The Cerebrum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

The Cerebrum Eirik Krager 4/6 MD 22.10.18 The Cerebral Lobes - Frontal Lobe - - Prefrontal cortex - Inferior frontal gyrus - Broca’s area - “Broken Boca” - Boca = mouth in spanish - Brodmann area 44 - Precentral gyrus - Primary motor cortex Parietal Lobe - Postcentral gyrus - Primary association sensory cortex - Brodmann area 3,1, and 2 - Cortex responsible for visual- auditory-spatial sensory integration - Sup. + inf. parietal lobules Temporal Lobe - Lateral sulcus - Sylvian fissure - Important landmark - Wernicke’s area - “Wernicke = Word salad” - Brodmann area 22 - Primary and secondary auditory cortex - Lies within the lateral sulcus - Involved in consciousness, emotion and homeostasis - Autonomic control To sum it all up Homunculus Clinically relevant The Ventricular System The Ventricular System - Foramina of Luschka = Lateral - Foramina of Magendie = Medial The Diencephalon → - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Third ventricle - (+ Epithalamus and subthalamus) High Yield High Yield High Yield High Yield High Yield High Yield By no means an exclusive list! Other pins are fair game Thalamic Nuclei - The list is long! - 5 high yield - VPL - VPM - LGB - MGB - VL Thalamic Nuclei - Ventral PosteroLateral nucleus - Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, Temperature - Ventral posteroMedial nucleus - Face sensation, taste - “Makeup goes on the face” - Lateral geniculate nucleus - Vision - “Lateral = Light” Thalamic Nuclei - Medial geniculate nucleus - Hearing - “Medial = Music” - Ventral lateral nucleus - Motor Hypothalamus Hypothalamus - Maintains homeostasis - “The King of the Castle” - Thirst and water balance - Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis - Hunger - Autonomic nervous system - Temperature - Sexual urges - → TAN HATS Hypothalamus - Many nuclei! Hypothalamus - Lateral nucleus - Hunger - Lateral injury makes you Lean - VentroMedial nucleus - Satiety - VentroMedial injury makes you Very Massive - Anterior nucleus - Cooling, parasympathetic - A/C = anterior cooling Hypothalamus - Posterior nucleus - Heating, sympathetic. - Heating is controlled by Posterior hypothalamus (“Hot Pot”) - Suprachiasmatic nucleus - Circadian rhythm - You need to sleep to be charismatic (chiasmatic) - Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - Synthesize ADH and oxytocin - Preoptic nucleus - Thermoregulation, sexual behavior Very brief - Subthalamus - Cranial ends of the red nuclei and the substantia nigra - Involved in control of muscle activity - Epithalamus - Habenular nuclei - Pineal gland (produces melatonin, important in sleep) Thank you Good luck :).

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Superior Colliculus–Pretectum Mediates the Direct Effects of Light on Sleep
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 8957–8962, July 1998 Neurobiology The superior colliculus–pretectum mediates the direct effects of light on sleep ANN M. MILLER*, WILLIAM H. OBERMEYER†,MARY BEHAN‡, AND RUTH M. BENCA†§ *Neuroscience Training Program and †Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719; and ‡Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Room 3466, Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706 Communicated by James M. Sprague, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, May 27, 1998 (received for review August 26, 1997) ABSTRACT Light and dark have immediate effects on greater REM sleep expression occurring in light rather than sleep and wakefulness in mammals, but the neural mecha- dark periods (8, 9). nisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. Lesions Another behavioral response of nocturnal rodents to of the visual cortex or the superior colliculus–pretectal area changes in lighting conditions consists of increased amounts of were performed in albino rats to determine retinorecipient non-REM (NREM) sleep and total sleep after lights-on and areas that mediate the effects of light on behavior, including increased wakefulness following lights-off (4). None of the rapid eye movement sleep triggering by lights-off and redis- light-induced behaviors (i.e., REM sleep, NREM sleep, or tribution of non-rapid eye movement sleep in short light–dark waking responses to lighting changes) appears to be under cycles. Acute responses to changes in light conditions were primary circadian control: the behaviors are not eliminated by virtually eliminated by superior colliculus-pretectal area le- destruction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (24) and can be sions but not by visual cortex lesions.
[Show full text]
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method.
[Show full text]
Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1, 2003 • 23(9):3855–3868 • 3855 Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus Raymond Mongeau,1 Gabriel A. Miller,1 Elizabeth Chiang,1 and David J. Anderson1,2 1Division of Biology and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Environment and experience influence defensive behaviors, but the neural circuits mediating such effects are not well understood. We describe a new experimental model in which either flight or freezing reactions can be elicited from mice by innately aversive ultrasound. Flight and freezing are negatively correlated, suggesting a competition between fear motor systems. An unfamiliar environment or a previous aversive event, moreover, can alter the balance between these behaviors. To identify potential circuits controlling this compe- tition, global activity patterns in the whole brain were surveyed in an unbiased manner by c-fos in situ hybridization, using novel experimental and analytical methods. Mice predominantly displaying freezing behavior had preferential neural activity in the lateral septum ventral and several medial and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, whereas mice predominantly displaying flight had more activity in cortical, amygdalar, and striatal motor areas, the dorsolateral posterior zone of the hypothalamus, and the vertical limb of the diagonal band. These complementary patterns of c-fos induction, taken together with known connections between these structures, suggest ways in which the brain may mediate the balance between these opponent defensive behaviors. Key words: defense behaviors; ultrasound; C56Bl6 mice; anxiety; flight behavior; freezing behavior; septum; hypothalamus; pedunculo- pontine tegmentum; diagonal band; cingulate cortex; motor cortex; retrosplenial cortex; accumbens; caudate putamen; amygdala Introduction iors can, moreover, be altered in a predictable manner by simple Studies of defensive behaviors in rodents provide useful para- environmental manipulations.
[Show full text]
Molecular and Cellular Networks in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Molecular and Cellular Networks in The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Lama El Cheikh Hussein, Patrice Mollard and Xavier Bonnefont * Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (L.E.C.H.); [email protected] (P.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-3435-9306 Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 23 April 2019; Published: 25 April 2019 Abstract: Why do we experience the ailments of jetlag when we travel across time zones? Why is working night-shifts so detrimental to our health? In other words, why can’t we readily choose and stick to non-24 h rhythms? Actually, our daily behavior and physiology do not simply result from the passive reaction of our organism to the external cycle of days and nights. Instead, an internal clock drives the variations in our bodily functions with a period close to 24 h, which is supposed to enhance ﬁtness to regular and predictable changes of our natural environment. This so-called circadian clock relies on a molecular mechanism that generates rhythmicity in virtually all of our cells. However, the robustness of the circadian clock and its resilience to phase shifts emerge from the interaction between cell-autonomous oscillators within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Thus, managing jetlag and other circadian disorders will undoubtedly require extensive knowledge of the functional organization of SCN cell networks. Here, we review the molecular and cellular principles of circadian timekeeping, and their integration in the multi-cellular complexity of the SCN.
[Show full text]
Cholinergic Regulation of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Circadian Rhythm Via a Muscarinic Mechanism at Night
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 15, 1996, 16(2):744-751 Cholinergic Regulation of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Circadian Rhythm via a Muscarinic Mechanism at Night Chen Liul and Martha U. Gillette’,2,3 1Neuroscience Program, and Departments of 2Cell and Structural Biology and 3Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 6 180 I In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for agonists, muscarine and McN-A-343 (Ml-selective), but not by the generation of most circadian rhythms and for their entrainment nicotine. Furthermore, the effect of carbachol was blocked by the to environmental cues. Carbachol, an agonist of acetylcholine mAChR antagonist atropine (0.1 PM), not by two nicotinic antag- (ACh), has been shown to shift the phase of circadian rhythms in onists, dihydro-6-erythroidine (10 PM) and d-tubocurarine (10 PM). rodents when injected intracerebroventricularly. However, the site The Ml -selective mAChR antagonist pirenzepine completely and receptor type mediating this action have been unknown. In blocked the carbachol effect at 1 PM, whereas an M3-selective the present experiments, we used the hypothalamic brain-slice antagonist, 4,2-(4,4’-diacetoxydiphenylmethyl)pyridine, partially technique to study the regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm of blocked the effect at the same concentration. These results dem- neuronal firing rate by cholinergic agonists and to identify the onstrate that carbachol acts directly on the SCN to reset the receptor subtypes involved. We found that the phase of the os- phase of its firing rhythm during the subjective night via an Ml -like cillation in SCN neuronal activity was reset by a 5 min treatment mAChR.
[Show full text]
Suprachiasmatic Modulation of Noradrenaline Release in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus
6412 • The Journal of Neuroscience, June 13, 2007 • 27(24):6412–6416 Brief Communications Suprachiasmatic Modulation of Noradrenaline Release in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus Benoıˆt Saint-Mleux,1 Laurence Bayer,1 Emmanuel Eggermann,1 Barbara E. Jones,2 Michel Mu¨hlethaler,1 and Mauro Serafin1 1De´partement de Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Me´dical Universitaire, 1211 Gene`ve 4, Switzerland, and 2Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4 As the major brain circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is known to influence the timing of sleep and waking. We thus investigated here the effect of SCN stimulation on neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) thought to be involved in promoting sleep. Using an acute in vitro preparation of the rat anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area, we found that whereas single-pulse stimulations of the SCN evoked standard fast ionotropic IPSPs and EPSPs, train stimulations unexpectedly evoked a long-lasting inhi- bition (LLI). Such LLIs could also be evoked in VLPO neurons by pressure application of NMDA within the SCN, indicating the specific activation of SCN neurons. This LLI was shown to result from the presynaptic facilitation of noradrenaline release, because it was ␣ suppressed in presence of yohimbine, a selective antagonist of 2-adrenoreceptors. The LLI depended on the opening of a potassium conductance, because it was annulled at EK and could be reversed below EK. These results show that the SCN can provide an LLI of the sleep-promoting VLPO neurons that could play a role in the circadian organization of the sleep–waking cycle.
[Show full text]
Retinal Afferents to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Rats and Mongolian Gerbils
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 414:469–484 (1999) Retinal Afferents to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Rats and Mongolian Gerbils KATHERINE V. FITE,1* SKIRMANTAS JANUSˇ ONIS,1 WARREN FOOTE,2 AND LYNN BENGSTON1 1Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 2Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 ABSTRACT A direct pathway from the retina to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been demonstrated in both albino rats and Mongolian gerbils. Following intraocular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), a diffuse stream of CTB-positive, ﬁne-caliber optic axons emerged from the optic tract at the level of the pretectum/anterior mesencephalon. In gerbils, CTB-positive axons descended ventromedially into the periaqueductal gray, moving caudally and arborizing extensively throughout the DRN. In rats, the retinal-DRN projection com- prised fewer, but larger caliber, axons, which arborized in a relatively restricted region of the lateral and ventral DRN. Following injection of CTB into the lateral DRN, retrogradely labeled ganglion cells (GCs) were observed in whole-mount retinas of both species. In gerbils, CTB-positive GCs were distributed over the entire retina, and a nearest-neighbor analysis of CTB-positive GCs showed signiﬁcant regularity (nonrandomness) in their distribution. The overall distribution of gerbil GC soma diameters ranged from 8 to 22 µm and was skewed slightly towards the larger soma diameters. Based on an adaptive mixtures model statistical analysis, two Gaussian distributions appeared to comprise the total GC distribution, with mean soma diameters of 13 (SEM Ϯ1.7) µm, and 17 (SEM Ϯ1.5) µm, respectively. In rats, many fewer CTB-positive GCs were labeled following CTB injections into the lateral DRN, and nearly all occurred in the inferior retina.
[Show full text]
Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Brain Research Reviews 49 (2005) 429–454 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Ralph E. MistlbergerT Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, Canada BC V5A 1S6 Accepted 7 January 2005 Available online 8 March 2005 Abstract Despite significant progress in elucidating the molecular basis for circadian oscillations, the neural mechanisms by which the circadian clock organizes daily rhythms of behavioral state in mammals remain poorly understood. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate a conceptual model that views sleep expression as the outcome of opponent processes—a circadian clock-dependent alerting process that opposes sleep during the daily wake period, and a homeostatic process by which sleep drive builds during waking and is dissipated during sleep after circadian alerting declines. This model is based primarily on the evidence that in a diurnal primate, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), ablation of the master circadian clock (the suprachiasmatic nucleus; SCN) induces a significant expansion of total daily sleep duration and a reduction in sleep latency in the dark. According to this model, the circadian clock actively promotes wake but only passively gates sleep; thus, loss of circadian clock alerting by SCN ablation impairs the ability to sustain wakefulness and causes sleep to expand. For comparison, two additional conceptual models are described, one in which the circadian clock actively promotes sleep but not wake, and a third in which the circadian clock actively promotes both sleep and wake, at different circadian phases. Sleep in intact and SCN-damaged rodents and humans is first reviewed, to determine how well the data fit these conceptual models.
[Show full text]
Thalamus.Pdf
Thalamus 583 THALAMUS This lecture will focus on the thalamus, a subdivision of the diencephalon. The diencephalon can be divided into four areas, which are interposed between the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres. The four subdivisions include the hypothalamus to be discussed in a separate lecture, the ventral thalamus containing the subthalamic nucleus already discussed, the epithalamus which is made up mostly of the pineal body, and the dorsal thalamus (henceforth referred to as the thalamus) which is the focus of this lecture. Although we will not spend any time in lecture on the pineal body, part of the epithalamus, it does have some interesting features as well as some clinical relevance. The pineal is a small midline mass of glandular tissue that secretes the hormone melatonin. In lower mammals, melatonin plays a central role in control of diurnal rhythms (cycles in body states and hormone levels that follow the day- night cycle). In humans, at least a portion of the control of diurnal rhythms has been taken over by the hypothalamus, but there is increasing evidence that the pineal and melatonin play at least a limited role. Recent investigations have demonstrated a role for melatonin in sleep, tumor reduction and aging. Additionally, based on the observation that tumors of the pineal can induce a precocious puberty in males it has been suggested that the pineal is also involved in timing the onset of puberty. In many individuals the pineal is partially calcified and can serve as a marker for the midline of the brain on x- rays. Pathological processes can sometimes be detected by a shift in its position.
[Show full text]
The Role of the Intergeniculate Leaflet in Entrainment of Circadian
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 1999, 19(1):372–380 The Role of the Intergeniculate Leaflet in Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms to a Skeleton Photoperiod Kim Edelstein and Shimon Amir Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 Mammalian circadian rhythms are synchronized to environmen- by 12 hr of darkness, but exhibited free-running rhythms when tal light/dark (LD) cycles via daily phase resetting of the circa- housed under an SPP consisting of two 1 hr light pulses given dian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Photic infor- at times corresponding to dusk and dawn. Despite IGL lesions mation is transmitted to the SCN directly from the retina via the and other damage to the visual system, the SCN displayed retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and indirectly from the retinore- normal sensitivity to the entraining light, as assessed by light- cipient intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) via the geniculohypotha- induced Fos immunoreactivity. In addition, all IGL-lesioned, lamic tract (GHT). The RHT is thought to be both necessary and free-running rats showed masking of the body temperature sufficient for photic entrainment to standard laboratory light/ rhythm during the SPP light pulses. These results show that the dark cycles. An obligatory role for the IGL–GHT in photic en- integrity of the IGL is necessary for entrainment of circadian trainment has not been demonstrated. Here we show that the rhythms to a lighting schedule like that experienced by noctur- IGL is necessary for entrainment of circadian rhythms to a nal rodents in the natural environment.
[Show full text]
No Slide Title
Laboratory 11: Cartoons Chiyeko Tsuchitani, Ph.D. NOTE: These illustrations are NOT to be reproduced in the public domain For the visually challenged, cartoons that may help you remember some hypothalamic nuclei and limbic structures. You can study the figures and the review questions in Lab 11 of the Laboratory Guide to learn the connections and functions of these structures.. PS #26 For PS24: Two Cows 1. What is the cow at the left eating? 2. What is hanging off the chin of the cow at the left ? 3. What is forming the chin of the cow at the left? 4. What is hanging over the nose of the cow at the left? 5. What is forming the dark nose of the cow at the right? 6. What is forming the chin of the cow at the right? 7. What is forming the hollow “bump” on the forehead of the cow at the right? 8. Is the thalamus present in this picture? 9. Can you locate the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei? For PS24: Two Cows 1. The anterior commissure 2. The optic chiasm 3. The preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus 4. The column of the fornix 5. The postcommissural fornix 6. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus 7. The terminal vein 8. The thalamus is not present in this picture. 9. The supraoptic nucleus is above the optic tract (right) and suprachiasmatic nucleus is above the optic chiasm. PS #25 For PS25: Armadillo 1. The nose of the armadillo is what structure? 2. What hypothalamic nucleus forms the snout (above the nose) ? 3.
[Show full text]
Pineal Gland - a Mystic Gland Daniel Silas Samuel1, Revathi Duraisamy1, M
Review Article Pineal gland - A mystic gland Daniel Silas Samuel1, Revathi Duraisamy1, M. P. Santhosh Kumar2* ABSTRACT The pineal gland has been the subject of amazement and awe down the centuries. The structure and function of this enigmatic gland play an important role in day-to-day life of human beings. The pineal gland secretes an important hormone melatonin which is necessary for lightening the skin tone, and it has several other important functions in humans. The pineal gland is composed mainly of pinealocytes. The pineal gland is present in the midline of the skull and is a part of epithalamus and hypothalamus. It regulates the secretion of both. The pineal gland is activated by darkness and it is mandatory to maintain a normal circadian rhythm of sleep-wake cycle, if not humans may turn into zombies. The pineal gland is also present in animals. The secretion of this gland in higher amounts causes precocious puberty and development of primary and secondary sexual characters mainly in boys. It is also called the third eye since after eye, and it is the only gland which detects light but, on the contrary, secretes melatonin largely under darkness. This gland also affects the mood of human beings, thereby getting involved in the psychological behavior of men. It increases the immune action of human beings; thereby, it also acts as immunostimulant preventing a person from attack of antigen by producing a suitable antibody. Its presence hinders the spread of tumor and becomes malignant, and its calcification affects the memory or the memorizing capacity of the brain leading to dementia.
[Show full text]