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Diversity, Local Uses and Availability of Medicinal Plants and Wild Yams in the Mahafaly Region of South-Western Madagascar

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Diversity, Local Uses and Availability of Medicinal Plants and Wild Yams in the Mahafaly Region of South-Western Madagascar Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar Jessica N. Andriamparany Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar Jessica N. Andriamparany Dissertation presented to the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS) Universität Kassel, Witzenhausen This work has been accepted by the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of the University of Kassel as a thesis for acquiring the academic degree of Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.). 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Bürkert, Universität Kassel 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Vololoniana Jeannoda, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar Examiner: Prof. Dr. Eva Schlecht, Universität Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Examiner: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Defense date: 15th June 2015 Dedication To my family (parents, sisters and brothers) and my husband for their love and support. Preface The research presented in this work is part of the SuLaMa project which promotes participatory research to support sustainable land use management on the Mahafaly Plateau in south- western Madagascar (http://www.sulama.de/index.php/en). The present work is subdivided in five chapters, including three scientific papers (Figure i-1). In chapter 1, I revise the concepts and methods used in assessing biological diversity and the importance of forest provisioning services to the local communities, and outline the problems concerning the ecosystems on the Mahafaly Plateau. Chapter 2 presents the general diversity of medicinal plants and wild yam species used by the local population in the Mahafaly region, the socioeconomic and cultural factors determining their utilization, and local knowledge about their usage. Chapter 3 estimates the current availability of wild yam resources in the study region, based on the environmental factors that drive their spatial distribution and abundance. In chapter 4, I explore the possible alternative methods for the regeneration and conservation of wild yams in the Mahafaly region, based on small experiments and following the concepts of a participatory research approach. Finally, chapter 5 contains general conclusions, where I consider the importance of the results vis à vis the main objectives of the SuLaMa project, and highlight the importance of the chosen plants as model species for a better understanding of the role of provisioning ecosystem services in the livelihood of local communities in the Mahafaly region. Based on these results, further recommendations for future research and practical applications are given. Figure i-1 Focus of the present work within the framework of SuLaMa project. i Table of Contents 1 General introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Assessing biodiversity, forests provisioning services and their sustainable use: concepts and methods used in rural areas in developing countries .............................................................. 1 1.1.1. Importance of biological diversity and forests provisioning services for local communities ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Importance of human dimensions in quantification and conservation of forests provisioning services ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Research area ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Reason for investigating wild yams and medicinal plants among the range of forests provisioning services? ................................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Research objectives and research hypotheses ..................................................................... 7 1.5. References .......................................................................................................................... 8 2 Effect of socio-economic household characteristics on traditional knowledge and usage of wild yams and medicinal plants in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar .................. 11 2.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.2. Background ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Description of the study area .................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Field survey .............................................................................................................. 15 2.4. Data analysis ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.5. Results and discussions .................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1. Diversity and traditional use of plants...................................................................... 18 2.5.1.1. Wild yams ........................................................................................................ 18 2.5.1.2. Medicinal plants ............................................................................................... 19 2.5.2. Plant uses and knowledge patterns among households ............................................ 21 2.5.3. Plant uses and knowledge patterns among villages.................................................. 22 2.5.4. Effects of socio-economic characteristics on the use and knowledge of plants ....... 23 2.6. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.6.1. Characteristics of the interviewed households ......................................................... 24 2.6.2. Traditional knowledge and usage of wild yams ....................................................... 25 2.6.3. Traditional knowledge and usage of medicinal plants ............................................. 26 2.6.4. Effects of socio-economic conditions on the use of wild yams and medicinal plants . .................................................................................................................................. 27 2.7. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.8. Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 28 2.9. Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.10. References .................................................................................................................... 40 3. Modelling the distribution of four Dioscorea species on the Mahafaly Plateau of south- western Madagascar using biotic and abiotic variables ................................................................... 44 3.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 45 ii 3.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.3. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 47 3.3.1. Study area ................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.2. Field inventory and indigenous soil classification ................................................... 49 3.3.3. Analysis of soil parameters ...................................................................................... 49 3.3.4. Analysis of yam species distribution ........................................................................ 50 3.3.5. Modelling of yam species distribution ..................................................................... 51 3.4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 52 3.4.1. Indigenous soil classification ................................................................................... 52 3.4.2. Yam species distribution along environmental gradients......................................... 54 3.4.3. Species distribution models (SDM) and species response curves (SRCs) ............... 56 3.4.4. Predictive mapping of yam species .......................................................................... 57 3.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 59 3.5.1. Indigenous soil classification ................................................................................... 59 3.5.2. Yam species distribution along environmental gradients........................................
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