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International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; P.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645)

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International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; P.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645) International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; p.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645) SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN OGOCHIE RIVER IN NGOR OKPALA L.G.A., IMO STATE ONYENECHERE, E.C. Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Imo State University, Owerri. Email address: [email protected] & CHUKWUKERE, P.O. Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Imo State University, Owerri. ABSTRACT This study assesses the water quality of Ogochie River in Ngor Okpala L.G.A., Imo State in order to ascertain any seasonal variation. Particularly, it investigated the following physico-chemical parameters of the river water namely pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Ammonia (NH4), Chloride (Cl), Total Hardness, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). These were determined from water samples collected using the composite method at four locations (points) along the river, in the dry season and rainy season using recommended standard. The data obtained were further analyzed using Post hoc statistical test. The result showed that some of the values of the sample parameters were above or below the WHO standards. The p- value for locations (points) 1 to 4 against WHO standards are 0.043, 0.038, 0.040 and 0.034 respectively for the dry season; while the p-value for locations (points) 1 to 4 against WHO standards for the rainy season are 0.046, 0.049, 0.037 and 0.033 respectively. This result showed that there are significant variations in the water quality at different sample locations (points) and at different seasons. The water is not considered safe for drinking either in the rainy season or dry season. It is therefore recommended that the river water be treated locally by boiling and filtering before consumption. KEYWORDS: Water quality, Ogochie River, Imo State, Season, Variation, Physico-chemical INTRODUCTION Water is an important constituent of the biotic community and it plays a significant role in the continuity of life due to its unique qualities (Kelgley and Andrews, 1998; Narayana, 2009). However, there is increased exploitation of fresh water resources especially the surface water such as rivers in most parts of the world. This is because rivers are the most important freshwater resources for man. In Nigeria, and especially in Imo state, many communities do not have potable drinking water (Ahamefule and Mbagwu, 2007). They depend heavily on river water for cooking, drinking and other domestic uses/purposes. Unfortunately, water in river channels are being polluted by indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial waste and wastes from a plethora of other human activities, which affects their physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality (AIRBDA, 2014). Most surface water bodies are gradually becoming the most available places for dumping of wastes, both industrial and domestic. Most of the surface water sources in Nigeria have recorded both total coliform counts and fecal coliform counts high above the limits of WHO maximum contamination levels of drinking water (Ezenwaji et al., 2014). The rate at which water bodies are being polluted is a thing of concern to all stakeholders (Ogidi and Nwadiaro, 1998). Pollution of the aquatic environment is therefore, a serious and growing problem that 239 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; p.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645) requires a continuous survey. The impact of such polluted water on human health is quite enormous (Chukwu, 2008). There are several previous studies on physico-chemical properties of rivers in Nigeria. There are those on Otamiri River (Obodo, 2002; Ogbulie et al., 2008; Nwanebu et al., 2011; Duru et al., 2012a; Okeke and Adinna, 2013; and Okoro et al., 2016), Nworie River (Obodo, 2002; Acholonu, 2008; Duru et al., 2012b; Nwagbara et al., 2013; Onyekwuru et al., 2014; Umunnakwe and Nnaji, 2015 and Okoro et al., 2016), Imo River (Obodo, 2002; and Okorie and Nwosu, 2014), Mbaa River (Obodo, 2002) and lastly Njaba River (Ahiarakwem and Onyekuru, 2011); but till date there is no known water quality study of the Ogochie River in Imo State. It is therefore necessary to study the quality of Ogochie river water, on the basis of physico- chemical parameters in order to assess its potability both in the rainy season and dry season. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This work is therefore aimed at studying the water quality of Ogochie River as well as its seasonal variation. The study has one central objective which is; i) to examine the physico-chemical characteristics of the Ogochie River water during the rainy season and the dry season for the four (4) sample locations RESEARCH HYPOTHESES The following are the research hypotheses Hypothesis 1 The results of water quality parameters at each of the four sampling locations during the dry season as well as the WHO control are not significantly different from each other. Hypothesis 2 There is no significant difference between the result of water quality parameters obtained during the rainy season at the four sampling locations and WHO control standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ogochie River is mainly located in Ngor Okpala L.G.A. (see Fig. 1), but continues its flow to Etche community in Rivers State. The Ogochie River which flows southwards is governed by both the Otamiri and the Imo Rivers. It is actually one of the many tributaries of Otamiri River which flows directly into Imo River. Its origin or source is at Umuneke Ngor community in Ngor Okpala L.G.A., Imo State (Okoro et al., 2014). With respect to coverage, this study limited itself to only the portion of Ogochie River that flows through Ngor Okpala L.G.A of Imo state (i.e. the upper and middle course of the river). It certainly did not cover the portion of Ogochie River which flows through Rivers State before emptying itself into the sea (i.e. the lower course of the river). 240 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; p.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645) Fig. 1: Imo State Drainage showing Ogochie River and its tributaries Source: Imo State Ministry of Lands and Survey (2005). This study on Ogochie river employed laboratory investigation. The laboratory investigation was to analyze water samples collected from different points along the river. The first step was making a reconnaissance visit to the river, for a physical assessment of the river being studied. After that activity, four points A, B, C and D were selected for sampling along the river. Point A was upstream close to the source, and it also acted as control. Points A, B and C were 4km apart except for the last one D which was 3.75km, since the length of the Ogochie river within Ngor Okpala L.G.A. is 15.75km. The sampling was carried out in both dry season (February/March) and rainy season (July/August), from depths of 20 cm, and in the evening. Four clean and sterile plastic containers of a litre capacity were 241 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews Vol.9 No.1, January 2019; p.239 – 250, (ISSN: 2276-8645) used in collecting the samples using hand gloves. This was in duplicates in order to improve reliability of data. This was also done by first rinsing the containers with the river water before collection. Each sample was immediately covered and properly labeled before preserving them at low temperature of 40C using ice chest. The samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis. Standard analytical procedures were used in the determination of selected physical and chemical water quality parameters of the samples. Conductivity was measured by conductivity meter. The pH was determined using electronic pH meter. The hardness of the water, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were measured as well. The chemical parameters such as Nitrate and Ammonia was determined in the laboratory using appropriate methods/procedures, likewise zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and copper. Statistical analysis was performed on data sets. The inferential statistical analysis conducted was a Post Hoc test analysis. This was used to test for the significant difference or variation in the water quality result obtained from Ogochie river and WHO control standard. The Post Hoc analysis was considered fit for the study as the study intended to compare the different locations from WHO control standard and as well see how they differ among the four (4) locations in the different seasons. Concerning the testing of the hypotheses, the p-value scores were used in the decision making. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 (SPSS 21) package. Previous studies by Ezenwaji, Eduputa and Uwadiegwu (2014) and Ebin and Effiong (2017) utilized the Post Hoc test in assessing surface water quality, and because this study considered it suitable it adopted it. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is a known fact that some rural dwellers resort to rivers and streams for their drinking water in many parts of Nigeria (Igbozurike et al., 2010). In pursuance of the investigation to establish the water quality of River Ogochie and its potability, physicochemical parameters of the river’s water samples were collected, analyzed and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The results obtained for the physico-chemical parameters in the locations studied during the dry season are shown in Table 1. Table 1 presents the result for the physicochemical parameters inherent in water samples from Ogochie River during the dry season. The pH of a water body is very important in the determination of water quality since it affects other chemical reactions such as solubility and metal toxicity (Fakayode, 2005).
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