach interviews through storytelling. Through this method, practitioners increase the respon- dent’s ability to shape and contextu- alize their experiences. In addition, feelings, behaviors, and values are more accessible to the researcher and available for clarification and analy- sis.

Methods and Analysis: Variations of participatory structures and quasi-val- idation processes have been in exis- tence for decades. Aimed at increasing cooperation between the researcher and the researched, quasi-validation processes or participatory structures in- crease the agency of respondents. Pos- sessing increased ownership through use of this method, respondents are Focus groups and map making activities were far more likely to provide genuine structured by the researcher and facilitated by local responses and feedback. This method community women. In this way, female partici- pants played an active role in shaping discussions also increases the researcher’s ability to surrounding community challenges and triumphs. clarify terms and address challenges/ Photo by Ana G. Luna threats to study validity.

14 SUMMER 2015 Harding, Sandra G., ed. Feminism and methodology: Social science issues. Indiana University Press, 1987. Kabeer, Naila. Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso, 1994. Maynard, Mary. “Methods, practice and epistemology: The debate about feminism and research.” Researching women’s lives from a feminist perspective 10 (1994): 26. Malterud, Kirsti. “Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines.”The Lancet 358.9280 (2001): 483-488. Melissa A Hardy, and Alan Bryman, eds. Handbook of data analysis. Sage, 2004. Mishler, Elliot G. “Meaning in context: Is there any other kind?.” Harvard Educational Review 49.1 (1979): 1-19. Plummer, Ken. Telling sexual stories: Power, change and social worlds. Routledge, 2002. Olesen, Virginia. “Feminist qualitative research in the millennium's first decade.” NK Denzin & YS Lincoln (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (2011): 129-146. Olesen, V. “Feminisms and Models of Ana Luna and Carolyn Abrams at Marquette in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Qualitative Research’in Denzin, N. and University, where they presented their She continues to work in international Lincoln, Y.(eds) Handbook of Qualitative research at the Sexuality, Human Rights, and development as a research and cross- Research.” (1994). Public Policy Conference cultural communications consultant. Skeggs, Beverley. Formations of class & gender: Carolyn Abrams (shown above right) A CSW Travel Grant supported the Becoming respectable. Vol. 51. Sage, 1997. graduated from the UCLA Luskin presentation of this research. Thomas, Carol. Female forms: Experiencing School of Public Affairs with a Master and understanding disability. McGraw- of Urban and Regional Planning. Works Cited Hill International, 1999. Her research primarily focused on Abrams, Carolyn, and Ana Luna. “A international development, gender Forgotten Dimension: The Significance equity, and access to resources. She of Power Dynamics in Assessing Female is passionate about social justice Employment and Empowerment in and hopes to provide a voice for Urban Bangladesh.” Critical Planning 21.1 underrepresented communities in the (2014). public policy making process. Her long- Ali, Suki, Kelly Coate, and Wang˜ui wa term goal is to become a policy analyst Goro, eds. Global Feminist Politics: identities and create legislation that addresses in a changing world. Psychology Press, our most pressing social needs. 2000. Bryman, Alan. “Quantitative and Ana G. Luna (shown above left) qualitative research strategies in holds a Master’s degree in Urban knowing the social world.” (1998). Planning from UCLA Luskin School Bryman, Alan, and Bob Burgess, of Public Affairs. With extensive eds. Analyzing qualitative data. Routledge, academic training in research design, 2002. development, and analysis, Ms. Luna DeVault, Marjorie L. Liberating method: has collaborated with sugarcane Feminism and social research. Temple farming communities in Uganda, University Press, 1999. African-American sex workers in the Farmer, Paul. “On suffering and USA, Mexican garment factory workers structural violence: a view from in USA, and female heads-of-household below.”Daedalus (1996): 261-283.

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 15 1. Judit Hersko, Clione antarctica, 2009, digital photograph. Courtesy of the artist JUDIT HERSKO’S POLAR ART Anthropogenic Climate Change in Antarctic Oceanscapes

BY LISA E. BLOOM

what ways can art portray “critical climate change” scholarship Compared to the scientific com- “the violence of delayed to examine aspects of feminist and munities, artists’ communities tol- Ineffects”? (Nixon 2011: 2-3) environmentalist art in the work of erate and even encourage eccentric a phrase used by Rob Nixon in his Judit Hersko. practices and even aesthetic ex- book Slow Violence and the Environ- Scientists agree that climate tremism in the name of innovation. mentalism of the Poor? (Nixon 2011: change in the polar regions is taking Though the art world has not en- 2-3) How might it do so in a way place at two to three times the rate gaged fully with these critical global that goes beyond the socio-political of elsewhere on the globe. This is issues, some artists around the world phenomena in question to address especially important in 2014 when are working on these problematics the emotional disturbance of liv- we saw both the western and now in that are so critical to our times of ing amidst these delayed effects? 2015 the eastern fringes of Antarcti- how to represent the delayed effects In what ways can environmental ca “pass a crucial tipping point, con- of these environmental disasters that and climate change that still can’t demning to collapse – either melting, are at once intimate, yet far-off in be seen or felt introduce an age of or sliding in the ocean, leading in the time and far-away in distance. Judit dread and change our perceptual future to massive coastal flooding” Hersko creates aesthetically rich and habits much as, say, Marshall McLu- (Science and Research News, 2014). provocative art installations and han felt that new technology such as The word “collapse” implies a sudden performance works that focus on the telegraph did in an earlier era? process, since in human terms ice anthropogenic climate change and This article focuses on environ- sheets usually disappear slowly, but crises concerning our marine life in mental work by an artist that at- the pace in parts of the Antarctic is Antarctica, focusing on two transpar- tempts to visually address new forms accelerating. Understanding such a ent planktonic snails: Clione antarc- of art, seeing, feeling and sociality story might also be about compre- tica (sea angel) and the microscopic that are coming into being in the hending how it is rapid in geological Limacina helicina (sea butterfly) age of the Anthropocene. In what terms but not fast enough to continu- (figure 1). These writings on her art follows, I bring together issues in ously capture news headlines. and performance piece “Pages from

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 17 2. Herbert C. Ponting, Barne Glacier, December 2, 1911, photograph. Courtesy of Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge

the Book of the Unknown Explor- and the Feminist, co-edited with Elena heroic exploration to the first place er” (2008-2012) are taken from Glasberg and Laura Kay (Bloom and of global decline. In the earlier era, my book project, tentatively titled Glasberg, 2008); and “Disappearing the polar regions had been overrun “Contemporary Art and Climate Ice and Missing Data: Visual Cul- by heroic bodies and narratives. Now Change of the Polar Regions: Gender ture of the Polar Regions and Global it has been overrun by the harshest After Ice.” The artworks discussed Warming” (Bloom and Glasberg, effects of a warming planet. here and in my book project suggest 2012). Gender on Ice invited us to In an age that celebrates instant how visions of the polar regions and consider how conventional polar spectacles, the slow-paced and elsewhere present us with new un- narratives about science, travel, gen- open-ended side of anthropogenic derstandings of a world now under der, and race, as well as concepts of climate change, except in catastro- threat from climate change. These nationhood, attitudes towards nature, phes of spectacular destruction like show not just variables related to the technology, and the wilderness were hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones, weather but also basic transforma- being reimagined during the late creates representational obstacles tions of culture and the sense of loss nineteenth and early twentieth cen- that can hinder efforts to mobilize and uncertainty that is connected tury. Springboarding from the earlier citizens when our evidence does not with that. study, the new book project draws on have the desired closure that the This article also builds on research a range of representations within con- media seeks. Thus one of the tasks from Gender on Ice: American Ide- temporary art production to rethink of my book project and this article is ologies of Polar Expeditions (Bloom, these narratives as the polar regions to elucidate these complex images of 1993); a special issue of The Scholar have shifted from the last space of global warming that are neither spec-

18 SUMMER 2015 tacular nor instantaneous but rather (Bampton, 1999) The shift in per- without ‘us’” (Chakrabarty, 2009). incremental. ception I am suggesting follows envi- In the anthropogenic landscape, The majority of these new kinds ronmentalist’s Bill McKibben’s think- the polar regions may still be places of images contrast with the older ing when he renamed Hurricane of fascinating and forbidden beau- heroic and melodramatic tropes Sandy a “Frankenstorm” because of ty, but the awe once reserved for of polar-exploration photographs its hybrid nature and some “spooky Ponting’s or Hurley’s photographs made by the celebrated “Heroic Age” combination of the natural and the of untrammeled nature, now stems photographers Herbert G. Ponting unnatural” (McKibben, 2012) The from the uncertainties resulting from (1870-1935) and Frank Hurley term “anthropogenic landscapes” the gradual human destruction of (1885-1962). In Hurley’s “A Blizzard displaces the question of a simple nature transformed—the Anthropo- at Winter Quarters,” (1911-1914), mastery over nature (or vice versa) cene. By refusing to approach the silhouetted figures struggling against that is often associated with the idea of a wilderness or sublime land- the wind and cold are superimposed conventional landscape tradition and scape as separate from the human onto a windy Antarctic landscape notions of the natural sublime. It or the animal, some of the artwork near the Mawson base to illustrate also makes us radically question the here makes us more aware of how the narrative of heroic life and death ways in which we understand and the earth and human systems are struggle—one of the more common interact with what used to be known intimately entwined. The threat this narrative tropes of Antarctic explo- as “nature.” These ideas are gaining process evokes yields a different kind ration narratives and photographs. momentum in the arts, humanities, of horror as these places undergo Ponting’s image of the Barne Glacier and social sciences as evidenced by accelerated warming. (figure 2) emphasizes the magnitude ongoing conferences on the Anthro- By focusing on the work of Judit of this uninhabitable landscape. The pocene around the world even as Hersko, a woman artist who trav- epic scale of the glacier dominates the geologic time scale of the term eled to Antarctica, this article turns Ponting’s photograph to such an itself is still contested by the Royal a feminist lens on what is still often extent that the figure is dwarfed. In Geological Society. The Anthropo- seen as a very masculinist heroic many ways this image provides an cene thesis announces a paradigm geographical site and questions the ideal example of sublime wilder- shift in its claim that humankind is claim that these heroic concepts ness since it shows the inhospitable the driving power behind planetary were left behind in the last century.1 male space of the Antarctic as a transformation, an idea popularized This is not to beg the essentialist testing ground in which isolation by Nobel laureate and chemist Paul question but to ask how her work and physical danger combine with Crutzen. Crutzen is saying that the has changed our ways of seeing this overwhelming beauty. human being has become some- region as a primary site of the con- As the world grows steadily more thing much larger than a simple temporary experience of the sublime unpredictable with climate change, I biological agent. As historian Dipesh and climate change (Morley, 2010). use the term “anthropogenic land- Chakrabarty puts it, “Humans now This article investigates the new scapes” to also rethink our notion of wield a geological force to have an stories and images that are produced landscapes that have changed due impact on the planet itself. To call by women artists to re-visualize the to human-induced greenhouse-gas human beings geological agents is to Antarctic and examines the impact emissions. The terms “anthropogenic scale up our imagination of the hu- that the older aesthetic traditions of landscapes” or “human-transformed man.” The consequences of this are the sublime—as well as the genres landscapes” signal how human-in- enormous according to Chakrabarty of literary fiction, science fiction, duced climate change is irrevocably “since it shifts the temporal param- and horror—have had on their work. altering our relationship towards eters away from the expectation of It calls attention to the shift in the the wilderness and disrupting our or- continuity to contemplate the idea 1. See Barczewski (2007), Collis (2008), Rosner dinary ways of knowing and seeing. of extinction, that is to say, a future (2008 and 2009), and Dodds (2009).

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 19 scales of terror in these women’s part history—that incorporates pho- of their presence at the South Pole, artwork. In the images of these tographic and cinematic documenta- as evidenced by one of the charac- artists we are no longer dealing with tion as well as artwork about Anna ters’ activities of fashioning sculp- an inhuman scale. Unlike the photo- Schwartz, a fictional Jewish female tures from ice. Like the disappearing graphs of Ponting and Hurley, these explorer, photographer, and Antarc- ice sculptures in Le Guin’s short landscapes do not overwhelm our tic biologist from the 1930s (figure story, Hersko’s artwork and narrative categories of understanding. 3). In Hersko’s narrative, Anna can be preserved only in Hersko’s appears on Admiral Byrd’s 1939 ephemeral art, not in monuments IN AND OUT OF expedition and, while passing as a that celebrate male narratives and PLACE white man, becomes the only wom- imagery of the Heroic Age. an at that time to work as a biologist Hersko draws her aesthetic from Judit Hersko’s “Pages from the and photographer in Antarctica.2 an earlier historical moment of Book of the Unknown Explorer” Schwartz’ trip to Antarctica by its surrealist photography by using very choice of dates evokes the 1939 photocollages, transparent sculp- One representative artist of this invasion of Poland when Eastern tures (figures 4 and 5), and cine- project who deals directly with many European Jews, such as Schwartz, matic projections to emphasize the of the key issues around gender, were loaded into boxcars and sent shadow, light, and transparency of art and climate change is Judit to concentration camps in Europe. images and place. To do this, she Hersko. A Professor at California In this respect, the juxtaposition of draws on forms and styles rarely if State University San Marcos, Hersko Antarctica in the late 1930s with the ever used in relation to Antarctica. traveled to Antarctica on a Nation- contemporary debates around cli- Inspired by the surrealist albums of al Science Foundation Artist’s and mate change today raises questions Victorian women, who invented a Writer’s Grant in 2008. Her “Pages later in Hersko’s narrative about how method of photocollage later adopt- from the Book of the Unknown she connects the present to the past ed by avant-garde artists, Hersko Explorer” (2008-2015) undoes the through a vision of traumatic ca- borrows this aesthetic style to visual- current revival of interest in polar tastrophe (Bloom, 2006). ly render the placement of people in narratives from earlier eras and the For her narrative, Hersko draws circumstances they could ordinarily older images by Hurley and Ponting on both a rich artistic and literary not inhabit. To reveal how visually that mythologized the enterprising tradition, the literary including out of place Schwartz might have male explorer of the nineteenth Ursula Le Guin’s short story “Sur” been on these expeditions, Hersko and early twentieth century. Driv- (1982), a utopian feminist fictional creates compelling photomontages en as she is with questions of time, account in which a party of South that place the fictional explorer, perception, and shifting notions of American women reach the South into already existing photographs nature, Hersko creates an alternate Pole in 1909, two years before the of Antarctic exploration (figure 5). photographic and cinematic history official arrival of Amundsen and These images of the “Unknown of exploration and climate science in Scott.3 Hersko’s work is influenced Explorer” depart from the images of Antarctica. To do so, she rethinks the by the women characters in Le the traditional sublime and its heroic landscape of Antarctica that is on the Guin’s fantasy who do not feel com- masculinity and are much more in verge of disappearing due to anthro- pelled to leave any record, or proof, keeping with her interest in making pogenic pollution through a unique visible threats from global warming 2. See Judit Hersko’s website: http://www. rewriting of a Jewish woman’s pres- judithersko.com/ for images and a full that take time to wreak havoc. She description of her Antarctic, work-in-progress ence in Antarctic history. art project, “From the Pages of the Unknown highlights what otherwise might With one hundred and twenty Explorer.” Also see Hersko (2009 and 2012). be difficult to see—two transparent images, Hersko presents her recent 3. See Le Guin, (1982), Glasberg (2012) and planktonic snails the Clione antarc- work as a lecture—part fantasy and Leane (2009). tica (sea angel) and the microscopic

20 SUMMER 2015 Limacina helicina (sea butterfly) (figure 1)4 These snails (figure )4 were plentiful in the days of the unknown explorer. Because of ocean acidifica- tion, their shells are now dissolving. The danger that interests Hersko is less spectacular and less familiar to the public than are dramatic popular images of the contemporary sublime and of apocalyptic climate change. But Hersko’s invented narrative highlight aspects of global warm- ing that escape notice because they happen at microscopic levels and rates so slow that transformation is too gradual to note. In some ways her work addresses the failure of perception and cognition, the result of which is our inability to deal with critical changes facing us over extended time. Hersko’s art explores representa- tions of these microscopic creatures at a moment when they are disap- pearing, thereby creating a melan- cholic aesthetic that engages with the photographic materials from the past but gives them a new value that is different from the period from when they were made. The mel- ancholia of her work has parallels to Walter Benjamin’s conception of surrealist allegory, as she engages us from both moments in time, almost 3. Judit Hersko, Portrait of Anna Schwartz, 2008, cast silicone. Courtesy of the artist to think of these planktonic snails as simultaneously. In the place of the having ceased to exist while we are heroic portraits of Byrd and his details enforce the illusion of factu- presented with a fictional narrative men, the minimal scale of Hersko’s ality that the story seeks to create and images about the first time they portrait of the “Unknown Explorer” and set up a creative engagement were documented in the 1930s by emphasizes the contingent nature between the unknown explorer and Schwartz (Benjamin, 1999). As her of Schwartz’ heroism as well as the her otherwise ordinary microscopic work aesthetically activates these surprising obsession and motivation pteropods that are slowly perish- lost images, they begin to signify from another time for her clandes- ing in the present. We never learn

4. Hersko has been working with biological tine expedition to Antarctica—the whether the unknown explorer’s oceanographer Victoria Fabry, and her artwork seemingly insignificant documenta- reasons to escape is connected to on climate change and planktonic snails is an outgrowth of that collaboration. tion of microscopic creatures. These the Holocaust, but the evocation of

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 21 4. Judit Hersko, Pteropods (from the scientific notebooks of Anna Schwartz), 2008, cast silicone. Courtesy of the artist this possibility seems to foreshadow includes projected cinematic imag- 5. Judit Hersko, With Scott at the Pole (collage by further catastrophe for her ptero- es, etched photographic images on Anna Schwartz), 2011, digital collage. Courte- sy of the artist pods (figure ).4 The persistence of glass and silicone (figures 3, 4, and this past in her narrative evokes the 6), and photomontages that deliber- ing it in terms of existing cultural future. Significantly, Hersko’s refer- ately draw on photographic tropes codes but to foreground and make ence to this history is tempered by from the period to give the pictures connections between the affective her own personal relationship to the a “reality effect” (figure 5). At the consequences of the Holocaust and Holocaust and how her own parents same time, her work disorients us climate change. In its drive to obtain survived Nazi persecution. since she puts people and organisms mastery over trauma by rendering Hersko’s narrative and archive are in an order and place they would it legible in terms of existing cul- symbolic since they imagine what not normally inhabit such as the tural codes, her performance piece Jewish women’s contribution to unlikely inclusion of Schwartz at appears to disregard what Cathy science, polar exploration, and art the time that Jews in Europe were Caruth calls ‘‘the event’s essential history might have been in Antarcti- fleeing the Nazis. Namely, by shifting incomprehensibility, the force of its ca’s early history if women’s relation- the history of Antarctic exploration affront to understanding’’ (Caruth, ship to Antarctica were not merely even slightly, Hersko alters our 1995, p. 154). Yet, for all its invest- speculative during Schwartz’ era. perception of the present and helps ment in a surrealist aesthetic, the For this reason, Hersko’s fictional us understand how the rhetoric of work remains haunted by a traumat- narrative insists that one must take both Antarctic exploration narratives ic history that exceeds and breaks into account the imaginative histo- and polar climate change bears the down accustomed habits of thought, ries that run alongside actual polar imprint of gender and Jewishness. narration, and visualization. histories. Her archive of images on However, her goal is not to obtain Antarctica is suitably dreamlike and mastery over trauma by render-

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 23 6. Judit Hersko, Letter of Anna Schwartz (detail), 2008, cast silicone. Courtesy of the artist

She uses this as an occasion to make tional biography of a Jewish woman CONCLUSION a statement on the belatedness of explorer whose intimate relationship woman’s place in polar narratives with tiny snails in the 1940s later Recent artworks by Hersko reveal and a lost or obscured perception. becomes significant for polar science new perspectives from artists who Hersko is engaging these regions in the present. are restaging the politics of gender, in new ways by searching for alter- Hersko’s viewpoints suggest some Jewishness, and climate change native narratives and aesthetics in important new directions in contem- in Antarctica from a feminist per- the very dramatic contemporary porary art, and in the process, her spective to make us think about situation of climate change without work makes us think about how fem- microscopic life in the deepest realm falling into the old heroic/melodra- inist perspectives have contributed of the polar oceans. Hersko brings matic tropes of the sublime. She to making us think critically about us back to the earlier days of polar does this specifically by drawing the conservative apocalyptic versions explorers and the epic by inserting comparisons between two holocausts of the contemporary sublime and a her unknown Jewish woman explor- to move us away from the purely kind of neo-liberal aesthetics that is er in her fantasized re-enactment visualizable as the basis for knowl- at the heart of current discussion in of the Byrd expedition. She returns edge. Consequently, her work does climate change, art history as well to the heroic registers of the ear- not offer the unimaginable scale as Antarctic discourses. Viewers’ ly twentieth century to perversely that we associate with the sublime. aesthetic experience of her work is restage a masculinist imperial past Instead, it plays off the epic quality not just about landscape and the within a neo-liberal present to tell of these male heroic narratives and masculinist heroic subjectivity but stories about an absent subjectivity. images. She does this through a fic- also subjectivity itself, be it male or

24 SUMMER 2015 female since her narrative is about Marsching. J. (eds.), Far Fields: Digital Hurricane Sandy.” The Daily Beast. rethinking polar oceanscapes where Culture, Climate Change, and the http://www.thedailybeast.com/ Poles, Intellect Press, 117-142. articles/2012/10/26/bill-mckibben-on- marine life is on the verge of dis- Caruth, C. 1995. ‘‘Recapturing the Past.’’ why-frankenstorm-is-just-right-for- appearance due to anthropogenic Introduction. Trauma: Explorations hurricane-sandy.html climate change. What she mourns in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Morley, S. 2010. The Sublime: Documents in her work like the holocaust she Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, of Contemporary Art. London and 1995. 155-7. Cambridge: Whitechapel Gallery and evokes is the eventual disappearance Collis, C. 2009. “The Australian Antarctic MIT Press. of species, the loss of certainty, and Territory: A Man’s World?” Signs: Newhouse, K. 2008. “Connie Samaras: the disruption of the stable coordi- Journal of Women in Culture and V.A.L.I.S..” X-TRA Contemporary Art nates of time and space. Society 34: 514-519. Quarterly 10:4 (Summer). Chakrabarty, D. 2009. “The Climate of Nixon. R. 2011. Slow Violence and Lisa Bloom is a CSW Research Scholar. History: Four Theses.” Critical Inquiry the Environmentalism of the Poor. Her interdisciplinary research and 35 (Winter). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pedagogical interests cut across Dodds, K. 2009. “Settling and Unsettling Noble, A. 2011. Ice Blink. Auckland: numerous fields including science Antarctica,” Signs: Journal of Women Clouds, 2011. studies, critical gender studies, media in Culture and Society 34: 505-509. Rosner, V. 2009. “Gender and Polar and film studies, cultural studies, visual Farley, R. 2005. “By Endurance We Studies: Mapping the Terrain.” Signs: culture, and the history of art. She Conquer: Ernest Shackleton and Journal of Women in Culture and received a CSW TIllie Olsen Grant to Performances of White Male Society 34: 489-494. support this research. Hegemony.” International Journal of Rosner, V. 2008. “Where No Woman Has Cultural Studies 8.2: 231-254. Gone Before.” Women’s Review of REFERENCES Glasberg, E. 2012. Antarctica as Cultural Books 35: 21-24. Alaimo, Stacy. 2015. “Your Shell on Acid: Critique: The Gendered Politics of Science and Research News. 2014. “Ice Material Immersion, Anthropocene Scientific Exploration and Climate Sheets may have already passed point Dissolves,” in progress. Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan. of no return.” Monthly archives: June Barczewski, S. 2008. Antarctic Destinies: Hersko, J. 2012. “Pages from the Book of 2014. Science Q Publishing Group. Scott, Shackleton, and the Changing the Unknown Explorer.” In Far Field: https://journalpublication.wordpress. Face of Heroism. London: Hambledon Digital Culture, Climate Change, and com/2014/06/ & London. the Poles, edited by Jane D, Marsching Bampton, M. 1999. “Anthropogenic and Andrea Polli,. Bristol: Intellect Transformation,” in Encyclopedia of Press, 61-75. Environmental Science, D. E. Alexander Hersko, J. 2009. “Translating and and r. W. Fairbridge (eds.). Kluwer Retranslating Data: Tracing the Steps Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The in Projects that address climate change Netherlands. and Antarctic science.” Published Benjamin, W. (1999) The Arcades Project. in eScholarship, University of Trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin California, December 12, 2009, http:// McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard escholarship.org/uc/item/40z2b75n University Press. Jones, A. 2006. Self/Image: Technology, Bloom, L. 1993. Gender on Ice: American Representation and the Contemporary Ideologies of Polar Expeditions. Subject. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press. Jones, L. 2014 The Last Road: Anne Bloom, L., E. Glasberg and L. Kay. 2008. Noble. Auckland, New Zealand: “Introduction to Gender on Ice.” The Clouds. Scholar and the Feminist 71. http:// Le Guin, Ursula. 1982 . “Sur.” Compass sfonline.barnard.edu/ice/intro_01.htm Rose Stories. Harper and Row. Bloom, L. 2006. Jewish Identities in Leane, E. 2009. “Placing Women in the American Feminist Art : Ghosts of Antarctic Literary Landscape,” in Ethnicity. London: Routledge. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture Bloom, L. and E. Glasberg. 2012. and Society, 2009, vol. 34, no, 3, 509- “Disappearing Ice and Missing Data: 514. Visual Culture of the Polar Regions McKibben, Bill. 2012. “Why and Global Warming.” In Polli, A. and ‘Frankenstorm’ is Just Right for

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 25

Inflammation and Depression Why do women have a higher risk for depression than men?

BY MONA MOIENI

ROUND THE WORLD, likely to get depressed than men? injury or infection, the body releases more than 350 million Researchers have proposed several proinflammatory cytokines, which Apeople suffer from depres- theories to explain these sex dif- help the body fight off the injury or sion [1]. It is the leading cause of ferences in depression. One of the infection. In addition to fighting off disability worldwide [1], and it has many factors thought to contribute infection, proinflammatory cytokines been estimated that the annual cost to the sex difference in depression also communicate with the brain of depression in the United States is is women’s greater dependence on [12, 13] to cause a set of symptoms about $80 billion due to health care social relationships. That is, wom- called “sickness behavior,” which in- costs and lost productivity [2]. While en tend to prefer close emotional cludes symptoms such as fatigue, an- both men and women can become communication and social intimacy, hedonia (i.e., inability to experience depressed, women are twice as likely and it has been suggested that this pleasure), and increased sensitivity as men to experience depression greater emphasis on close personal to pain [14-17]—symptoms that we [3-6], whether depression is defined connections in women can interact typically associate with being sick. It as a diagnosed mental disorder or with stressful negative life events is thought that this response is adap- depressive symptoms [7]. This sex (especially social ones) and other tive because it allows the body to difference in rates of depression is factors (e.g., anxiety, hormonal focus its energy on recovering from well-documented and cross-cultural changes) to result in greater rates of the illness rather than spending its [6, 8]. It is also not explained by sex depression in women [10]. energy on other things, so that your differences in reporting or recall- What else may be causing this body can recuperate. ing of symptoms or seeking help sex difference? Another place to Interestingly, these sickness be- for symptoms [9]. In fact, this sex look to understand this difference havior symptoms strongly resemble difference in depression has been would be to understand the relation- symptoms observed in depressed described as one of the most robust ship between inflammation, which individuals. In fact, experimental findings in psychopathology research is our immune system’s first line work has also shown that when you [10, 11]. of defense against injury or infec- give a healthy group of people a Why are women so much more tion, and depression. In response to substance that causes inflammation,

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 27 they show increases in depressed pression for some patients and that the cell wall of the E. coli bacteria. mood [18] as part of the sickness understanding this relationship may When given to human subjects in behavior symptoms. Another con- be helpful in understanding why a controlled setting, it triggers a sequence of inflammation that is women develop depression more short-lived inflammatory response in particularly relevant to understand- than men. a safe manner. By experimentally in- ing sex differences in depression is While we know that inflamma- ducing inflammation using endotox- that inflammation can also trigger tion can lead to depressed mood in, we could look at whether inflam- social withdrawal [14, 17] and lead and feelings of social disconnection, mation causes changes in depressed to feelings of social disconnection and understanding the relationships mood and social disconnection, and [19, 20]. Feelings of social discon- between these things may help us thus we could examine whether nection or loneliness play a critical better understand sex differences in there are sex differences in biologi- role in the onset and perpetuation of rates of depression, the majority of cal indicators of inflammation and depression [21], and as mentioned the experimental work looking at the self-reports of depressed mood and earlier, social factors may be key in effects of inflammation on sickness feelings of social disconnection in understanding the sex differences in behavior in humans has surprisingly response to inflammation. Because depression. Thus, it may be import- focused on samples consisting of women are more likely to experi- ant to understand social psycholog- only men. By studying the differ- ence depression, are more sensitive ical changes due to inflammation ences between men and women in to social cues, and are more likely in order to better understand the this kind of research, we may devel- to develop certain inflammatory relationship between inflamma- op a better understanding of some disorders, we expected that women tion and depression, particularly to reasons why women are more at risk would show greater inflammatory understand why women are so much for developing depression. Thus, our responses, depressed mood, and more likely than men to develop research group at UCLA conducted feelings of social disconnection in depression. a study to help fill this gap in the response to the endotoxin compared Other work also supports the idea scientific literature. We examined to placebo. that inflammation may be contrib- both men and women in order to The inflammatory effects of uting to depression [13, 22]. For determine whether there are sex endotoxin are fairly acute; so, the example, individuals with inflamma- differences in the effect of inflamma- study lasted only one day. Endotoxin tory diseases are far more likely to tion on depressed mood and social reaches its inflammatory peak about experience depression [23-25], and disconnection, which may ultimately 2 hours after injection, and partici- patients with major depression who have implications for understanding pants were released from the study 6 are otherwise healthy have been sex differences in depression. hours after the injection, once their found to have increased inflammato- In our study, we had a large symptoms returned to normal. All ry markers [26]. There are also sex sample (115 total subjects) made up participants left the study feeling as differences in inflammatory process- of both men and women. All par- well as they did when they started. es, such that women show greater ticipants came to the UCLA Clinical Throughout the study day, we also inflammatory reactivity [27], and and Translational Research Center measured the things we were in- women are also two to nine times (CTRC) in the morning, and about terested in examining in this study. more likely to develop autoimmune 90 minutes after they got to the Thus, participants had their blood disorders, which are often associated CTRC, a nurse gave them either a drawn so that we could look at with increased inflammation [28, placebo or a substance known to inflammatory measures (i.e., proin- 29]. Thus, there seems to be support cause an inflammatory response in flammatory cytokines). We were also from multiple lines of research for a safe, acute manner. This inflam- interested in how depressed partici- this idea that inflammation may be matory-inducing substance is called pants were feeling, and so we asked leading to the development of de- endotoxin and it is derived from them to rate, for example, how “sad”

28 SUMMER 2015 and “blue” they felt. Because we were interested in feelings of social disconnection, we asked them how much they would agree with state- What do these findings ments like “I feel lonely” or “I feel disconnected from others.” mean for understanding sex As expected, women, compared to men, reported greater depressed differences in depression? mood in response to the endotoxin. In addition, women also reported First, we found that women greater feelings of social disconnec- tion in response to the endotoxin than men. Finally, although we showed greater increases in expected that women would show greater inflammatory responses com- depressed mood in response to pared to men, we did not find that to be the case. We found no differences an inflammatory challenge. This between men and women in the in- crease in inflammatory measures in may mean that women are more response to endotoxin. However, we did find that for the women in our sample, those who showed greater sensitive to the mood changes increases in inflammation also re- ported feeling more socially discon- that may accompany an increase nected. This relationship between the magnitude of the inflammatory in inflammation. response and feelings of social dis- connection was not present for men. What do these findings mean for understanding sex differences in depression? First, we found that women showed greater increases in depressed mood in response to an We also found that women in our and it has been suggested that one inflammatory challenge. This finding study reported greater feelings of so- reason that depression occurs more may mean that women are more sen- cial disconnection in response to an often in women than men is wom- sitive to the mood changes that may inflammatory challenge. Additional- en’s greater dependence on social accompany an increase in inflamma- ly, greater increases in inflammatory relationships. Here, we found that tion. Inflammation is thought to con- activity were directly associated with women may be more sensitive to the tribute to depression in at least some greater feelings of social disconnec- social psychological changes that ac- patients; thus, this could potentially tion in women, but not in men. This company inflammation, which may mean that women are developing may also help us understand why also be influencing women’s vulnera- depression more often than men in women develop depressive disorders bility to developing depression. part because they could be more sen- more often than men. As discussed In addition to providing insight sitive to the emotional changes that earlier, feelings of social disconnec- into the sex difference in depression, can result from inflammation. tion can contribute to depression, this study may also have other impli-

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 29 cations for women’s health. Because are so much more likely than men Health, http://www2.nami.org/ these findings suggest that women to develop depression. Ideally, our Template.cfm?Section=Depres- sion&template=contentmanage- are more sensitive to the emotional findings will be built upon by other ment/contentdisplay.cfm&Conten- and social changes that accompany researchers, and together, we can tID=67727. increases in inflammation, this may build a rich, nuanced understand- 3. Grigoriadis, S. and G. Erlick Robin- indicate that women with chronic ing of the complex relationships son, Gender issues in depression. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 2007. inflammatory disorders may be more between sex, inflammation, social 19(4): p. 247-255. susceptible to developing depres- factors, and depression. Ultimately, 4. Kessler, R.C., K.A. McGonagle, sion. Of course, further work would a better understanding of these rela- M. Swartz, D.G. Blazer, and C.B. need to be done in order to make tionships may hopefully allow us to Nelson, Sex and depression in the any clinical recommendations, but help those at-risk for and living with National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and the current findings would support depression. recurrence. Journal of affective the idea that physicians may want Mona Moieni is a fourth-year Ph.D. disorders, 1993. 29(2): p. 85-96. to especially monitor women with student in the Department of Psychology 5. Weissman, M.M., R.C. Bland, G.J. chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., at UCLA, majoring in social psychology Canino, C. Faravelli, S. Green- and minoring in health psychology wald, H.-G. Hwu, P.R. Joyce, E.G. rheumatoid arthritis), as they may and quantitative psychology. Her Karam, C.-K. Lee, and J. Lellouch, have a heightened risk for develop- research focuses on understanding the Cross-national epidemiology of ing depressive disorders. interactions between biological and major depression and bipolar These findings are particularly social psychological processes, as well disorder. JAMA, 1996. 276(4): p. 293-299. important because the vast major- as how these relationships are relevant to health and aging. Moieni's research 6. Weissman, M.M. and G.L. Kler- ity of studies looking at the effect is currently supported by a pre-doctoral man, Sex differences and the epi- of inflammation experimentally in National Research Service Award demiology of depression. Archives humans have been done in samples (NRSA) from the National Institute on of general psychiatry, 1977. 34(1): exclusively made up of men. Given Aging (F31AG048668). She received p. 98. the CSW Elizabeth Blackwell, MD, 7. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Gender that we found sex differences in our Graduate Award in 2015. Contact her differences in depression. Current study, it would be important for fu- at [email protected]. directions in psychological science, ture studies looking at the emotional 2001. 10(5): p. 173-176. 8. Kuehner, C., Gender differences and social consequences of inflam- This article was based Author’s Note: in unipolar depression: an update mation to include women in their on research conducted by Mona of epidemiological findings and samples. Because the participants Moieni, Michael Irwin, Ivana Jevtic, possible explanations. Acta Psychi- in our study were young (mean age Richard Olmstead, Elizabeth Breen, atrica Scandinavica, 2003. 108(3): p. 163-174. = 24) and healthy, future studies and Naomi Eisenberger, which is 9. Wolk, S.I. and M.M. Weissman, should be done in older and clini- currently in press at Neuropsycho- Women and depression: an up- cally depressed samples in order to pharmacology. This research was date. American psychiatric press better understand the findings from supported by funding from the review of psychiatry, 1995. this study. National Institute of Mental Health 10 Cyranowski, J.M., E. Frank, E. Young, and M.K. Shear, Adolescent Indeed, it would be important to (R01MH091352) to Naomi Eisen- onset of the gender difference in replicate and extend these findings berger, Associate Professor in the lifetime rates of major depression: before making any firm conclusions Department of Psychology at UCLA. a theoretical model. Archives of about the implications for depres- General psychiatry, 2000. 57(1): p. sion. However, when combined with REFERENCES 21-27. 1. World Health Organization De- 11. Hyde, J.S., A.H. Mezulis, and L.Y. future studies, these findings may pression Fact Sheet. October 2012, Abramson, The ABCs of depres- help us understand the relation- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ sion: integrating affective, biolog- ships between inflammation and factsheets/fs369/en/. ical, and cognitive models to ex- depression, as well as why women 2. National Alliance on Mental plain the emergence of the gender

30 SUMMER 2015 difference in depression. Psycho- and immunity, 2011. 25(2): p. immunology, 2001. logical review, 2008. 115(2): p. 256-259. 29. Whitacre, C.C., S.C. Reingold, P.A. 291. 21. Heinrich, L.M. and E. Gullone, O’Looney, E. Blankenhorn, F. Brin- 12. Dantzer, R., J.C. O’Connor, G.G. The clinical significance of loneli- ley, E. Collier, P. Duquette, H. Fox, Freund, R.W. Johnson, and K.W. ness: A literature review. Clinical B. Giesser, W. Gilmore, R. Lahita, Kelley, From inflammation to psychology review, 2006. 26(6): p. J.L. Nelson, C. Reiss, P. Riskind, and sickness and depression: when the 695-718. R. Voskuhl, A Gender Gap in Au- immune system subjugates the 22. Raison, C.L. and A.H. Miller, Is toimmunity: Task Force on Gender, brain. Nature reviews neurosci- depression an inflammatory dis- Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmu- ence, 2008. 9(1): p. 46-56. order? Current psychiatry reports, nity*. Science, 1999. 283(5406): p. 13. Raison, C.L., L. Capuron, and A.H. 2011. 13(6): p. 467-475. 1277-1278. Miller, Cytokines sing the blues: in- 23. Covic, T., S.R. Cumming, J.F. flammation and the pathogenesis Pallant, N. Manolios, P. Emery, of depression. Trends in immunol- P.G. Conaghan, and A. Tennant, ogy, 2006. 27(1): p. 24-31. Depression and anxiety in patients 14. Dantzer, R., Cytokine-induced with rheumatoid arthritis: preva- sickness behavior: where do we lence rates based on a comparison stand? Brain, behavior, and immu- of the Depression, Anxiety and nity, 2001. 15(1): p. 7-24. Stress Scale (DASS) and the hospi- 15. Dantzer, R. and K.W. Kelley, Stress tal, Anxiety and Depression Scale and immunity: an integrated view (HADS). BMC psychiatry, 2012. of relationships between the brain 12(1): p. 6. and the immune system. Life 24. Duivis, H.E., P. de Jonge, B.W. Pen- sciences, 1989. 44(26): p. 1995- ninx, B.Y. Na, B.E. Cohen, and M.A. 2008. Whooley, Depressive symptoms, 16. Dantzer, R. and K.W. Kelley, Twenty health behaviors, and subsequent years of research on cytokine-in- inflammation in patients with cor- duced sickness behavior. Brain, onary heart disease: prospective behavior, and immunity, 2007. findings from the heart and soul 21(2): p. 153-160. study. American journal of psychi- 17. Kelley, K.W., R.-M. Bluthé, R. atry, 2011. 168(9): p. 913-920. Dantzer, J.-H. Zhou, W.-H. Shen, 25. Margaretten, M., L. Julian, P. Katz, R.W. Johnson, and S.R. Broussard, and E. Yelin, Depression in pa- Cytokine-induced sickness behav- tients with rheumatoid arthritis: ior. Brain, behavior, and Immunity, description, causes and mecha- 2003. 17(1): p. 112-118. nisms. International journal of 18. Reichenberg, A., R. Yirmiya, A. clinical rheumatology, 2011. 6(6): Schuld, T. Kraus, M. Haack, A. p. 617-623. Morag, and T. Pollmächer, Cyto- 26. Howren, M.B., D.M. Lamkin, and kine-associated emotional and J. Suls, Associations of depression cognitive disturbances in humans. with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and Archives of general psychiatry, IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychoso- 2001. 58(5): p. 445-452. matic medicine, 2009. 71(2): p. 19. Eisenberger, N.I., T.K. Inagaki, 171-186. N.M. Mashal, and M.R. Irwin, In- 27. O’Connor, M.-F., S.J. Motivala, flammation and social experience: E.M. Valladares, R. Olmstead, an inflammatory challenge induces and M.R. Irwin, Sex differences in feelings of social disconnection monocyte expression of IL-6: role in addition to depressed mood. of autonomic mechanisms. Amer- Brain, behavior, and immunity, ican journal of physiology-regu- 2010. 24(4): p. 558-563. latory, integrative and compara- 20. Hannestad, J., N. DellaGioia, N. Or- tive physiology, 2007. 293(1): p. tiz, B. Pittman, and Z. Bhagwagar, R145-R151. Citalopram reduces endotoxin-in- 28. Whitacre, C.C., Sex differences duced fatigue. Brain, behavior, in autoimmune disease. Nature

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 31 ...it is Chatterjea’s vision for a woman of color dance company that responds to Fanon’s concluding thoughts about colonized peoples creating a new history that does not draw upon European institutions but rather focuses on building and making new discoveries... MIXING PUPPETRY WITH

ETHNOGRAPHY , part two The “Fugitive” Terms of Contemporary Indian Dance

BY ALESSANDRA WILLIAMS

A PREVIOUS ARTICLE, ern forms establish the cutting-edge; dance amongst artists of color. “Mixing Puppetry with rather, the dances of radically-in- Ananya Chatterjea co-convenes Ethnography,” (CSW Up- clined artists such as Jawole Willa the “Dancing Fugitive Futures” INdate, October, 2012), I examined the Jo Zollar and Chandralekha redefine symposium in September of 2012 world premier of Moreechika, Season the postmodern through progressive at the University of Minnesota, of Mirage by the primarily women of inquires into the techniques and Twin Cities. Chatterjea discusses color dance company Ananya Dance cultural histories of communities ways of negotiating hierarchies in Theater (ADT) in Port-of-Spain, of color. My dissertation follows a contemporary dance with artists Trinidad. I concluded this essay by method of analyzing the dances of Makeda Thomas, Michael Sakamoto, assessing the comments of ADT’s a choreographer of African descent Santee Smith, Donald Byrd, Reggie artistic director and choreographer and of South Asian descent by exam- Wilson, and co-Convener Thomas Ananya Chatterjea, who posited that ining Chatterjea’s dances alongside DeFrantz. In the opening comments, the term “‘contemporary’ has been the works of choreographer David hijacked” or inaccessible to artists Roussèv. Specifically, artists Zollar of color neglecting to follow the and Roussève both focus on Afri- standards of Euro-American modern can American cultural histories and dance such as a pointed foot. Here, I artists Chandralekha and Chatterjea start to foreground my contribution both explore contemporary Indian to Chatterjea’s ideas. aesthetics. However, while Chatter- In Butting Out: Reading Resistive jea prefaces Butting Out by discuss- Choreographies through Works by ing her struggle to stage Indian aes- Jawole Willa Jo Zollar, and Chan- thetics amidst failed norms of “East” dralekha (Wesleyan, 2004), Chatter- and “West” in dance production, I jea examines how the dance aesthet- locate my self-reflexivity within my ic of two women choreographers of earlier work as a woman community color redirects the terms of “post- activist of African descent. Through modern” from the mere presumption such a lens, this essay begins to that only dance-makers invested in rethink Chatterjea’s interest in the experimentation with Western mod- “fugitive” terms of contemporary

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 33 Chatterjea suggested the concept son’s interest as an issue of power symposium reenacts my own prac- of “contemporary” be dealt with by that he chooses to explore in his tice of utilizing the tools of activism working “outside of Western dance” current work, the Moses(es) project, that I first learned from my mother or being “contemporary without by posing questions about leader- who was an organizer in the Phillips the Western,” albeit “there is not ship and his relationship to dancers. neighborhood of Minneapolis and a lot of space for that to happen.” Returning to cultural material as that I extended through training Offering demonstration for pre- well as questioning the meaning of and leadership as an adolescent cisely how an artist best articulates bodies navigating space leads Wilson peer educator in this same commu- the contemporary through Indian to define his work as “post-African- nity. Later, dancing for ADT in 2008 aesthetics, she references the cho- neo-hoodoo-modern-dance,” though while campaign coordinating for the reography of Chandralekha who he has not yet succeeded in making HIRE Minnesota Coalition—which “manages to focus on deconstructing his chosen category widely accepted. secured public dollars in support of Bharatanatyam and finding contem- Through such polemic, Chatterjea renewable energy jobs for people of porary dance language that spoke to suggests the work of radical art- color—forged my interests in ap- contemporary realities.” ists of color is “fugitive” because it proaching dance through a lens of All the artists’ presentations reveal continues to change. Co-convener community activism. Such a method great complexity, yet symposium Thomas DeFrantz defines the term has critical implications for theoriz- participants share a major concern “fugitive” as an escaped slave. “The ing ADT’s work because, following for dancers of color. A dilemma sur- script is on the wall,” says DeFrantz. the symposium, Chatterjea offers a faces in Santee Smith’s “inter-tribal” Artists continue to reinvent them- presentation during the performanc- method in which she trains artists selves to escape “the future we have es of Moreechika in Philadelphia, in to do her work who are not nec- been scripted into,” posits Chat- which she describes how the compa- essarily from a culturally specific terjea. Favoring an effort to have ny began creating alliances with ac- background. Chatterjea names the knowledge of past events so that tivists in Phillips in 2006 to connect terms of Smith’s approach as not futures escape fugitive conditions, dance to community activism—that concerning itself with a simplistic Chatterjea asks: how do we keep is, to link up the artwork of raising hybridity or mere fusion of creative “ourselves running from the script of questions with organizing goals in practices. Donald Byrd deepens the tradition” and “keep the next genera- measurability and policy-making. symposium’s inquiry into this issue tion running with us?” I will offer a thorough account of of cultural particularity by wonder- During the concluding remarks, this distinction between dance and ing how to handle past works such DeFrantz recognizes my having have community activism in another es- as The Minstrel Show, which was been a dedicated witness through- say. In the following analysis, I seek originally staged in the early 1990s, out the conference proceedings a response to my query on collec- as well as how to sustain persons of and requests that I contribute some tive objectives by, first, defining the African descent in his company that responses to the concerns raised by terms of the contemporary through is based in Seattle. To highlight the choreographers. I ask whether they choreographer of color Ananya Chat- urgent need for long periods of time may consider producing a shared terjea and, second, comprehending to make choreography, Chatterjea objective on how dance passes down how her experimentation with con- further deliberates on Smith and ongoing reconfigurations of his- temporary Indian forms engenders Byrd’s concern through discussing torical legacies. Deeply embedded its own aims to build solidarity with the problem of artists of color not into my query about collective aims artists of color. being encouraged to work on their consists of training as a community Chatterjea’s discussion of an craft. A conversation about the organizer in which persons directly earlier collaboration with DeFrantz relationship between dancers and impacted by an issue establish a goal helps to comprehend the “fugitive” choreographers peaks Reggie Wil- to be achieved. My proposal for the as a shared initiative of contem-

34 SUMMER 2015 porary choreographers of color, or is, the recurring beat determined Ananya Dance Theater describes itself as " negotiating a struggle to sustain by this musician—because she and a professional, contemporary Indian dance those dancers who are equipped DeFrantz consistently failed to meet company comprised of women artists of color. with technique qualifications and each other’s “one.” These choreogra- We describe ourselves as cultural activists, radical politics so that their choreo- phers decided to maintain a “three- working through dance and artistic processes graphic works continuously recreate ring circle of listening,” which con- to engage audiences, build community, and aesthetic traditions. Two months sisted of Haynes’s “one,” DeFrantz’s move towards justice and beauty." Their web- after the symposium, I interviewed “four,” and her “three.” Chatterjea site is http://www.ananyadancetheatre.org. Chatterjea about her choreography calls this effort an act of “multiple for ADT and she recalled construct- listening,” in which she found a ing the piece titled Encounters with tangible approach to meet an artist DeFrantz. To bring into fruition her who identified differently in terms racial ideologies with women artists initial interest in learning how a gay of race, gender, and sexuality. De- of African descent. African American man and a South Frantz and Chatterjea integrated an One day before the symposium, Asian woman meet across differ- auditory practice based on atten- DeFrantz facilitates the audience ence, she had to navigate musical tiveness to the other’s rhythm. This “talk back” on September 9 follow- challenges during their rehearsals. awareness that was constructed as ing an ADT performance of Moreech- Chatterjea remembers deciding with a result of solidarity built a founda- ika, Season of Mirage. DeFrantz asks DeFrantz to follow percussionist tion from which Chatterjea created that Chatterjea discuss the music in Akili Jamal Haynes’s “one”—that artistic intersections across different Moreechika and she asks for further

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 35 elaboration from her collabora- acy “exists in terms of institutional” hidden, and suppressed histories. tor Laurie Carlos who had been problems, but refusal to “believe in From Chatterjea’s description of co-conceiver of Moreechika. Carlos it” or allow herself to “live racially,” dancers’ investigations, founding describes the ADT artists as well supports Fanon’s aims for the colo- company member Hui Wilcox, an as collaborators, including those of nized to resist incorporating certain artist in ADT since its beginning European descent, who contributed ideas into their consciousness. Using in 2004, uses the questions and to the vocal composition and po- Fanon to explicate the differenc- answers session to insert a conver- etic narrative. Carlos had been the es between Chatterjea and Carlos sation about the conflict endured by original composer of the “Lady in brings forth the nuances involved in dancers who carry out the neces- Blue” persona from For Colored Girls how artists of color position them- sary research and still struggle to who have Considered Suicide/ When selves against white supremacist ide- remain grounded in community. In the Rainbow is Enuf in its earliest ologies. It is Chatterjea’s vision for response, Chatterjea suggests that renditions in the 1970s. Whereas the a woman of color dance company dancers share each other’s stories previous analysis of the symposium that responds to Fanon’s concluding to create a Global South alliance in reveals how co-conveners DeFrantz thoughts about colonized peoples which artists enact a transnational- and Chatterjea find new ways of in- creating a new history that does not ism that refuses to be divided from tersecting through critical listening, draw upon European institutions one another’s experiences. my interview with Carlos illuminates but rather focuses on building and Two days following Chatterjea’s how differences in racial ideologies making new discoveries on humani- lecture, Wilcox further describes her coalesce in dance. ty. Though maintaining a distinct po- understanding of a cultural activist Chatterjea’s objective to create sition as an artist of color seeking to method that inquires into the cul- space for diverse women dancers of inquire into contemporary structures turally and nationally diverse sto- color to move together originates in of oppression, Chatterjea acknowl- ries of ADT artists. In my interview the concern she explicates during edges the role played by Carlos with Wilcox during the Philadelphia the symposium about aiming for when ADT began incorporating staging of Moreechika, she offered persons of color to meet one anoth- women artists of European descent insight into how she engaged with er without having to “pass through and a gay, male artist of African the shadow puppets that I had whiteness in order to meet each descent into the company. During been projecting on the wall during other,” or having to be grounded in post-Moreechika discussions, Chat- performances. These hungry ghosts Euro-American ballet, modern, or terjea informs audiences that Carlos had extended bellies that signified a postmodern experimental form “has given me the courage to move the physical results of starvation or to dance together. Carlos does not forward in this journey” because few suffering from ingesting unhealthy share Chatterjea’s concern for white dancers can do the extensive ADT food for Wilcox whose grandmother supremacy because she comprehends research that requires deep spiritual, had endured multiple famines in such ideologies as a “myth” that “has emotional, and mental labor. China, and following that period, no real power unless you internal- In the following month, dia- had stored bags of grain, rice, and ize it.” Some relation between their logues enacted by Chatterjea as flour in fear of another. Through alternative perspectives develops well as dancers during ADT’s tour this history, Wilcox constructed a when considering Frantz Fanon’s of Moreechika in Philadelphia in story for how she might exist as a (1963: 250) postulate that the October clarify the kind of study hungry ghost: “I had this narrative oppressed struggle against subordi- the company requires. During an to myself. I am a hungry ghost. nation by being aware of how to put open lecture at Temple University Reincarnated in different forms. In an end to the fallacies implanted in on October 5, Chatterjea describes [the section of Moreechika] ‘Almost their personality by colonialism. Car- ADT artists as “cultural activists” Gone,’ I’m wrapped in plastic. My los’s admittance that white suprem- through their research on unknown, tongue—capitalism—clogged in a

36 SUMMER 2015 machine. We are a hungry ghost. tation with Indian dance. Chatterjea So I try to connect those pieces.” As expresses her aims to “deconstruct Wilcox’s two daughters sat with me the sari on her body” as a result of while I rehearsed with the hungry the past conditions in which classi- ghosts in preparation for Philadel- cal aesthetics were formed in post- phia performances, they observed colonial India. During the introduc- and occasionally demonstrated their tory statements at the symposium, own ideas about how to maneuver she broadly refers to the major puppets. From discussing how this historical ruptures that construct- play with the figures sparks her ed classical dance. In terms of the children’s interest, Wilcox dreams Odissi form, prominent gurus such for her children to “have a com- as Kelucharan Mohapatra, dance munity, a real community, of real practitioners such as Sanjukta Pani- women,” because “my kids are my grahi, and scholars such as Kalicha- future—that’s also part of heal- ran Patnaik formed the Jayantika ing.” By describing how the hungry project that created a standard ghosts resonate with her familial Odissi technique in 1957. Wonder- history as well as her daughters, ing about how her expression of the

Wilcox shows how cultural activism contemporary diverges from this Alessandra Williams (shown above) participates in M. Jacqui Alexan- historical meeting between art- is a Ph.D. student in Culture and der’s concept of “The Crossing” as ists and scholars that developed a Performance in the Department of a metaphor of the Middle Passage classical script for Odissi, she poses World Arts and Cultures at UCLA. She and those enslaved Africans who the question about what it means received a CSW Travel Grant in 2014 to were disembodied and the expe- to “claim a radical space” in which support her research. riences they might be still longing the merging of realities into an to articulate. Alexander discusses ideal beauty or the presentation of ways of recreating such histories of form as having a seamless history is disembodiment to encourage living replaced with a choreographer’s di- relationally—or as Wilcox frames rect address to internal hierarchies it, to heal from a past of physical of gender and class so that rela- degradation to meet diverse women tionships across difference can be across difference. Through artists discovered. Chatterjea’s claim to the such as Wilcox, choreographers of title “contemporary Indian dance” color negotiate the fugitive terms of emerges as a call for contemporary contemporary dance by carrying out choreographers of color to share the research necessary to enact “The her objective to situate themselves Crossing” or to reinvent the past within fugitive conditions—that is, traditions, aesthetics, and culturally a radical postmodern dance practice based histories of the historically in which choreographers transcend disenfranchised. cultural limitations by building Such rigorous engagement with solidarity with artists inquiring into cultural histories as a dancer of the aesthetic forms of communities color provides the research building of color and the cultural activist blocks to support the architecture of research of their dancers. Chatterjea’s politicized experimen-

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 37 CSW Awards Luncheon, May 11, 2015. Back row, from left to right, Karna Wong, Nina Flores, Rosie Vartyter Aroush receives the Jean Stone Preeti Sharma, Jessica Lynne Harris, and Naazneen Diwan; front row, from left to right, Merima Graduate Fellowship from Michelle Erai, an Tricic, Adella Gorgen, Rosie Vartyter Aroush, Jasmine Phillips, and Tira Okamoto. Not pictured: Assistant Professor in Department of Gender Cassia Roth, Mona Moieni, Amanda Nguyen. Studies

Jessica Lynne Harris receives the Penny Virginia Coiner Classick (center) presents Constance Coiner Awards to, from left to right, Merima Kanner Graduate Fellowship from Rachel Lee, Tricic, Naazneen Diwan, Preeti Sharma, and Adella Gorgen. Director of CSW.

Tira Okamoto receives the Elizabeth Blackwell Award from Rachel Lee, Director of CSW.

From left to right, Brenda Johnson-Grau, Skye Allmang, and Policy Brief Prize recipients Nina Flores and Karna Wong. CSW AWARDS 2015 CSW’s annual awards luncheon, which took place on May 11, 2015, honored and celebrated a group of amazing scholars, activists, and mentors.

t the annual awards lun- Born while Constance was com- Virginia Coiner Classick, who is cheon on May 11, 2015, pleting her doctorate, Ana Duar- an active advocate on social issues, ACSW honored and celebrated te-Coiner helped lead her team to a including women and violence, pre- the achievements of our student city softball championship in 1995, sented this year’s graduate fellow- awardees, whose work carries excelled as a student, was a reporter ships to Naazneen Diwan, Gender forward the mission of feminism. In on a children’s television program, Studies, and Preeti Sharma, Gender addition, we recognnized the men- and was also an accomplished Studies. The undergraduate awards torship commitment and success of pianist and member of her school’s went to Adlay (Adella) Gorgen, En- UCLA faculty; the generosity of our varsity tennis team. glish, and Merima Tricic, World Arts donors, whose support makes these Constance Coiner’s book, Better and Culture and Political Science. awards possible; and the dedicated Red: The Writing and Resistance of service of the selection committees, Tillie Olsen and Meridel Le Sueur, ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, MD, which include UCLA faculty, CSW published in 1995 by Oxford Uni- AWARDS research scholars, and CSW staff. versity Press, brilliantly illuminated the feminism of these early work- This award recognizes an outstand- CONSTANCE COINER AWARDS ing-class writers with ties to the ing research report, thesis, or article Communist Party. A pioneering voice related to women and health or The Constance Coiner Undergradu- for feminist scholarship on wom- women in health-related endeavors. ate and Graduate Awards honor the en of the working class, Dr. Coiner It is named for Elizabeth Blackwell, lives of Dr. Constance Coiner, 48, became at SUNY Binghamton and MD, the first woman to graduate and her daughter, Ana Duarte-Coin- within the Modern Language Asso- from medical school. Penny Kan- er 12, who died on TWA flight #800 ciation a well-respected and beloved ner, who generously funded this in June of 1996. Constance Coiner mentor to women students who and other CSW awards, received a designed her own individual Ph.D. sought to do as she had done by Ph.D. in the Department of History program in American Studies at forging links between women’s lives at UCLA. She has taught at UCLA UCLA, bringing together her in- and work, between American femi- Extension, Mount St. Mary’s Col- terests in working-class literature nism and the political left, between lege, and Occidental College. She and history. Her dissertation was oral history and literary theory. has been a Research Scholar at the completed in 1987. While at UCLA, The members of the selection Center for the Study of Women since Constance Coiner received numer- committee for these awards are 1990. ous awards and became in 1988 Virginia Coiner Classick, Dr. Coiner’s The members of the selection the first recipient of the CSW Mary sister; Karen Rowe, Professor of En- committee for the undergraduate Wollstonecraft Award. She joined glish and founding director of CSW; award this year are May Wang, the faculty at the State University of and Katherine King, Professor of Professor of Community Health New York, Binghamton, in 1988. Comparative Literature and Classics. Sciences in the Fielding School of

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 39 Public Health, and Ellen Dubois, the medical profession. At the same PENNY KANNER DISSERTATION Professor of History. They selected time, however, it did not improve RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP Tira Okamoto, an undergraduate in available obstetric services. The re- the Department of World Arts and sult, Ms. Roth demonstrates, was the This award was also generously Cultures/Dance, for her paper titled creation of a “culture of denuncia- funded by Penny Kanner. It replaces “Naked in Their Eyes: A Case Study tion surrounding poor women’s lives. two that were given for completed on Sexual Harassment in Amman.” . . .” Her recommenders praise her dissertations—the Mary Wollstone- The selection committee called the originality, her research skills and craft Award and the George Eliot paper “a thoughtful examination her analytical power. The commit- Award. The two awards were com- of sexual harassment of Jordanian tee was similarly impressed by her bined into this fellowship, which women. Sexual harassment is con- project and is delighted to award her was named in her honor by CSW sidered a serious public health issue the Elizabeth Blackwell, MD, prize.” to acknowledge Penny’s profound by the World Health Organization “Mona Moieni is being awarded commitment to feminism and to and Tira’s work is impressive for an the Elizabeth Blackwell, MD, prize,” CSW. The Penny Kanner Dissertation undergraduate student.” noted Tavrow, “due to her stellar Research Fellowship is a fellowship The members of the selection academic accomplishments. She is that funds an exceptional disserta- committee for the graduate award creative thinker and a gifted writer, tion research project pertaining to were Muriel McClendon, Professor of and has already been highly pro- women or gender that uses historical History, and Paula Tavrow, Adjunct ductive. According to her mentors, materials and methods. Associate Professor of Communi- Mona is a “rising young star in the The members of the selection ty Health Sciences in the Fielding field of psychology and social neuro- committee for the awards this year School of Public Health. Two stu- science.” Her interests are primarily are Kathryn Norberg, Associate dents were selected and will split in pain and health. Mona’s research Professor of History, and Chandra the award this year: Mona Moeni, has demonstrated, for the first time, Ford, Associate Professor of Commu- a doctoral student in Psychology, in a large sample, that an experi- nity Health Sciences in the Fielding for her paper titled “Sex differences mental inflammatory challenge leads School of Public Health. This year, in depressive and socioemotional to greater increases in depressed the recipient is Jessica Lynne Harris, responses to an inflammatory chal- mood and feelings of social dis- Department of History, for her dis- lenge: Implications for sex differenc- connection in women than in men. sertation prospectus, “Exporting Mrs. es in depression” and Cassia Roth, a In other words, Mona discovered Consumer: The American Woman doctoral student in the Deaprtment that women are more negatively in Italian Culture, 1945-1975.” In of History, for her paper titled “A affected by inflammation than are selecting Harris for the award, the Miscarriage of Justice.” men. This is very important because committee noted that she “is particu- McClendon had noted that Roth’s previous research on inflammation larly imaginative in her use of sourc- work “expertly brings together and and depression had focused on men es, consulting both the advertise- expands on problems in the history and missed the stronger association ments for cosmetics that appeared in of science and public health, gender among women. Mona is poised to the mainstream women’s press and studies, legal history and the history make exciting contributions in the the criticisms of consumption offered of race. In it, she examines the role future to the fields of social psychol- by the Catholic and the Communist that women’s reproduction played in ogy, health psychology and psy- women’s publications. Harris adds state-building efforts in early twen- cho-neuroimmunology.” new depth to our notions about the tieth-century Brazil. Her research growth of consumerism by recog- shows that the state monitored and nizing that women were assailed by criminalized traditional reproductive conflicting forces, be they capital- practices in order to institutionalize ist, Catholic, or Communist. Harris

40 SUMMER 2015 provides a complex analysis of the provides support for a doctoral nia Digital Library. The members birth of Italian consumerism while student engaged in research focus- of the selection committee for the shedding new light on how the Cold ing on women and/or gender. It awards this year are Chris Tilly, War affected women both in the US was funded by the late Jean Stone, Professor of Urban Planning and and in Europe.“ born Jean Factor,who collaborated Director of the Institute for Research with her husband, Irving Stone, as on Labor and Employment, Brenda PAULA STONE LEGAL RESEARCH a researcher and editor on eighteen Johnson-Grau, Managing Editor at FELLOWSHIP biographical novels. For over five CSW, and Skye Allmang, doctoral decades, she was involved with and student in Social Welfare. Also made possible through the supported UCLA. Stone had a long Amanda Nguyen, a doctoral generosity of Jean Stone, this award and productive relationship with student in Economics, received the was created to honor her daughter, CSW. She cared deeply about the award for her brief, “Improving the Paula Stone. It supports research graduate students whose research on health and well-being of sex work- that focuses on women and the law women embodied the promise of the ers in the underground commer- with preference given to research on next generation of feminist schol- cial sex economy.” The committee women in the criminal/legal justice ars. The members of the selection “appreciated Amanda’s clear anal- system. The members of the selec- committee for the awards this year ysis, thorough documentation, and tion committee for this award are are Grace Hong, Associate Profes- sensible policy recommendations.” Tzili Mor, CSW Research Scholar, sor of Gender Studies, Linda Sax, Nina M. Flores, a doctoral student in and Courtney Powers, Lecturer in Professor of Education, and Michelle Urban Planning at the Luskin School Law. Erai, Assistant Professor of Gen- of Public Affairs, and Karna Wong, a doctoral student in Urban Plan- The award goes to Jasmine Phil- der Studies. The recipient is Rosie ning at the Luskin School of Public lips, UCLA School of Law. The com- Varyter Aroush, a PhD candidate in Affairs, received the award for their mittee selected Jasmine’s proposal Near Eastern Languages and Culture brief, titled “Redefining A Happy “for its originality, innovative ap- for her project titled, “Experiences of Ending: Rights For Massage Parlor proach, and thoughtful justification Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans- Workers.” The committee noted that for a comparative study of policing, gender Armenians in Los Angeles their brief “made a strong case for re-entry, and incarceration with and Yerevan: Family Relationships, additional protections for massage an emphasis on women of color.” Identity Negotiation, and Communi- workers.” They also applauded “the proposal’s ty Involvement.” strong links with re-entry work in CSW is pleased to support and the US and with the South African POLICY BRIEF PRIZE recognize all these impressive schol- organization, Sonke Gender Justice, ars, activists, and mentors. We look which has an established and fruit- The Policy Brief Awards, which is forward to following them as they ful collaboration with UCLA law’s funded by the Irving and Jean Stone build their careers. health and human rights project and Endowment, recognize outstand- which will provide needed support ing applied feminist scholarship by for the research portion to take place graduate students. This year, we in South Africa.” distributed a call for submissions on the topic of “Women in the Infor- JEAN STONE DISSERTATION mal Economy: Global Challenges, FELLOWSHIP Local Solutions.” We are pleased to recognize two briefs. They will be The Jean Stone Dissertation Re- published later this year in print and search Fellowship is an award that also on the CSW site at the Califor-

Newsletter of the UCLA Center for the Study of Women 41 DIRECTOR Rachel Lee Professor, English/Gender Studies MANAGER Kristina Magpayo MANAGING EDITOR Brenda Johnson-Grau ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Liliya Teper PROGRAMMING COORDINATOR Kimberlee Granholm OFFICE COORDINATOR Gerleroz Exconde EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Radhika Mehlotra, Paola Navarro, Sally Marquez, and Skye Allmang.

UCLA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN 1500 Public Affairs Building/Box 957222 Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222 campus mailcode: 722203 www.csw.csw.ucla.edu [email protected] • [email protected]

ON THE COVER: Featured in this issue are: top row from left to right, Lisa Bloom and Rachel Lee; 2nd row from left to right, Preeti Sharma, Renata Reford, and Tira Okamoto; 3rd row from left to right, Alessandra Williams and Mona Moieni; 4th row from left to right, Jessica Lynne Harris, Naazneen Diwan, Karna Wong, Rosie Vartyter Aroush, and Nina Flores; Bottom row from left to right, Jasmine Phillips, Merima Tricic, and Adella Gorgen.

42 SUMMER 2015 winter 2015

uclaUCLA center Center for the Studyfor of Womenthe study of women research that rethinks1 New Directions in Black Feminist Studies

SPEAKER SERIES CURATED BY GRACE HONG BEGINS ON JAN 29

ew Directions in Black Feminist Studies is a lecture N Masochism is important series featuring three scholars who represent the best of contempo- not for its essence but rary Black feminist scholarship. because it exists as a This series will contribute to the renewed energy around African set of relations among American studies at UCLA, with the recent departmentalization individuals and between of African American Studies and individuals and structures. Angela Davis’s recent residency in the Department of Gender Studies. This mobility makes it It is curated by Grace Kyungwon a useful analytic tool; Hong, organized by the Center for the Study of Women and cospon- Amber Jamilla Musser an understanding of sored by Ralph J. Bunche Center Amber Jamilla Musser is an Assis- what someone means for African American Studies, tant Professor of Women, Gender, Labor Studies Program, Institute and Sexuality Studies at Washing- by masochism lays bare for American Cultures, Department ton University in St. Louis. Musser concepts of race, gender, of English, Department of Gender obtained her Ph.D. in the History Studies, Department of African of Science from Harvard Univer- power, and subjectivity. American Studies, and Internation- sity. Prior to that, she obtained Importantly, these issues al Institute. a Master’s degree in Women’s The speakers are Amber Jamilla Studies from Oxford University, converge on the question Musser, an Assistant Professor of and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Biology and History and Science of what it feels like to Studies at Washington Universi- from Harvard University. Her work be enmeshed in various ty in St. Louis; Talitha LeFlouria, focuses on the intersection of race, an Assistant Professor of History sexuality, and affect. She teaches regimes of power. at Florida Atlantic University; undergraduate- and graduate-level and Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, classes such as “Me, Myself, and I: an Assistant Professor of African Introduction to Identity Politics,” –Amber Jamilla Musser American Studies at UC Irvine. All “People, Populations, and Plac- these scholars have new books that es: Sexuality and the State,” and articulate significant scholarship. “Thinking Through the Body.” 2 WINTER 2014 One of her early articles, titled jectification can mean for questions “Reading, Writing, and the Whip” of relationality and ethics in queer (Literature and Medicine, Fall 2008, theory.” This insight leads Musser 204-222), she explores early psy- to the assertion that “This embrace chological theories about masoch- of objects, of alterity, threatens to ism, and the relationship between obliterate the subject/object divide some of these early theories and and with that reframes anti-rela- how masochism was written about tionality as desirable and provides in the literature at that time. Spe- a way to imagine what an ethics of cifically, Musser looks at the work sameness might look like. This val- of Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, an orization of sameness also opens a Austrian psychiatrist writing in the productive conversation between late nineteenth century and at how theorists who advocate anti-rela- Krafft-Ebing drew upon the work tionality, those who work on new of authors such as Sacher-Masoch materialisms and those who focus and Rousseau. on affect.60 The resonances be- In a recent article, titled “Ob- tween the dissolution of the self, jects of Desire: Toward an Ethics an investment in animacy (and pain, or a combination thereof, “ of Sameness” (Theory & Event its attendant politics of non-hier- says Scott. “Yet at its core, masoch- 16:2 [2013]), Musser examines archy), and affective attachments ism is a site where power, bodies, “objectum sexuality, an orientation provide the ground for this new and society come together. Sensa- in which people sexually orient ethics and illuminate objectum sex- tional Flesh uses masochism as a themselves toward objects” and “ uality’s potentiality in a spectrum lens to examine power structures reflects on what constitutes sexual- of life beyond the neoliberal.” race, gender, and embodiment in ity, the nature of intimacy, and the Her new book, Sensational Flesh: different contexts…. Engaging with agency of objects.” In this highly Race, Power, and Masochism (NYU a range of debates about lesbian cogent and throughtful essay, she Press, 2014), uses masochism as a S&M, racialization, femininity, and argues that “there is something lens to examine how power struc- disability, as well as key texts such more radical at stake in objectum tures race, gender, and embodi- as Sacher-Masoch’s Venus in Furs, sexuality. While recognizing ob- ment in different contexts. It has Pauline Réage’s The Story of O, and jectum sexuality as a category of been called “A lively and enlighten- Michel Foucault’s History of Sex- sexual orientation does provide us ing contribution to queer studies, uality, Musser renders legible the with the opportunity to think about investigating affect and embodi- complex ways that masochism has intimacy as it has been refigured by ment as avenues for the radical re- been taken up by queer, feminist, neoliberalism, I argue that we view invigoration of how we experience and critical race theories.” Erika’s relationship to objects as a and think about raced, gendered, Jean Walton, Associate Professor mode of desubjectification, more and sexualized subjectivities” by of English, Women’s Studies, and precisely, as a mode of becom- Darieck Scott, Associate Professor Film Studies at the University of ing-object. This notion of becom- of African American Studies and Rhode Island and author of Fair ing-object exploits the discourse of African Diaspora Studies at UC Sex, Savage Dreams: Race Psycho- sameness, but inverts it. Instead of Berkeley and author of Extravagant analysis, Sexual Difference, also asking how are objects like sub- Abjection. “In everyday language, lauds the book, noting that “Sen- jects, the question becomes how masochism is usually understood sational Flesh explores the mate- are subjects like objects. This shift as the desire to abdicate control in rial aspects of power—how, in a opens a window into what desub- exchange for sensation—pleasure, Foucauldian sense, it is “felt” in the

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 3 body—unpacking the bodily, sen- This bold, brilliant, sational dimensions of subjectivity. Comprehensive and exhaustive beautifully written book- in scope, Musser leaves no stone -a significant contribution unturned in her consideration of “masochism” in all its different to the fields of prison formulations, and in the often-con- tradictory ways it has been de- history, southern history, ployed.” African American history, In her talk, “Riddles of the Sphinx: Kara Walker and the and gender studies--shows Talitha LeFlouria Possibility of Black Female Mas- Talitha LeFlouria is Assistant Pro- why charting the struggles ochism,” she will consider how fessor of History at Florida Atlantic we can understand black female University where she specializes in convict women’s lives masochism--the willful and desired in the study of Black women and matters for understanding submission to another. Masochism convict labor in the post-Civil War is a difficult subject to broach, but South. She teaches undergradu- the emergence of modernity black female masochism is even ate and graduate courses in Afri- in the New South. Talitha more so because it threatens to can-American and African-Ameri- produce subjects who embrace can women’s history. She received L. LeFlouria rejects a recent myriad systems of historical and her Ph.D. in History from Howard cultural forms of objectification. and popular thesis that University. As a graduate student, Further, black female masochism she worked as a park ranger and convict labor was simply is difficult to theorize because a historian for the National Parks masochism as a concept requires slavery that persisted, while Service at the Frederick Douglass an understanding of agency, which National Historic Site. In 2009, she also illuminating how has been elusive for black women authored a booklet titled, Fred- to claim. Through a reading of erick Douglass: A Watchtower of beliefs about race and sex some of Kara Walker’s work, this Human Freedom, which “weaves forged in slavery carried on talk looks at how we have tradi- together the most intricate and tionally understood black female personal facets of Douglass’ life, to shape modernity and the sexuality and female sexual pas- especially those sivity to think about the ways that prison system. preserved here discourses of race and sexuality at Cedar Hill.” —Mary Ellen Curtin, converge and diverge. Her research Uri McMillan, Assistant Profes- American University, was featured in sor in the Department of English the 2012 Sun- |in her review of at UCLA, who taught Sensational dance-award– Flesh in his “Queer of Color Theo- nominated Chained in Silence ry” graduate seminar in the fall of documentary, 2014, will be the respondent for Slavery by An- the lecture, which takes place on other Name, based on Douglas January 29, 2015, from 4 to 6 pm Blackmon’s Pulitzer Prize–winning in Royce 306. book on convict leasing in the southern states. 4 WINTER 2014 Also in 2012, her article, “The on their self-worth and fought hard Hand that Rocks the Cradle Cuts to preserve their humanity within Cordwood: Exploring Black Wom- a dehumanizing system built on en’s Lives and Labor in Georgia’s terror and control” (p. 63). Convict Camps, 1865-1917” (Labor Her new book Chained in Si- 8:3 [2011], 47-63) was nominated lence: Black Women and Convict for the A. Elizabeth Taylor Prize Labor in the New South has recent- from the Southern Association ly been published by University of of Women Historians. This essay North Carolina Press and already examines the historical context and garnered many positive reviews. design of Georgia’s forced convict “Chained in Silence is a pathbreak- labor system, as well as the wom- ing addition to the growing body en’s responses to the abuses they of historical research on black experienced as prisoners within the women and the U.S. justice sys- system. In the article, she describes tem,” asserts Kali Gross, Associate how, as Southern states began to Professor and Associate Chair of rebuild after the Civil War, white the African and African Diaspora labor was used to help construct politicians and plantation own- Studies at the University of Tex- “New South” modernity. Using ers attempted to maintain their as-Austin. “Through painstaking, Georgia—the “industrial capital” racial privileges and to obtain exhaustive research, [LaFlouria] of the region—as a case study, she cheap or low-cost labor that would maps black women as sentient will analyze how African-Ameri- allow many Southern industries beings (humans who had lives, can women’s presence within the to continue on as they had before loves, triumphs, and sorrows) and convict lease and chain gang sys- the war. The convict labor system as prison laborers brutalized by tems of the “empire state” helped was one way to do this, as African the vicissitudes of convict leasing. modernize the “New South,” by Americans were disproportionally Moreover, by historicizing the evo- creating a new and dynamic set of represented in the criminal justice lution of convict leasing and black occupational burdens and compe- system, and could be contracted women’s plight therein, LeFlouria tencies for black women that were out to work on major reconstruc- ultimately provides a much-needed untested in the free labor market. tion projects, such as the Macon raced and gendered context for In addition to discussing how the & Brunswick, Macon & Augus- the agro-industrial penal complex parameters of southern black wom- ta, and Air-Line railroads. Black operating in parts of the South en’s working lives were redrawn female prisoners, who made up today.” by the carceral state, she will also approximately 3 to 5% of Georgia’s In a talk titled “Living and account for the hidden and explicit prison population, participated in Laboring off the Grid: Black Wom- modes of resistance female prison- these work projects, in addition en Prisoners and the Making of ers used to counter work-related to farming, brickmaking, and coal the “Modern” South, 1865-1920,” abuses, as well as physical and and iron production. The women which will take place on February sexualized violence. experienced physical abuse, rape, 12, 2015, from 4 to 6 pm in Royce and disease. In LeFlouria’s words, 306, LeFlouria will provide an “The contest waged between black in-depth examination of the lived female convicts and their oppres- and laboring experiences of im- sors did not always result in victo- prisoned African-American women ries. However, these women were in the post-Civil War South, and willing to challenge encroachments describe how black female convict

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 5 black radical tradition, Willough- eugenicist tactics were brought by-Herard explores the effect of into being through deployment not politics of white poverty on black only against non-whites, but on people’s life, work, and politi- what she calls “contingent” whites cal resistance. In particular, this as well. In so doing, Dr. Willough- groundbreaking book examines by-Herard argues that whiteness the philanthropic institution of the is not a monolithic racial forma- Carnegie Foundation, contributed tion, but a complex and internally to the constitution of apartheid as differentiated one. This project is a process of knowledge production thus an important contribution to in South Africa. Her manuscript whiteness studies, which tends to examines U.S. complicity in con- situate whiteness as simply privi- structing notions of whiteness, lege. By tracing the violent process arguing that the Carnegie Commis- by which poor whites were forced sion Study of Poor Whites helped to become white, this project re- create knowledge production veals the exact process of produc- process central to apartheid, in tion and the precise effect of the particular scientific racialism. In so scientific racialism that would un- doing, she examines the role of this derwrite the system of apartheid. supposedly benevolent U.S. philan- Willoughby-Herard’s talk, “I Tiffany thropic organization in the produc- Write What I Like”: The Politics of Willoughby-Herard tion of social science knowledge as Black Identity and Gendered Racial Tiffany Willoughby-Herard is Assis- a form of legitimation for the racial Consciousness in Meer’s The Black tant Professor of African American violence of apartheid. She thus Woman Worker,” which takes place Studies at UC Irvine, and works makes the argument that white- from 4 to 6 pm in Haines 135 on on comparative racialization in the ness is a global phenomenon, one February 26, examines Fatima South African and North American that links white racial formations Meer’s Black Woman Worker: A contexts, Black political thought, transnationally, by demonstrat- Study in Patriarchy and Wom- and African feminisms. Her book, ing the ways in which the United an Production Workers in South Waste of a White Skin: Carnegie States not only produced whiteness and the Racial Logic of White Vul- within its own territorial bound- nerability, has just been published aries, but is implicated in white by UC Press. The publisher calls Afrikaner racial formation as well. it “A pathbreaking history of the As Dr. Willoughby-Herard demon- development of scientific racism, strates, The Carnegie Commission white nationalism, and segrega- Study legitimated a number of tionist philanthropy in the U.S. and violent practices that attempted to South Africa in the early twenti- discipline poor whites into bour- eth century, Waste of a White Skin geois respectability. These practices focuses on the American Carnegie were very much organized around Corporation’s study of race in gender and sexual normativity, and South Africa, the Poor White Study, included genetic monitoring, steril- and its influence on the creation of ization, mental testing, and forced apartheid.” Using black feminism, removals and detentions. In this black internationalism, and the way, this essay demonstrates that

6 WINTER 2014 Africa (1990), which raised critical questions about how the concept of gendered black consciousness articulated with racial colonialism, segregation, and apartheid. Like other books published in its time, Black Woman Worker resulted from a robust confluence of political activity, autonomous research, and careful attention to the politics of publishing. While the radical black feminism of that era was becom- ing coherent as a set of consistent political philosophies across the Americas and on the African conti- nent, according to Willoughby-He- rard, it was anticipating, laying ground work for, and helping to establish the publishing audience that constitutes current interests in comparative black feminist studies, black feminist internationalism, African feminisms, and African gender studies. Our histories of the making of “the working class” and “left” have been shaped forever by the role played by research on black working women as servants, migrant laborers, domestics, and enslaved people. Following Pumla American Studies and Gender Women of Color Feminism and the Gqola and Zine Magubane, she Studies at UCLA. Her publications New Crises of Capitalism” (GLQ: A will examine and offer an account include The Ruptures of American Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies of how the contested and complex Capital: Women of Color Feminism 18.1 (Fall 2011): 87-106). Her cur- political identity of “blackness” was and The Culture of Immigrant rent book project is currently titled articulated in this moment, why Labor (University of Minnesota “Between Life and Death: Women this set of nested categories was Press, 2006) and Strange Affinities: of Color Feminism and the Impos- necessary for Meer and her col- The Gender and Sexual Politics of sible Politics of Difference.” laborators, and the cultural work Comparative Racialization (Duke that it did to bind together African, University Press, 2011), co-edited Indian, and so-called “Coloured” with Roderick A. Ferguson. Recent women in a context of extraordi- articles include “Neoliberalism,” nary state and vigilante violence. (forthcoming in Journal of Crit- Faculty Curator for the series is ical Ethnic Studies 1.1), “Ghosts Grace Kyungwon Hong, Associate of Camptown,” (forthcoming in Professor, Departments of Asian MELUS),“Existentially Surplus:

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 7 Cementerio Colón, Havana, Cuba

8 WINTER 2014 How Cuba Changed my Life BY JENNIFER L. MONTI

STILL REMEMBER receiving is present throughout the novel, Although it is still too early to the acceptance email for the but it occupies a marginal space. speak of feminism at the time this paper I was to present in Cuba The readers are aware that Sab is a novel was written, in my essay I ar- Iat a week-long conference that pro- slave, but not because of the life he gue that the main aim of Avellane- posed to celebrate the bicentenary leads; rather, they know because da’s work is to defend women and anniversary of Gertrudis Gómez Sab himself tells them and speaks denounce their position in society. de Avellaneda’s birth, one of the openly about it. Throughout my paper I pose five pillars of Cuban literature. I will I found it challenging to agree questions, and suggest five possible never forget the happiness I felt with critics who proposed that Sab answers, to demonstrate that the when I was notified; not only was is clearly an abolitionist novel. novel is not, in fact, abolitionist, I going to Havana for a week but I Slavery is present, and criticized but rather pre-feminist, while also was also going to present a paper throughout the work; however, the presenting some anti-slavery char- on one of the best novels I had narrator never proposes its full ab- acteristics. Despite some opposing ever read. olition, nor does (s)he argue that voices in the audience, I noticed The novel, titled Sab, is the story slaves should gain the freedom that many of the people who were of a slave in 1840s Cuba. Despite and rights that other members of attending the conference agreed having been abolished in a number society possess. Instead, what is with me, and supported my femi- of Latin American countries, Cuba blatantly present is the criticism nist reading of the novel. still practiced slavery in the mid- towards the misogynistic aspects My week-long stay in Cuba 1800s. Slavery played a crucial of the Cuban patriarchal society, did not only allow me to pres- role in the production of sugar, where all women were seen as ent a paper in front of a crowd cotton and tobacco, three of the simple possessions that could be of renowned scholars, to make island’s most lucrative products. bought and sold by their male important connections for my However, the detail that caught my counterparts. As Sab himself ex- future academic career, and to attention from the first pages of plains, “slaves can at least change receive feedback on my work; I the novel was that Sab (the main their master, they can hope that was also exposed to a completely character) is not presented as a by accumulating gold they will be different reality than what I had typical slave: he does not work able to buy their freedom, one day. been used to up to that moment. in the plantations, he can read Women, instead, as they lift their Aside from never having been to a and write—and even knows some frail hands and their outraged fore- Latin American country, I had also Shakespeare, he is very close to head to ask for freedom, hear the never traveled to a country where his masters, and, as the narrator monster with its sepulchral voice communism was the main political explains, he is oftentimes mistaken yelling: “To the grave’”1 (transla- ideology. Although I believed I was for a white man. Slavery, and the tion mine). prepared for what I would see in description of its terrible practices, 1 Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, Sab, 1841. Ed. José Cuba, once I reached the island I Servera. Cátedra: Madrid 1997, pp. 270-271.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 9 Plaza de la Catedral

10 WINTER 2014 realized that the reality was com- of the airport doors. I decided to and even in the hotel lobby, I was Plaza de la Catedral pletely different than anything I ask someone why there was such lucky enough to be invited to a had read in books, or heard on the a numerous crowd, and the man concert, sponsored by the confer- news. This concerned both the pos- kindly answered that all those ence organizers, where traditional itive aspects and the negative ones. families were either bringing a Cuban songs were played. The Let’s start with my experience family member to the airport or enthralling aspect of the concert at the Aeropuerto Internacional picking someone up. As I thought was that these songs were not José Martí. After arriving on time, about the international airports in simply famous Cuban melodies; and waiting in line for passport the United States—jammed with given that the aim of the confer- control for about thirty minutes, cars stopped near the curbs of each ence was to celebrate an important it was finally my turn. I was a terminal to drop people off, quickly woman writer, the repertoire was little nervous because I did not hug them and kiss them goodbye, composed of songs that were either personally hold my Cuban visa in and drive off just as hurriedly—I written and sung by women, or my American passport; rather, it realized what a different reality dedicated to them. I will forever was waiting for me in the Havana it was. Dropping someone off, or remember that as one of the sing- airport. All I had to do, accord- picking someone up, in Cuba, was ers started warbling the lyrics to ing to the travel agency, was call a family affair: everyone wanted “Yolanda”, perhaps one of the most the travel agent upon arrival and to be a part of it, by either saying famous and beautiful Cuban mel- wait for him to bring me the visa. goodbye to someone, or greeting odies, the whole crowd chimed in Simple enough, I thought. I ended them upon their return. Parents, as well, transforming that moment up waiting for three hours because siblings, children, grandparents, into a heartfelt experience. no one seemed to be able to locate friends: everyone wanted to wit- The Cuban people I met were such person, and no one else in ness such an important event. the most heartwarming aspect of the entire airport was able to help The two elements that literally the trip. I am not only speaking me. Growing up in Italy taught penetrated my soul, during and af- about the conference participants, me a great deal about patience, ter my trip, were the music and the who belonged to numerous Cuban and given that I was prepared for people. I perceived Cuban music cultural organizations and associ- some sort of delay, this small inci- as a constant soundtrack. With its ations, but also the people I met dent did not affect my mood. On melody, rhythm, and melancholy, on the street, in restaurants, and in the contrary, I was able to notice I felt that it accompanied every- hotels. What struck me most was details that I simply would have one’s life on the island. I suppose their incredible generosity, a gen- missed, had I gone through pass- this happens because music has erosity that I had never personally port control without any problems. the power of uniting people from experienced. It reminded me of What caught my attention was different backgrounds and differ- the stories my Italian grandmother that music was playing and that a ent life situations, and of bringing used to tell me of the situation music television station was turned everyone to the same level. Some during, and right after World War on. I couldn’t help but smile seeing of the songs I heard were tremen- Two, when most people were pov- how everyone who worked in that dously nostalgic, yet they were erty-stricken, yet they were able airport appeared to be so full of truly beautiful. They gave me the to show their generosity towards life, despite the serious and formal shivers by just listening to them those who needed it most. The location. once, and as much as I can try, it is reality that I saw in Cuba deeply As I walked out of the airport to very complicated to put into words reminded me of my grandmother’s catch a taxi, I immediately no- what I felt through their melody. stories. Despite having close to ticed the amount of people, of all Aside from hearing music in the nothing, many of the people I met ages, who were waiting outside streets, at cafes, in restaurants, were able to give me more than I

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 11 Catedral de la Virgen María de la Concepción Inmaculada de La Habana

12 WINTER 2014 could have ever imagined, from a kind word, to an interesting piece of information regarding Havana, to a book on the history of the city. It was amazing for me to see how, despite living in a difficult political, social, and economic situation, the spirit of these people could not be broken. There was a kindness in their words, something that I had never really experienced neither in Italy nor in the United States. And, quite honestly, it was refreshing to establish relationships with people face to face, by speaking to them, and not through the ever-so-pres- ent technology on which we are all so dependent. All in all, Cuba changed my life. As I was trying to explain my ex- perience to my family I could find no other word but “soul-filling,” since that’s exactly how I felt as I was leaving the island. Despite my short stay, the days I spent there showed me a new reality and a new way of looking at life. As I was boarding the plane to Miami I Given the recent events that are Jennifer Monti is a first-year doctoral decided that Cuba, with its positive taking place between Cuba and student in the Department of Spanish and negative traits, would stay the United States, I believe it to and Portuguese at UCLA. Her interests include Catalan female literature of the with me forever. In that moment I be even more crucial to not simply nineteenth and twentieth Centuries, consciously took action to incorpo- dismiss the importance and the transatlantic studies with an emphasis rate some aspects of Cuban litera- beauty of this Caribbean country on Cuba, and the representation of ture in my doctoral dissertation, to because of what people might women through photography and pornography. She received a travel help shed some light on the reality think of it, or might have heard on grant from CSW to present her of a country that is oftentimes the news, or might remember from conference paper, titled “Sab, la mujer judged and misunderstood because old history lessons. The conference y la esclavitud: cinco preguntas (y of a lack of correct information. I attended, and my experience as respuestas) para refutar el género It was a cathartic experience that a tourist in Havana, proved to me abolicionista,” at the XXIV Congreso Anual de la Asociación Internacional continued after I returned to the how important it is to study and de Literatura y Cultura Femenina Unites States, as I felt that I had know a country’s past, to better Hispánica (AILCFH), which was held in learned so much from the Cuban understand and appreciate its Havana, Cuba. people, and from the country itself. present.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 13 14 WINTER 2014 BY PATRICIA MORENO Health, Immunity, and the Pursuit of Happiness

The Relationship between Positive Emotions and Inflammation in Breast Cancer Survivors

RECENT STUDY conducted & Mor, 1989; Schroevers, Sander- the mechanisms that underlie this by UCLA researchers exam- man, Sonderen, & Ranchor, 2000). relationship have not been deter- Aines the relationship of pos- Not only are positive emotions mined. The overarching aim of our itive emotions and inflammation important for psychological adjust- research was to better understand in women diagnosed with breast ment, they also predict important the relationship of positive emo- cancer, a disease that affects 1 in 8 physical health outcomes. Positive tions with intermediate biological women in the United States. emotions prospectively predict im- processes that may underlie its Although the field of psychology proved outcomes for a wide variety association with improved health has traditionally focused on the of diseases (Cohen & Pressman, over time. More simply, we wanted study of negative psychological ex- 2006) as well as longer survival to know: how do positive emotions periences (for example, depression, in both cohorts of initially healthy “get under our skin” to influence anxiety, and stress), more recent populations and patient popula- health? evidence supports the importance tions (Chida & Steptoe, 2008). One plausible mechanism may of positive emotions for both psy- Moreover, limited preliminary be inflammation. The immune chological and physical wellbeing. evidence suggests that positive system is comprised of a variety of In cancer patients and survivors, emotions may predict improved cells and organs that function to the experience of positive emotions cancer survival (Levy, Lee, Bagley, protect us from threats, including is associated with improved ad- & Lippman, 1988; Prinsloo et al., pathogens (for example, bacteria) justment, including lower anxiety, 2014). and altered host cells (for example, depressive symptoms, pain, and Despite accumulating evidence cancer cells). One of the primary fatigue as well as better quality of supporting the association of processes by which the immune life (Baker, Denniston, Zabora, Pol- positive emotions with improved system responds to threats is in- land, & Dudley, 2002; Guadagnoli psychological and physical health, flammation. Inflammation is the

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 15 process by which immune cells are is of particular interest given that high arousal positive emotions are brought to an affected area so that inflammation in the cancer con- associated with greater activation threats are prevented from spread- text is associated with behavioral than low arousal positive emotions ing and subsequent tissue repair symptoms, including fatigue and (Pressman & Cohen, 2005). Given can take place. Macrophages, depression (for example,Bower et that the sympathetic nervous sys- a class of immune cells, play a al., 2011; Seruga, Zhang, Bern- tem regulates the immune system particularly important role in the stein, & Tannock, 2008; Soygur et (Irwin & Cole, 2011), these differ- inflammatory process by both al., 2007), and also predicts cancer ences in turn could have implica- destroying pathogens and releasing progression and mortality. Thus, tions for inflammatory processes. signaling proteins called cytokines we wanted to examine the asso- that coordinate immune responses. ciation of positive emotions and Cytokines that promote inflam- markers of inflammation in wom- Method mation are classified as proinflam- en with early-stage breast cancer Women who participated in our matory and are often assessed as who were followed for a year after study came for an in-person ap- markers of inflammation. Well treatment with surgery, radiation, pointment at UCLA at three time studied proinflammatory cytokines and/or chemotherapy. points: within three months of include interleukin 1 (IL-1), C-re- Although some evidence sug- completing their primary breast active protein (CRP), and tumor gests that positive emotions are cancer treatment (that is, surgery, necrosis factor (TNF-α). associated with lower levels of radiation therapy, and/or chemo- Although inflammation is an inflammation (Steptoe, O’Donnell, therapy) for a baseline assessment adaptive and necessary response Badrick, Kumari, & Marmot, 2008; and 6 and 12 months after baseline of the immune system, chronic Steptoe & Wardle, 2005), results for follow-up assessments. Our low- grade inflammation in the have been mixed (Constanzo et sample of 181 women completed absence of an activating agent is al., 2004; Lutgendorf et al., 2001; psychosocial questionnaires at maladaptive. This form of unre- Ryff, Singer, & Dienberg Love, baseline and provided blood sam- mitting inflammation is associated 2004; Sepah & Bower, 2009). ples at each time point to be ana- with all-cause mortality (Harris et Therefore, our research group lyzed for markers of inflammation. al., 1999) and a variety of diseases decided to more closely examine a The experience of high arousal (Papanicolaou, Wilder, Manola- less-studied dimension of positive positive emotions during the past gas, & Chrousos, 1998; Pradhan, emotions: level of arousal (Russell, month was assessed using the pos- Manson, Rifai, Buring, & Ridker, 1980). High arousal positive emo- itive affect subscale of the Positive 2001), including the development tions are more activated and in- and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; and progression of tumors (Man- volve more energy, such as excite- Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) tovani, Allavena, Sica, & Balkwill, ment and enthusiasm, while lower and the experience of low arousal 2008). Importantly, inflammation arousal positive emotions are less positive emotions during the past is regulated by other physiological activated and involve less energy, week with the PANAS-X , an expan- systems, including the sympathet- such as contentment and serenity. sion of the original PANAS ques- ic nervous system and HPA axis, Importantly, affective arousal has tionnaire (Watson & Clark, 1999). which are sensitive to psycho- consequences for physiological Given previous research establish- logical experiences—providing a arousal (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010; ing the relationship of both nega- plausible pathway by which psy- Pressman & Cohen, 2005) and tive emotions and fatigue with in- chological processes may influence the sympathetic nervous system is flammation, validated measures of inflammation. differentially sensitive to high ver- negative emotions (PANAS; Watson Examining predictors of inflam- sus low arousal positive emotions. et al., 1988) and fatigue (Fatigue mation in breast cancer survivors Indeed, evidence suggests that Symptom Inventory; Hann et al.,

16 WINTER 2014 1998) were also included in order 2002). Furthermore, we found that positive emotions with dampened to determine whether any associ- higher levels of low arousal positive sympathetic activation as well as ations between positive emotions emotions predicted lower levels of the influence of sympathetic acti- and inflammatory markers were in- the C-reactive protein (CRP) one vation on inflammation (Irwin & dependent (that is, not simply driv- month after primary treatment Cole, 2011), our finding that low en by a lack of negative emotions completion and at 6 and 12-month arousal positive emotions were or fatigue). Inflammation was as- follow-ups. The relationship of low uniquely associated with low- sessed by downstream markers of arousal positive affect and CRP er levels of CRP independent of proinflammatory cytokine activity, remained significant in analyses fatigue is noteworthy. It is plau- including the interleukin-1 recep- controlling for negative emotions sible that lower arousal positive tor antagonist (IL-1ra), a marker and fatigue, indicating that low emotions exert an influence on of IL-1β activity; the soluble tumor arousal positive emotions may have CRP by reducing engagement necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type distinct associations with CRP. of stress-response systems, like II (sTNF-RII), a marker of TNF-α Although positive emotions have the sympathetic nervous system, activity; and C-reactive protein been postulated to exert influ- given strong evidence that stress (CRP), a correlate of IL-6 activity. ences on health and physiology is associated with increased levels (Pressman & Cohen, 2005), our of CRP (Glaser & Kiecolt-Glaser, Results finding that fatigue accounted for 2005; Hänsel, Hong, Cámara, & We found that higher levels of high the association of high arousal von Känel, 2010; Miller & Black- arousal positive emotions predicted positive emotions with sTNF-RII well, 2006). In light of the current lower levels of the soluble tumor in this sample of early-stage breast findings as well as mixed results necrosis factor receptor type II (sT- cancer survivors may suggest an produced by previous studies NF-RII), one month after primary important qualification. It is well examining positive emotions and treatment completion and at 6 and documented that proinflammato- inflammatory markers, we strong- 12-month follow-ups. Important- ry cytokines act on the brain and ly encourage researchers in the ly, effects of high arousal positive can induce a specific constellation future to consider possible bidirec- emotions were observed in analy- of behavioral symptoms termed tional associations between posi- ses controlling for negative emo- sickness behavior (Dantzer & tive emotions and inflammation. tions, indicating that the effects Kelley, 2007; Dantzer, O’Connor, of high arousal positive emotions Freund, Johnson, & Kelley, 2008), Conclusions are independent of negative emo- including fatigue. Thus, it is pos- Our results indicate that the rela- tions and are not merely driven by sible that the inverse association tionship of high arousal positive the absence of negative emotions. of high arousal positive emotions emotions (for example, “active,” However, the relationship of high with sTNF-RII in this and other “alert”) with sTNF-RII may be driv- arousal positive emotions with sT- studies may reflect higher levels of en by the overlap of high arousal NF-RII did not hold over and above inflammation acting on the brain-- positive emotions with fatigue fatigue. Thus, women’s endorse- leading to both greater fatigue while the association of low arous- ment of high arousal positive emo- and lower high arousal positive al positive emotions and CRP may tions (for example, “active,” “alert,” emotions. Indeed, the induction be unique. Future research should “excited”) may highly overlap with of inflammatory cytokines leads to consider affective arousal when energy and vigor, the absence of reductions in high arousal positive examining the association of posi- which is associated with elevated emotions (Späth-Schwalbe et al., tive emotions with inflammation as inflammatory activity in breast 1998). this facet of positive emotions may cancer survivors (Bower et al., On the other hand, given the have important implications for in- 2011; Bower, Ganz, Aziz, & Fahey, association of lower arousal terpretation of results. Specifically,

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 17 bidirectional associations between 15(3), 122–125. doi:10.1111/ 7(4), 301–310. doi:http://dx.doi. both high and low arousal positive j.0963-7214.2006.00420.x org/10.1023/A:1008842517972 Constanzo, E. S., Lutgendorf, S. K., Hänsel, A., Hong, S., Cámara, R. emotions and inflammation should Kohut, M. L., Nisly, N., Rozeboom, J. A., & von Känel, R. (2010). be considered and is an important K., Spooner, S., … McElhaney, Inflammation as a psychophys- topic for future research. J. E. (2004). Mood and cytokine iological biomarker in chronic response to influenza virus in psychosocial stress. Neuroscience Author’s note: This article was older adults. The Journals of Ger- & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), ontology Series A: Biological Sci- 115–121. doi:10.1016/j.neubior- based on research conducted by ences and Medical Sciences, 59(12), ev.2009.12.012 Patricia Moreno, Andrew Moskow- 1328–1333. doi:10.1093/gero- Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Tracy, R. P., itz, Patricia Ganz, and Julienne na/59.12.1328 Corti, M. C., Wacholder, S., Ettinger Bower that is currently under re- Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2007). Jr, W. H., … Wallace, R. (1999). As- Twenty years of research on cyto- sociations of elevated interleukin-6 view for publication. This research kine-induced sickness behavior. and C-reactive protein levels with was supported by the National Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, mortality in the elderly. The Amer- Cancer Institute (R01 CA 109650) 21(2), 153–160. doi:10.1016/j. ican Journal of Medicine, 106(5), and the Breast Cancer Research bbi.2006.09.006 506–512. doi:10.1016/S0002- Dantzer, R., O’Connor, J. C., Freund, 9343(99)00066-2 Foundation. Patricia also received G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, Irwin, M. R., & Cole, S. W. (2011). a CSW Travel Grant to support this K. W. (2008). From inflammation Reciprocal regulation of the neural research. to sickness and depression: When and innate immune systems. Nature the immune system subjugates the Reviews Immunology, 11(9), 625– References brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 632. doi:10.1038/nri3042 Baker, F., Denniston, M., Zabora, J., 9(1), 46–56. doi:10.1038/nrn2297 Levy, S. M., Lee, J., Bagley, C., & Polland, A., & Dudley, W. N. (2002). Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010). Lippman, M. (1988). Survival A POMS short form for cancer pa- Positive affect and psychobio- hazards analysis in first recurrent tients: Psychometric and structural logical processes. Neuroscience breast cancer patients: Seven-year evaluation. Psycho-Oncology, 11(4), & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), follow-up. Psychosomatic Medicine, 273–281. doi:10.1002/pon.564 69–75. doi:10.1016/j.neubior- 50(5), 520–528. Bower, J. E., Ganz, P. A., Aziz, N., & ev.2010.01.006 Lutgendorf, S. K., Reimer, T. T., Harvey, Fahey, J. L. (2002). Fatigue and Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. J. H., Marks, G., Hong, S.-Y., Hillis, proinflammatory cytokine activity (2005). Stress-induced immune S. L., & Lubaroff, D. M. (2001). in breast cancer survivors. Psychoso- dysfunction: Implications for Effects of housing relocation on matic Medicine, 64(4), 604–611. health. Nature Reviews Immunolo- immunocompetence and psychoso- Bower, J. E., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. gy, 5(3), 243–251. doi:10.1038/ cial functioning in older adults. The R., Kwan, L., Breen, E. C., & Cole, nri1571 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Bi- S. W. (2011). Inflammation and Guadagnoli, E., & Mor, V. (1989). ological Sciences and Medical Scienc- behavioral symptoms after breast Measuring cancer patients’ affect: es, 56(2), M97–M105. doi:10.1093/ cancer treatment: Do fatigue, Revision and psychometric prop- gerona/56.2.M97 depression, and sleep disturbance erties of the Profile of Mood States Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Sica, A., & share a common underlying mecha- (POMS). Psychological Assessment: Balkwill, F. (2008). Cancer-related nism? Journal of Clinical Oncology, A Journal of Consulting and Clin- inflammation. Nature, 454(7203), 29(26), 3517–3522. doi:10.1200/ ical Psychology, 1(2), 150–154. 436–444. doi:10.1038/nature07205 JCO.2011.36.1154 doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.2.150 Miller, G. E., & Blackwell, E. (2006). Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Pos- Hann, D. M., Jacobsen, P. B., Azza- Turning up the heat inflamma- itive psychological well-being and rello, L. M., Martin, S. C., Curran, tion as a mechanism linking mortality: A quantitative review of S. L., Fields, K. K., … Lyman, G. chronic stress, depression, and prospective observational studies. (1998). Measurement of fatigue heart disease. Current Directions Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(7), in cancer patients: Development in Psychological Science, 15(6), 741–756. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e- and validation of the Fatigue 269–272. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 31818105ba Symptom Inventory. Quality of 8721.2006.00450.x Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2006). Life Research: An International Papanicolaou, D. A., Wilder, R. L., Positive affect and health. Current Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Manolagas, S. C., & Chrousos, G. P. Directions in Psychological Science, Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, (1998). The pathophysiologic roles

18 WINTER 2014 of interleukin-6 in human disease. toms and outcome of cancer. Nature Annals of Internal Medicine, 128(2), Reviews Cancer, 8(11), 887–899. 127–137. doi:10.7326/0003-4819- doi:10.1038/nrc2507 128-2-199801150-00009 Soygur, H., Palaoglu, O., Akarsu, E. Pradhan, A., Manson, J., Rifai, N., S., Cankurtaran, E. S., Ozalp, E., Buring, J., & Ridker, P. (2001). C-re- Turhan, L., & Ayhan, I. H. (2007). active protein, interleukin 6, and Interleukin-6 levels and HPA axis risk of developing type 2 diabetes activation in breast cancer patients mellitus. JAMA, 286(3), 327–334. with major depressive disorder. doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 Progress in Neuro-Psychopharma- Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. cology and Biological Psychiatry, (2005). Does positive affect 31(6), 1242–1247. doi:10.1016/j. influence health? Psychologi- pnpbp.2007.05.001 cal Bulletin, 131(6), 925–971. Späth-Schwalbe, E., Hansen, K., doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 Schmidt, F., Schrezenmeier, H., Prinsloo, S., Wei, Q., Scott, S. M., Marshall, L., Burger, K., … Born, Tannir, N., Jonasch, E., Pisters, L., J. (1998). Acute effects of recom- Patricia Moreno is a Ph.D. candidate & Cohen, L. (2014). Psychological binant human interleukin-6 on in Clinical Psychology at UCLA. states, serum markers and surviv- endocrine and central nervous Her primary research interests are al: Associations and predictors of sleep functions in healthy men. The coping, emotion regulation, and survival in patients with renal cell Journal of Clinical Endocrinology ethnic minority status in the context carcinoma. Journal of Behavioral & Metabolism, 83(5), 1573–1579. of chronic illness and cancer as well Medicine, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10865- doi:10.1210/jcem.83.5.4795 as psychoneuroimmunology and 014-9578-1 Steptoe, A., O’Donnell, K., Badrick, E., pathways by which psychological Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex Kumari, M., & Marmot, M. (2008). factors influence pathological disease model of affect. Journal of Person- Neuroendocrine and inflammato- processes. Her dissertation aims to ality and Social Psychology, 39(6), ry factors associated with positive elucidate the function and biological 1161–1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714 affect in healthy men and women: correlates of positive emotions in the Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg The Whitehall II Study. American context of chronic stress and breast Love, G. (2004). Positive health: Journal of Epidemiology, 167(1), cancer. She is also currently training Connecting well–being with biolo- 96–102. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm252 at the Simms/Mann UCLA Center for gy. Philosophical Transactions of the Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2005). Pos- Integrative Oncology where she provides Royal Society of London. Series B: Bi- itive affect and biological function psychotherapeutic services to cancer ological Sciences, 359(1449), 1383– in everyday life. Neurobiology of patients and their family members. 1394. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1521 Aging, 26(1, Supplement), 108– Schroevers, M. J., Sanderman, R., 112. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolag- Sonderen, E. van, & Ranchor, A. ing.2005.08.016 V. (2000). The evaluation of the Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The Center for Epidemiologic Stud- PANAS-X: Manual for the positive ies Depression (CES-D) scale: and negative affect schedule-ex- Depressed and positive affect panded form. in cancer patients and healthy Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. reference subjects. Quality of (1988). Development and valida- Life Research, 9(9), 1015–1029. tion of brief measures of positive doi:10.1023/A:1016673003237 and negative affect: The PANAS Sepah, S. C., & Bower, J. E. (2009). scales. Journal of Personality and So- Positive affect and inflamma- cial Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. tion during radiation treatment doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 for breast and prostate cancer. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23(8), 1068–1072. doi:10.1016/j. bbi.2009.06.149 Seruga, B., Zhang, H., Bernstein, L. J., & Tannock, I. F. (2008). Cytokines and their relationship to the symp-

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 19 Gloria Lourenço. (AN) CA.CT4.0.492 (1908)

20 WINTER 2014 Murdering Mothers Infanticide, Madness, and the Law, Rio de Janeiro, 1890-1940

BY CASSIA ROTH

n 1923, the Rio de Janeiro pub- lic prosecutor charged twenty- Ifive-year-old Portuguese immi- grant Maria de Jesus for the crimes of both abortion and infanticide.1 Maria stated that she had miscarried a five-month-old fetus at the Eunice Hotel where she worked as a maid. She then disposed of the cadaver by cutting off its head, flushing the body down the toilet, and throwing the head into the backyard. The police investigation found that Maria had recently given birth and that the child was full term. The prosecutor pressed charges despite the legal discrepancies inherent in accusing Maria of both abortion, which implied the expulsion of a dead fetus, and infanticide, which required a live birth and then death. The prosecutor condemned Maria by highlighting her lack of maternal instincts. “The accused, demonstrat- ing not to possess any vestiges of maternal sentiment…killed the fruit of her womb…” In her statement Maria emphasized her confused mental state 1. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Brazilian Studies Association (BRASA) Conference in London, UK on August 20-23, 2014. All translations are mine unless otherwise noted. (AN) CT, Cx.1978 N.1036 (1923).

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 21 after the delivery. Her defense lawyers Penal Code. While the medical and fluenced Article 27§4. The article also highlighted her altered mental legal professions harshly condemned said: “The following [persons] are not capabilities. The presiding judge infanticide, and the 1890 Penal Code criminals: Those who are found to pronounced the prosecutor’s argument criminalized women for the practice, be in a state of complete deprivation without basis (improcedente) and ab- the application of the law proved of the senses and intellect (privação solved Maria de Jesus of all charges. more irregular in its understanding of de sentidos e inteligência) in the act The judge argued that the court could responsibility. The law required that of committing the crime.”6 People not charge Maria for both abortion infanticide be punished, yet I suggest who were “mentally disturbed” when and infanticide at the same time, and that its custodians were reluctant to do they committed the crime could be Maria de Jesus went free. I argue that so. Punishment came from the gossip absolved. Now an act’s “criminality” Maria’s fate demonstrates a larger and denunciation that led to a police depended on the person and their legal trend in infanticide cases in the investigation and the social shame that mental state. This is how a woman Rio de Janeiro courts: the persistent followed the trial. found guilty of committing infanticide gap between the letter of the law codi- To understand the nature of this but found acting under a disturbance fied in the crime of infanticide (Ar- breach between law and practice, we of the senses was subsequently ab- ticle 298 of the 1890 Penal Code, in must examine the legal definition of solved of the crime. The momentary effect until 1940) and its application infanticide in the 1890 Penal Code. “deprivation of the senses” argument, in infanticide trials. Maria de Jesus is Article 298 declared “To kill a new- accepted by the jury, was the man- just one of the many women who al- born, this is, an infant, in the first ner in which women often escaped legedly practiced infanticide that was seven days of its life, by employing punishment for infanticide. They were found not guilty or was absolved. direct and active methods, or by deny- found guilty of killing their newborn This legal breach, which existed ing the victim the care necessary for child but were absolved on acting on multiple levels, worked in favor the maintenance of life and to prevent in this altered state. Women were of women who practiced infanticide. its death.”4 Prison time ranged from most often not held responsible for Most basically, the judicial system’s 6 to 24 years. The law also referred killing their newborn child, and thus inefficiencies prevented these cases to honor. A woman charged under the the honor clause—or the reduction from going to trial. Turn-of-the-twen- first paragraph of Article 298 faced in prison time—was unnecessary. tieth-century Brazil hoped to erase reduced prison time: between 3 to 9 The Penal Code through Article 27§4 its history of slavery and monarchy years. “If the crime was perpetrated created a space for infanticide to through the modernization of the by the mother to hide her own dishon- go unpunished, and the practice of legal system.2 But these attempts or.” The “defense of honor”—here the the law took full advantage of this were frustrated by an overworked dishonor brought on by a child born gap. The defense’s utilization of this and understaffed court system.3 More out of wedlock—was an explicit part clause for acquittals was not specific specifically, when the courts did pros- of infanticide law in the 1890 Penal to infanticide, however. Men accused ecute women for infanticide, the jury Code.5 It reduced the prison time. But of “crimes of passion,” or the murder acquitted the women. this clause was not as important as of their wives, were also absolved In fact, juries either found women the idea of mental instability in the under this article.7 However, jurists not guilty or acquitted them for acting application of the law. 6. In 1922, this was modified to read “disturbance of the senses,” (perturbação de sentidos) which proved in an altered mental state, an idea The Penal Code indirectly allowed a “useless modification,” as it did not change the application of the law. This change was Decreto included in Article 27§4 of the 1890 for the complete decriminalization of N.4780, 27 Dezembro 1923, Art. 38. Antonio José da Costa e Silva, Codigo Penal dos Estados Unidos do 2. Amy Chazkel, Laws of Chance: Brazil’s Clandestine infanticide through the positivist-in- Brasil commentado, vol. 1 (São Paulo: Companhia Lottery and the Making of Urban Public Life (Durham, Editora Nacional, 1930), 194. NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 27. 7. Susan K. Besse, “Crimes of Passion: The Campaign 4. João Vieira de Araujo, O Codigo Penal interpretado, 3. This inefficiency is not particular to fertility control Against Wife Killing in Brazil, 1910-1940,” Journal vol. 2 (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1902), 2. cases. See Ibid., 5, 90, 254. Keith S. Rosenn argues of Social History 22, no. 4 (Summer 1989): 653–66; 5. This phrase is taken from Sueann Caulfield, In that “bureaucratic red tape” dates back to the colonial Magali Gouveia Engel, “Paixão, crime e relações de Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and period in Brazil. “Brazil’s Legal Culture: The Jeito gênero (Rio de Janeiro, 1890-1930),” Topoi, no. 1 Nation in Early-Twentieth Century Brazil (Durham, NC: Revisited,” Florida International Law Journal 1, no. 1 (2000): 153–77; Rachel Soihet, Condição feminina e Duke University Press, 2000). (Fall 1984): 10, 35–37. formas de violência: mulheres pobres e ordem urbana,

22 WINTER 2014 A map of where Gloria Lourenço’s infant was found. (AN) CA.CT4.0.492 (1908)

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 23 Laura Sobral. (MJ) RG.13243 Cx.1403 (1902)

24 WINTER 2014 criticized the use of Article 27§4 in instincts. For example, in the 1892 reason. She was absolved. crimes of passion cases but supported trial of Celina de Souza, the pros- Similar to the prosecution, the its utilization in infanticide trials.8 ecutor declared that Celina was a defense utilized notions of honor This research is based on 18 in- “criminal woman (parturiente)…a in an effort to reduce possible pris- fanticide trials under the 1890 Penal barbaric, cruel and inhumane on time, but they also relied heav- Code. Only nine cases made it to a woman, that robbed the life of her ily on the idea of a disturbance of jury trial. Five of the cases never went own newborn child.”12 She was the senses, employing Article 27§4. to trial due to bureaucratic delays. charged with Article 298 without Laura Sobral’s defense lawyer Three were incomplete and one, the the honor clause. While the judge declared that she was unaware case of Maria de Jesus, was declared issued an arrest warrant, Celina that she had been pregnant and unfounded (improcedente). Of the disappeared and the case never that she had lost consciousness nine that did go to trial, in four cases, went to trial. The district police during the birth. When she awoke, the jury found the woman not guilty chief in Laura Sobral’s 1902 infan- she found the dead infant next of committing infanticide.9 In three ticide trial argued that she threw to her.15 Her lawyer argued that cases, the woman was found guilty of her newborn child into a neigh- “The patient was in the complete infanticide but absolved for acting in boring yard both to “conceal her impossibility to render assistance a mentally altered state.10 In only one shame,” and “due to [her] lack of to the newborn because she was case was the young girl found guilty maternal affections.”13 The public alone and without reason when the of infanticide and not found acting prosecutor agreed with the district unhappy child was born…” Gloria in a mentally altered state.11 Because police chief. Laura had acted “in Lourenço’s defense lawyer had the public prosecutor charged her the certain intention of hiding her the difficult position of defend- under the honor clause of Article 298 dishonor.” She was charged under ing a woman who had allegedly and asked for the lightest sentence, the honor clause of Article 298. decapitated and dismembered her Helena Teixeira spent the minimal But the jury found her not guilty of newborn child. He argued that the time in prison, three years. In Rio de killing her child. child had only been mutilated after Janeiro infanticide cases, women were In the scandalous 1908 trial of its death, when Gloria had acted most likely to be found not guilty or Gloria Lourenço da Silva, in which under “a complete perturbation, or absolved. Gloria confessed to decapitating even, a privation of the senses and To convince the jury of a wom- and dismembering her newborn of reason.” an’s criminal responsibility, the child, although one she declared The defense’s use of the loss of prosecution relied on two strate- a stillbirth, the public prosecutor reason, encapsulated in Article gies: honor and motherhood. The condemned Gloria for her lack 27§4 of the 1890 Penal Code, and, prosecution either sympathetically of maternal instincts.14 He argued more importantly, the jury’s accep- emphasized with a woman’s efforts that Gloria “practiced the infanticide, tance of this argument, had serious to hide her dishonor or harshly revealing an unedited ferocity. The implications for the re-definition of condemned the infanticide as a evidence of the crime practiced by infanticide in the 1940 Penal Code, rejection of the woman’s maternal the accused is complete and reveals still in effect today. The crime of 1890-1920 (Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, infanticide changed to include the 1989), 279, 287, 299–300. the cynicism with which she pro- 8. For critiques see Besse, “Crimes of Passion,” 658; concept of post-partum madness Engel, “Paixão, crime e relações de gênero,” 168–169. ceeded…” But the prosecution still For support in infanticide cases see, da Costa e Silva, charged her under the honor clause. or what was earlier defined as a Codigo Penal, 1:198; Galdino Siqueira, Direito Penal brazileiro, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Rio de Janeiro: Livraria The jury found Gloria guilty of infan- momentary loss of reason as the Jacyntho, 1932), 350. 9. (MJ) RG.13243 Cx.1403 (1902); (MJ) RG.13244 ticide to hide her dishonor, but that only circumstance under which the Cx.1403 (1903); (AN) CA.CT4.0.376 (1907); (MJ) RG.4382 Cx.577 (1910). she had acted in a momentary lapse of crime could be committed. Arti- 10. (AN) CA.CT4.0492 (1908); (TJRJ) Cx.01.722.639- 9 Pos.7.G6.S5.1438 (1911); (MJ) RG.13245 Cx.1403 cle 123 of the 1940 Code stated 12. (AN) 0I.0.PCR.3075 (1892). (1904). 13. (MJ), RG.13243 Cx.1403 (1904). 11. (TJRJ) Cx.01.803.478-01 Pos.G4.S8.2336 (1912). 14. (AN) CA.CT4.0492 (1908). 15. (MJ) RG.13243 Cx.1403 (1902).

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 25 “To kill, under the influence of the an spent in prison. While the honor post-partum state, one’s own child, clause hypothetically allowed for a during or immediately after the reduction in the sentence, infanticide birth.” The prison time ranged cases rarely arrived at guilty verdicts. from one to six years. In other While the honor clause played a role words, after 1940, only a mother in forming the views of the court and acting in a “post-partum state,” im- the public, in terms of judicial deci- plying irrationality, could commit sions, the woman’s mental state was infanticide. Otherwise it would be more important. The removal of the considered homicide. While schol- honor clause in the 1940 Code reflects ars have successfully argued that the less important position it played the 1940 redefinition of the crime in judicial decisions under the earlier of infanticide reduced it to a moth- 1890 Code. Cassia Paigen Roth is a Ph.D. Candidate in History with a er acting in a state of post-partum So what does this tell us about legal Concentration in Gender Studies at irrationality, they have not demon- practice and gender roles during Bra- UCLA. Her dissertation highlights strated the legal practice behind zil’s modernization process? Scholars how the intersection of medicine, state that change.16 Jurists in their re-writ- have demonstrated the importance of formation, and women’s reproductive experiences was central to Brazilian ing of the Penal Code eliminated the women’s honor in forming the family, modernization. Cassia argues that main caveat that defense lawyers used the basis of the “new” Brazilian na- turn-of-the-century Rio de Janeiro to absolve their clients. By redefining tion.18 The medical and legal profes- saw the creation of a criminal the crime of infanticide as occurring sions viewed women’s honor—based culture surrounding pregnancy and only in a state of post-partum irratio- on their sexuality (or their fidelity childbirth, which situated poor women on the margins of the one nality, the 1940 Penal Code erased within marriage and their virginity role the Brazilian state considered the one avenue women had for being outside of it)—as so important it must appropriate for women: motherhood. acquitted. After 1940, it was possible be written into law. However, in in- The discourse on what constituted for more women to be condemned. fanticide trials honor played a less im- normative motherhood—based on class and race—influenced how the portant role than medical discourses Post-partum madness was explicitly state criminalized fertility control part of the crime and thus could not be on women’s behavior, such as the idea and treated pregnancy in general. She used as an exception. of post-partum madness. If we expand received the Penny Kanner Dissertation The 1940 Code also erased the out discussion beyond infanticide to Research Award in 2014. honor clause for infanticide. But this include abortion, we find that honor had less of an impact on the actual also did not play a major role in legal sentencing of women in the 1890 decisions under the 1890 Penal Code. Code than the idea of post-partum Although the conservative ruling elite irrationality. In only one case was the dominated public discussions of hon- woman, Helena, found guilty of com- or, an important gap existed between mitting infanticide and not found as perceptions of Brazil’s social norms acting in a state of deprivation.17 Thus, and their reality. in only this case did the honor clause 18. Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The reduce the amount of time the wom- Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 16. Fabíola Rohden, A arte de enganar a natureza: 1996); Caulfield, In Defense of Honor; Martha de Abreu contracepção, aborto e infanticídio no início do século XX Esteves, Meninas perdidas: os populares e o cotidiano do (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2003), 140. amor no Rio de Janeiro da Belle Époque (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1989); Soihet, Condição feminina e formas 17. (TJRJ) Cx.01.803.478-01 Pos.G4.S8.2336 (1912). de violência.

26 WINTER 2014 UCLA Center for the Study of Women 27 28 WINTER 2014 Lessons from Disability and Gender Studies for the K-12 Classroom

BY ANGELICA MUÑOZ

HIS PAST SUMMER I WAS given support and mentorship in nephew endured. Observing his fortunate to attend the Insti- advocating for the injustices I am difficulties and my family’s strug- tute for the Recruitment of most passionate about from the IRT gles in alleviating them, motivated TTeachers’ (IRT) summer workshop faculty and my colleagues. I often me to learn about scholarship in in Andover, Massachusetts. My found myself discussing in seminar the field. “A lecture in the “Bodies” summer was filled with challenges on the inequities that students with seminar by Michelle Erai, Associ- and motivation from the IRT as I disabilities endure in the educa- ate Professor in the Department of participated in a rigorous graduate tional system. Moreover, my IRT Gender Studies at UCLA provided preparatory program with a group experience stimulated me to deeply me with a critical understanding of talented and passionate indi- reflect on my entire undergradu- of “violence” and how it pertains viduals dedicated to dismantling ate experience in particular, my to societal views on disability. In educational disparities and creat- community work, research involve- the class, I began to understand ing an equitable society. My days ments, and those who have helped how disability is often understood consisted of graduate-like seminars me along my educational journey from a medical diagnosis and thus, and facilitation on dense theory, at UCLA. Most significantly, the IRT a limited understanding of disabil- which challenged me academical- provided me with an opportunity to ity prevails (Kluth 1). Moreover, I ly and personally. Furthermore, critically contemplate on my future learned people with disabilities are I received feedback from the IRT profession as a public school teach- using a social rights model for un- faculty, which allowed me to reflect er and why to implement theory derstanding disability. This model on my teaching methodology and into my practice. My engagement critiques the social and physical practices as a future educator. with my peers and faculty encour- barriers that produce inequality for Engaging with challenging text aged me to me reflect on readings individuals with disabilities. The not only helped prepare my peers I encountered in my gender studies social rights model also construes and me for the rigors of graduate classes. Specific text that I read in disability is a social construction study but served as a reminder to my courses influenced my thought (2). our motivations for pursuing higher process about K-12 education, par- Through Erai’s mentorship I education. ticularly in regard to students with was fortunate to meet scholars in My summer days in Andover also disabilities. the fields of special education and consisted of inspirational presen- I became interested in the field disability studies. She introduced tations and discussions from IRT of disability studies after my family me to Juliann Anesi, who is a doc- faculty and special guests. I was and I witnessed the challenges my toral student in Special Education

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 29 Often unchallenged, it is under- learned that the school’s historical stood as “standard” for educating information was poorly document- students with disabilities. To un- ed. Because of sexist ideologies derstand and learn more about the about gender, school officials history of segregating students with believed that young women were disabilities from general education permanently “morally corrupt- classrooms, I pursued historical ed” and could not be “reformed” research on California’s juvenile (Chávez-García 10). As a result, the justice system from young women. presence and history of the young During my senior year, I con- women was inadequately docu- ducted a research project for my se- mented in school records (10). nior thesis under the faculty men- In my research, I analyzed the torship of Erai and Grace Hong, form of “care” that was provided Associate Professor in the depart- in the school. Hong fostered and ments of Gender Studies and Asian encouraged my curiosity for criti- Juliann Anesi left) with Angelica Muñoz American Studies. My research cally examining the notion of “care” focused on California’s first female in the reformatory. Throughout at Syracuse University. Juliann has reformatory school, the Ventura my research, I noticed that specific provided invaluable mentorship School for Girls (VSG) and its es- forms of “care,” punishment, and in support of my work and path to tablishment during the Progressive curriculum were used to “help graduate school. Through Juliann’s Era in Los Angeles (1910-1920). rehabilitate” young women. The mentorship I have been able to Founded during at time in the early majority of these practices were de- further reflect on how the social twentieth-century when the eu- humanizing. The young women en- model of disability can help to genics movement was influential, dured various forms of institutional elucidate the educational inequality the school was established for the and gender-based violence from that students in special education “reformation” of young women. reformatory officials. Conducting endure (Gallagher et al 1). My methodology for this proj- research on the VSG allowed me Through the resources that ect was archival analysis, which I to understand that studying and Juliann provided, I learned about learned about in “African American addressing educational disparities special education history. In 1975 Women’s History,” a class taught by requires a multidisciplinary lens. the Education of All Handicapped Sarah Haley, an Assistant Profes- Throughout my research I realized Children Act was passed to allow sor in the departments of Gender I gained a critical understanding of children with disabilities to receive Studies and African American Stud- special education by analyzing the a free education (Connor and Ferri ies. The class provided me with a field through various theoretical 63). Before 1975, more than 3 unique opportunity of understand- concepts coming from disability, million children with disabilities ing the limitations and significance feminist, and postcolonial studies. received poor educational services of utilizing historical documents for Furthermore, this project would (63). Additionally, 1 million did not understanding American society. have not been complete if it were receive any educational services Furthermore, I was first exposed not for the helpful mentorship and (63). Despite advocacy efforts to to conducting archival research in resources I received from Miroslava ensure an equitable education, Erai’s seminar, “Queer Things.” In Chávez-García, who is a Professor students with disabilities are taught the seminar, my colleagues and and Vice-Chair in the Department in separate classrooms (Erevelles I analyzed artifacts through var- of Chicana and Chicano Studies at 25). It is estimated that there are ious theoretical lenses. The class UC Santa Barbara. Chávez-García over five million students with provided me with the supplemen- shared with me valuable informa- disabilities who are being taught in tary support I needed to conduct tion on the school, which provided self-contained classrooms and kept historical archival research on the me with a historical and social in isolation from their peers (25). VSG. As I continued my research, I understanding of the reformatory.

30 WINTER 2014 I was fortunate to present my re- about working in the community search on the VSG with the support and with my colleagues. of Erai, Hong, and the Department Throughout my participation of Gender Studies at the Society for in the M.E.N.T.E. program, I was Disabilities Studies (SDS) Confer- fortunate to work with youth as ence in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in they prepared for higher education. June of 2014. I first learned about My mentoring sessions consisted the SDS conference from Anesi. of discussing college life and how Attending the SDS conference to navigate institutions of higher allowed me to network and meet education with young women and scholars in disability and special men. Furthermore, my colleagues education studies. Attending the and I received instrumental men- Recipient of the CSW Constance Coiner conference was a delightful expe- torship from Antonio Martínez, a Award in 2014, Angelica Muñoz (shown rience. I was able to learn about former graduate student. Martínez above with her mother) graduated emerging issues and research in provided workshops on the signifi- with a degree in Gender Studies and a both disciplines and about disabil- cance of critically reflecting on our minor in Labor and Workplace Studies ity history and the disability rights role as mentors and our engage- in June of 2014. Her honors project analyzed the educational curriculum at movement. ment with the high-school students. the California School for Girls during Throughout my undergraduate My undergraduate experiences the early twentieth century in Los experience, I have also been priv- have substantially influenced my Angeles. While at UCLA, she was also ileged to engage with the Los Ange- goals. I am working in an elemen- involved in the M.E.N.T.E. program and les community. I was a part of the tary school. With assistance from Community Programs Office Student Mentors Empowering and Nurtur- the IRT program, I am applying to Association. With the motivation from ing through Education (M.E.N.T.E.) graduate school programs in edu- her family she plans to pursue graduate study in education with a focus on at UCLA program and the Com- cation. I am so grateful for the ex- disability studies. munity Programs Office Student periences and opportunities that I Association (CPOSA). The CPOSA have been fortunate to receive and supports the development of 30 to those who I have met along my REFERENCES “student-initiated and student run” educational journey. I am especially Chávez-García, Mirsoslava. organizations within the Communi- thankful to the UCLA Center for the States of Delinquency: Race and Science ty Service Learning Center (CSLC). Study of Women for providing me in the Making of California’s Juvenile Jus- tice System. Berkeley and Los Angeles: The CSLC is housed in the Com- with an opportunity to share my The University of California Press, 2012. munity Programs Office, a campus work with the UCLA community. Print. Connor, David J., and Beth A. Ferri. “The entity. These organizations are All these experiences—in academia Conflict Within: Resistance to Inclusion located within the fields of health, and in the community—have and Other Paradoxes in Special Educa- education, and social justice. positively influenced my practices tion.” Disability & Society 22.1 (2007): 63-77. Print. M.E.N.T.E. is a mentoring and tu- as a future educator. Reflecting on Erevelles, Nirmala. “Educating Unruly toring program for high-school stu- these experiences has made me Bodies: Critical Pedagogy, Disability dents in South Los Angeles and is realize the importance of inclusive Studies, and the Politics of Schooling.” Educational Theory: 25-47. Print. part of the education group in the education and ensuring all students Gallagher, Deborah J., David J. Connor, CPOSA. Through my involvement, have access to the general curric- and Beth A. Ferri. “Beyond the Far Too I received mentorship and support ulum. I hope to continue carrying Incessant Schism: Special Education and the Social Model of Disability.” Inter- from Vusi Azania and Ashley Long Constance Coiner’s vision of social national Journal of Inclusive Education in leadership skills and community change and use the classroom as a (2014): 2-23. International Journal of Inclusive Education. Web. 10 June. 2014. work in Los Angeles. These two in- space to promote and inspire stu- Kluth, Paula. “Toward a Social Model of spired, challenged, and encouraged dents with a critical understanding Disability.” Disability Studies for Teachers me to think creatively and critically about the world in which they live. (2006): 1-2. Print.

UCLA Center for the Study of Women 31 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Rachel Lee Associate Professor, English and Gender Studies ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Pamela Crespin, Ph.D. MANAGING EDITOR Brenda Johnson-Grau ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Liliya Tepper ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIALIST Kimberlee Granholm THINKING GENDER COORDINATOR Chien-Ling Liu ASSISTANTS Bessie Sanchez, Gerleroz Exconde, Isabel Melendez, Radhika Mehlotra, Paola Navar- ro, Sally Marquez, and Skye Allmang.

UCLA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN 1500 Public Affairs Building/Box 957222 Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222 campus mailcode: 722203 www.csw.csw.ucla.edu [email protected] • [email protected]

ON THE COVER: Featured in this issue are top row from left to right, Talitha LeFlouria, Angelica Muñoz, mIddle row from left to right, Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Amber Jamilla Musser, Cassia Paigen Roth, Grace Hong; bottom row from left to right, Jennifer Monti, Patrcia Moreno

32 WINTER 2014 Blog posts

Rebecca M. Herzig, keynote speaker for Thinking Gender 2015, Skye Allmang, 4/7/2015 Thinking Gender 2015, Chien-Ling Liu, 3/18/2015 Kath Weston, 2/17/2015 Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret (2014), 2/10/2015 New Directions in Black Feminism Studies: Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, 2/3/2015 New Directions In Black Feminism Studies: Talitha LeFlouria, 2/3/2015 New Directions in Black Feminist Studies: Amber Jamilla Musser, 2/3/2015 Angela L. Robinson, Dana M. Linda, 1/7/2015 Thinking Gender 2015, Chien-Ling Liu, 11/13/2014 Sonia Henríquez, 11/5/2014 Queers w/o Borders: 2014 UCLA Queer Graduate Student Conference, Min Joo Lee, 11/1/2014 Banu Subramaniam, Devin Beecher, 10/16/2014 From Chiapas to the UN: Women in the Struggle for Indigenous Rights, 10/2/2014

Videocasts

Life (Un) Ltd Deboleena Roy Banu Subramaniam

Women's Activism and International Human Rights: Margarita Gutierrez Sonia Henríquez

New Directions in Black Feminist Studies Tiffany Willoughby-Herard Talitha LeFlouria Amber Jamilla Musser

Thinking Gender 2015 The HeLa Bomb and the Science of Unveiling The Politics of Ignorance: Occupational Health, Material Bodies, and Breast Cancer Gender and the Dead in St. Giles Cripplegate Redefining ‘Virgin Birth’ After Kaguya: Mammalian Parthenogenesis in Experimental Biology Women in Revolt: from the French Revolution to #GamerGate “Parenting is not a job… it’s a relationship”: Recognition and Relational Knowledge... Everyday Developers: Amateur Game Development on the Borders of Industry Gendered Pathways to Hire: Employer Trade-offs and Candidate Gender in the Hiring Decision The Butlerian Parody, A Political Liberation of Bodies? Keep Love Strong: Iams, Homecoming, and Heteronormativity The Teasing Commodity: Navigating Subject and Object in the Sexual Economy of Neo-Burlesque Inserting Stereotypes: Human, Companion Species & Testicles The Right to a Mad Mind: A Conversation of Medical Knowledge and... Ready for Combat: Women and Militarized Armed Struggle in Southern Africa Hegemonic Masculinity and Motherhood in South Korea: The Sewol Incident as a “Women Issue” Making Docile ‘Female’ Bodies: Biopower and Virginity Examinations in Turkey “We” are All Terrorists: Scripting Affects in Airport Space Body Trouble: Female Embodiment and the Subversion of Iran’s Gender Norms in Mania Akbari’s Cinema Creating and Contemplating (In)visibilities: The Challenge of ‘Coming Out’ as Cosmetically Altered Contemporary Chinese Women Intellectuals: Recipient and Source of Empowerment Mélange of Voices: Female Candidates of 2014 Election in Aceh Reclaiming Representation: A Disruption of American Indian (Women) Tropes in Julie... From the Rags to Riches: The Class, Status, and Power of Clothing among Ancient Maya Women The Limits of Political Thought: Tactics, Consumption, and Resistance... How to Have a Theory of Queer Blood The Taboo Issue: Black Queerness, Privacy, and Collective Memory in Sports Queering Dracula's Red Lips 'I'm Becoming a Dude': Sarah Silverman and the (Mis)Appropriation of the Male Body Counseling Blind: Consciousness-raising and the Creation of New Intervention... Project Home Los Angeles: Gender-responsive Training by, and for, Women with... Weapons of the Weak: Female Activists in Hong Kong Umbrella Movement Everybody's Right to Their Own Fantasy: Korean Television Dramas and Their Fan- Made Videos Reconfiguring a Perfect Butch Idol from a Homoeroticized West in Online Chinese Queer Gossip Women's Rights in Public Address: A Feminist Rhetorical Analysis

Appendix 7. Staff and Personnel

Last Name First Name Payroll Title Primary % of Start Date End Assignment or Time Date Project Academic Exempt Marchant Elizabeth Director Administrator Stipend 7/1/14 12/31/1 4 Lee Rachel Associate Director Life (Un)Ltd 20% 7/1/14 3/31/15 Lee Rachel Director Administrator 33% 4/1/15 6/30/15

Professional Staff Crespin Pamela Assistant Director Administrator 100% 7/1/14 5/31/15 I, Supervisor Personnel & Payroll

Nighman Bret Management Administrator 25% 4/1/15 5/31/15 Services Officer II Personnel & Payroll

Do-Nguyen Van Sr Administrative Advisor 20% 7/1/14 7/31/14 Analyst Fiscal Management Personnel & Payroll

Granholm Kimberlee Program Event 60% 7/1/14 6/30/15 Representative I Programming Johnson-Grau Brenda Senior Editor Publications 50% 7/1/14 6/30/15 Teper Liliya Administrative Fiscal Management 100% 7/1/14 6/30/15 Specialist Magpayo Kristina Management Administrator 100% 6/1/15 6/30/15 Services Officer II Personnel & Payroll

Student Employees Allmang Skye GSR III Publications 24% 7/1/14 9/30/14 Allmang Skye GSR IV Publications 24% 10/1/14 5/31/15 Kumar Mahati GSR III Publications 24% 10/31/14 12/31/1 4 Tran Sharon GSR II Research Support 15% 7/1/14 9/30/14

Tran Sharon GSR V Research Support 15% 10/1/14 6/30/15

Liu Chien-Ling GSR VI Thinking Gender 25% 10/1/14 12/31/1 Coordinator 4 Liu Chien-Ling GSR VI Thinking Gender 50% 1/1/15 3/31/15 Coordinator Liu Chien-Ling GSR VI Thinking Gender 25% 4/1/15 6/30/15 Coordinator Mehlotra Radhika GSR III Life (Un)Ltd 25% 10/1/14 6/30/15 Exconde Gerleroz Clerk General Office 49% 7/1/14 6/30/15 Buenrostro Eliana Assistant I Work General Office 49% 6/27/14 9/30/14 Study Buenrostro Eliana Assistant I Work General Office 13% 10/1/14 1/31/15 Study Jo Yoonhee Student III General Office 13% 9/13/14 6/30/15 Marquez Sally Assistant I Work NEH/Mazer 50% 7/1/14 9/30/14 Study Marquez Sally Assistant I Work Events 13% 10/1/14 6/30/15 Study Publications Melendez Isabel Assistant I Work General Office 13% 10/1/14 6/30/15 Study Navarro- Gallegos Paola Assistant I Work Publications 49% 6/27/14 9/30/14 Study Navarro- Gallegos Paola Assistant I Work Publications 13% 10/1/14 6/30/15 Study

Appendix 8. Fiscal Summary

ACCOUNT/FUND INFORMATION 444071 Accounts Faculty Support, Contracts & Grants Beginning Remaining & UC Funding Fund Balance Expenses Balance Kathleen McHugh, Women in LA Project 05399 $3,405.00 $3,405.00 $- Rachel Lee 19933 $11,528.10 $5,156.66 $6,371.44 Elizabeth Marchant 05399 $16,390.76 $16,390.76 $- Patricia Greenfield, Weaving Generations (Spencer Fdn grant) 79720 $7,581.16 $297.79 $7,283.37

444074 Accounts Beginning Remaining CSW Operations/Administration Fund Balance Expenses Balance 19900 Academic 19900 $40,058.36 $40,058.36 $- 19933 Academic 19933 $11,882.34 $11,882.01 $0.33 19900 Operations 19900 $260,086.06 $249,742.50 $10,343.56 19933 Operations 19933 $59,061.24 $22,332.99 $36,728.25 19935 Operations 19935 $32,672.52 $23,682.95 $8,989.57 69996 Operations 69996 $- $- $-

Beginning Remaining CSW Operations/Programs Fund Balance Expenses Balance 05399 Funds 05399 $4,506.27 $329.47 $4,176.80 19900 Funds 19900 $10,856.45 $2,128.80 $8,727.65 19933 Funds 19933 $79,745.81 $48,829.91 $30,915.90 19935 Funds 19935 $3,250.00 $3,250.00 $- Operations/Special Workshop Fund, Office of Faculty Diversity 19900 $10,856.45 $2,128.80 $8,727.65 Conferences/Life Unltd 19933 $8,644.18 $3,194.74 $5,449.44

Beginning Remaining CSW Publications Fund Balance Expenses Balance 19933 Funds 19933 $4,000.00 $4,000.00 $-

Beginning Remaining CSW Development Fund Balance Expenses Balance The Irving & Jean Stone Graduate Fellowship Fund (student prizes) 13216 $1,000.00 $1,000.00 $- Patricia Zukow-Goldring, Caregiver Research 42647 $5,686.53 $883.16 $4,803.37 The UCLA Fdn/Meridel Le Sueur 50396 $3,786.79 $2,999.48 $787.31 The UCLA Fdn/Travel Grant Fund 52386 $606.97 $606.97 $- The UCLA Fdn/Tillie Olsen Fund 52753 $1,366.84 $1,366.84 $- The UCLA Fdn/Faculty Research Fund 53380 $426.29 $- $426.29 The UCLA Fdn/Penny & Ed Kanner Fund (student prizes) 56024 $2,000.00 $2,000.00 $- The UCLA Fdn/Estrin Family Lecture Series 56579 $136.83 $- $136.83 The UCLA Fdn/Twin Pines Travel Grant Fund 56580 $6,899.89 $5,350.00 $1,549.89 The UCLA Fdn/CSW Innovation Fund 55562 $2,631.10 $1,399.47 $1,231.63 Various Donors 53073 $2,456.35 $- $2,456.35

Beginning Remaining CSW Conference Fund Fund Balance Expenses Balance CSW Conference Income Fund 266174 $480.14 $480.14 $- CSW Conference Expenses Fund 66174 $480.14 $- $480.14

774074 Accounts CSW Operations/Undergraduate Beginning Remaining Fellowships Fund Balance Expenses Balance Various Donors 53073 $1,000.00 $- $1,000.00 The UCLA Fdn/Penny & Ed Kanner Fund 56024 $- $- $- The UCLA Fdn/Constance Coiner Fund 56406 $2,250.00 $2,250.00 $-

784074 Accounts CSW Operations/Graduate Beginning Remaining Fellowships Fund Balance Expenses Balance The Irving & Jean Stone Graduate Fellowship Fund 13216 $180,681.52 $6,005.00 $174,676.52 The Jean Stone Regents Fund 34539 $1,803.05 $- $1,803.05 The UCLA Fdn/Jean Stone Fund 56114 $6,000.00 $6,000.00 $- The UCLA Fdn/CSW Innovation Fund 55562 $- $- $- The UCLA Fdn/Penny & Ed Kanner Fund 56024 $3,000.00 $3,000.00 $- The UCLA Fdn/Constance Coiner Fund 56406 $3,000.00 $3,000.00 $-

Beginning Remaining Work-Study Funds Fund Balance Expenses Balance President's Work-Study Program 19971 $2,607.00 $2,607.00 $- Operations/Federal Work-Study Program 23497 $- $- $- Academic/Federal Work-Study Program 23497 $- $- $- Federal Work-Study FY13/14 Johnson 6/14 23493 $(42.00) $(42.00) $- Federal Work-Study FY13/14 Johnson 6/15 23472 $2,636.71 $2,679.58 $(42.87) Graduate Master's Program 6/15 23474 $9,966.56 $9,966.56 $-

Appendix 9. Development Funds

Fund Title Beginning Income & New Realized Transfer To Ending Balance Contributions Gain/Loss & University & Expenditure Balance Adjustments Adjustments

Endowment Regental - Principal CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF $15,229.22 $- $1,110.87 $(1,526.40) $- $14,813.69 WOMEN STONE, IRVING & JEAN GRAD $1,954,305.28 $- $20,878.17 $(74,201.86) $- STDT FLSHP $1,900,981.5 9 Subtotals $1,969,534.50 $- $21,989.04 $(75,728.26) $- $1,915,795.2 8

Endowment Regental - Income STONE, IRVING & JEAN GRAD $193,141.47 $26,505.15 $- $62,308.18 $18,200.03 $263,754.77 STDT FLSHP CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF $1,808.35 $545.02 $- $1,281.88 $- $3,635.25 WOMEN Subtotals $194,949.82 $27,050.17 $- $63,590.06 $18,200.03 $267,390.02

Current Expenditure - Regental GOULD FOUNDATION- $- $- $- $- $- $- NORBERG/INDEF TILLIE OLSEN RESEARCH $5,686.53 $- $- $- $883.16 $4,803.37 SCHOLARS VARIOUS DONORS- $3,456.35 $- $- $- $- $3,456.35 DIRECTOR INDEF Subtotals $9,142.88 $- $- $- $883.16 $8,259.72

Endowment Foundation UCLA FDN/PENNY & ED $111,069.12 $4,824.58 $2,208.22 $- $5,000.00 $113,101.92 KANNER PRIZE FUND UCLA FDN/JEAN STONE $128,651.40 $6,378.03 $2,919.25 $- $6,042.00 $131,906.68 FUND UCLA FDN/THE CONSTANCE $54,116.73 $2,666.70 $1,220.55 $- $5,250.00 $52,753.98 COINER FUND UCLA FDN/TWIN PINE $62,202.14 $3,144.19 $1,439.10 $- $5,350.00 $61,435.43 TRAVEL FUND Subtotals $356,039.39 $17,013.50 $7,787.12 $- $21,642.00 $359,198.01 $- Current Expenditure - Foundation UCLA FDN/MERIDEL LE $4,036.79 $- $- $- $2,999.48 $1,037.31 SUEUR FUND UCLA FDN/MANDEL FUND $2,678.48 $- $- $- $- $2,678.48 FOR THE CENTER OF T UCLA FDN/CENTER FOR THE $606.97 $105.00 $- $(6.83) $609.75 $95.39 STUDY OF WOMEN G UCLA FDN/TILLIE OLSON $1,366.84 $600.00 $- $(39.00) $1,382.75 $545.09 RESEARCH SCHOLARS UCLA FDN/CENTER FOR THE $8,058.01 $- $- $- $- $8,058.01 STUDY OF WOMEN F UCLA FDN/CSW $8,930.20 $588.34 $- $(38.23) $1,413.08 $8,067.23 INNOVATION FUND UCLA FDN/FRIENDS OF THE $1,959.36 $140.00 $- $(9.10) $3.71 $2,086.55 UCLA CENTER FOR UCLA FDN/GRADUATE $20.00 $- $- $- $- $20.00 STUDENT RESEARCH SUPPO UCLA FDN/ESTRIN FAMILY $5,337.27 $- $- $- $- $5,337.27 LECTURE SERIES Subtotals $32,993.92 $1,433.34 $- $(93.16) $6,408.77 $27,925.33

GRAND TOTAL $2,562,660.51 $45,497.01 $29,776.16 $(12,231.36) $47,133.96 $2,578,568.3 6