BRT 101: Planning a BRT January 2018 Public transport is the mobility backbone of our cities… …and our streets are our most precious and scarce public space. Given that, we are designing our streets for the most inefficient mode…
How we usually plan streets
A more equitable approach Copenhagenize.com Using road space efficiently Passenger capacity: 3-lane carriageway
passengers per hour 3,000 per direction
2 lanes + elevated road
4,700
Dedicated lanes for bus rapid transit
12,000+ Even in cities with large rail networks, buses carry most public transport trips London Mexico City Chennai
Rail Rail 14% Rail 21% 46% Bus 54% Bus Bus 86% 79%
Sao Paulo Hong Kong Singapore
Rail Rail Rail 37% 43% 39%
Bus Bus Bus 63% 57% 61% Currently, conditions are not great Currently, conditions are not great Currently, conditions are not great Currently, conditions are not great The only solution is public transport, not just for those with lower incomes, but for everybody. So, how do we improve conditions?
Yichang, China
Volume 1: Project Preparation
Chapter 1: Project Initiation Chapter 2: Why BRT? Chapter 3: Project Set‐up Since 2000, BRT has been growing rapidly. That can be more cost effective and implemented more quickly than rail
86 km of BRT 22 km of LRT 9km of metro
Average construction cost in 2013 USD from a sample of 146 rapid transit projects But deliver the service and capacity of rail
Van 600
Streetcar 3,000
Bus 3,000
LRT 12,000
BRT: single lane / direction 12,000
BRT: with passing lanes 45,000
Metro rail 60,000
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Passengers per hour And more flexible service options But ultimately, BRT solves three main delays faced by buses on the street
Jakarta, Indonesia Delay #1: Mixed Traffic Delay #2: Intersections Delay #3: Stations boarding and alighting The BRT Basics: Putting the rapid in rapid transit
Level boarding at the stations
Dedicated bus lanes
Pay before getting on the bus
No turns across Median-aligned the intersection busway Quito BRT Basics: Exclusive lanes (must have)
Jakarta, Indonesia Dedicated lanes are most critical in congested city centres
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania BRT Basics: Median-aligned lanes (must have)
Ahmedabad, India Why curb-side alignment doesn’t work
> Parked vehicles block the bus lane Why curb-side alignment doesn’t work
> Turning movements reduce bus speeds
Here is the bus BRT Basics: Level Boarding
Johannesburg, South Africa BRT Basics: Level Boarding
Ahmedabad, India Eugene, OR, USA BRT Basics: Off board fare collection
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico
Lima, Peru Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Las Vegas, NV, USA
BRT Basics: Intersection Treatment (prohibiting turns across the busway) BRT Basics: Intersection Treatment (Signal Priority)
Cape Town, South Africa BEYOND THE BASICS 5 Branding and 3 Passenger Station Design and Information Bus-Station Interface
Infrastructure Service Planning 2 1
Integration and Access 4 BRT, however, is more than just infrastructure. Demand Analysis
And that is what the BRT Corridor Selection Planning Guide addresses…
Communications Infrastructure Service Plan Business Plan Plan Plan
Define Develop TORs Detailed Design Integration Technology and Contracts
Bidding Process Volume 2: Operations
Chapter 4: Demand Analysis Chapter 5: Corridor and Network Development Chapter 6: Service Planning Chapter 7: System Speed and Capacity Chapter 8: Traffic Impact Assessment Planning process
Passenger demand assessment
Corridor identification
Service plan Business Plan Mapping of public transport Infrastructure passenger throughput Plan First Step: Demand analysis knowing who is going where
Joburg trip origins and destinations becomes a transport model Planning process
Passenger demand assessment
Corridor identification
Service plan Business Plan Infrastructure Plan Network of dedicated BRT corridors in Pune / Pimpri-Chinchwad Johannesburg’s first corridor, subsequently divided into phases Planning process
Passenger demand assessment
Corridor identification
Service plan Business Plan Infrastructure Plan
BRT & regular bus services in Pune / Pimpri-Chinchwad Service Plan Answers the following questions:
• How many passengers? • What are the routes? • How many buses and what capacity? • At what frequency? • Where are the stations, terminals, and depots? • Estimated costs • Estimated revenues • What existing transit routes need to be removed or restructured?
Volume 3: Communications & Marketing
Chapter 9: Strategic Planning for Communications Chapter 10: Public Participation Chapter 11: The Case for Marketing and Customer Service Engaging with external stakeholders Engaging with internal stakeholders Building support for the change.
Yichang, China Celebrating milestones and be prepared for opposition.
Guangzhou, China Building the brand and system identity.
Mexico City, Mexico Mexico City, Mexico
Building the brand and system identity. Communicating system information.
Mexico City, Mexico Nantes, France
Maps, routes, how to buy tickets, etc. Building a cohesive visual language and information system LA Metro, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Volume 4: Business Plan
Chapter 12: Institutional Planning Chapter 13: Business Structure Chapter 14: Financial Modeling Chapter 15: Fare Policy and Structure Chapter 16: Informal Transit Transition to BRT Chapter 17: Funding and Financing What is the vision? What will success look like? What do you want to achieve? What are the goals and objectives for this new model?
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania To have a modern public transport system at a reasonable cost to the users and yet profitable to the operators using quality, environmentally friendly, high capacity buses which meet international service standards that operate on exclusive lanes, reducing travel time. ‐ DART Vision, Dar es Salaam, TZ
• Customer Driven • Team Work • User Friendly • Safety • Innovative • Financially Sustainable • Cost Effective and Affordable • Environmentally friendly • Timely and Reliable • Poverty reduction Aims and Objectives Rea Vaya Johannesburg, South Africa BRT is only one component of Rea Vaya • To develop an integrated transit network to provide a good alternative to car use • A system easily able to be understood (strong radial corridors with easy connections) • Demand oriented planning (responsive to customer demand) • Improved bus speeds (cost efficiency) • Improved travel time for passengers (time saving) • One ticket /cross modal ticketing • Performance based contracts for bus operators • A viable business model for operators will create investment in clean technology and new buses. Business Plan: Developing this new model into a workable structure.
This new model is predicated upon a public agency managing private sector actors through contracts. ‐ the Institutional Plan ‐ the Financial Model ‐ the Contracts
BRT Entity
Bus Operator #1 Bus Operator #2 Fare Fund Manager Collector Functions of BRT authority Board of Directors
Managing Director
Planning & Communications Operations Admin & finance design and marketing
• Route planning • Scheduling • Financial • Public information • Infrastructure • Fleet monitoring management strategy design • Fare collection • Contracting & • User surveys • Business model • Quality control payments • Corporate identity • Financial • Human resources • Marketing analysis • Physical resources • Media relations • Long-term • Legal vision DART Agency Organisational Set Up
DART Coordination Minister DART Mission Steering Committee To provide quality, accessible and affordable mass transport system Technical Ministerial Advisory Board and improve urban mobility for the Committee residents of Dar es Salaam Permanent Secretary Coordination Committee Chief Executive
Internal Audit Information& Communication Technology 4 Units Legal Services Procurement Management
Finance and Business Operations and Transportation Planning Administration, Human 4 Divisions Development Division Infrastructure Management Resources and Finance and Accounts Transport Planning Communications Fare Collection Operations Interactions with other urban
Revenue Management Bus Planning/Regulations planning entities Administration and Human 8 Sections Contract Management Traffic Management Control Centre Resource Business Development System Planning and Design AFCS/ITS Customer Support Infrastructure Management Future Phases Public Relations and Marketing Stations / Terminals Social and Environmental Communications Advertisement, other Safety /Security Issues businesses Organizational structure & contracting
TRANSMILENIO S.A. ALCALDIA MAYOR DE BOGOTA Planning, Management, and Control
Infrastructure developed Private sector bus by local government companies get paid Trunk lines Fare collection managed by on per km basis Stations private sector Bus procurement Maintenance facilities System procurement and System operation Complementary implementation Employee infrastructure Smart cards management Financial management and Bus maintenance disbursements Financial Model Example • Making investment environment attractive for private investment • Determining for the government the fees to pay the private sector • Creating a financially viable system
DART system revenue allocation ('000 TZS) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Scenario # 1 Tariff revenue ('000 TZS) 44,258,971 45,783,655 47,360,863 48,992,405 50,014,933
Government subsidy ('000 TZS) 0
Revenue allocated to systems ('000 TZS) 44,214,271 44,506,696 45,140,452 45,811,420 49,514,046 Operator1 13,780,113 14,017,813 14,273,308 14,522,843 14,659,986 Operator2 24,126,125 24,496,766 24,847,928 25,227,643 25,315,402 Fare collection company 6,281,753 5,965,838 5,992,935 6,034,655 6,062,974 Dart executive agency 00003,449,404 Fund manager 26,280 26,280 26,280 26,280 26,280
Contingency fund ('000 TZS) 44,701 1,276,959 2,220,411 3,180,984 500,887
Scenario # 2 Tariff revenue ('000 TZS) 47,410,220 49,043,462 50,732,968 52,480,675 53,576,008
Government subsidy ('000 TZS) 0
Revenue allocated to systems ('000 TZS) 42,964,944 43,257,369 43,891,125 44,562,093 48,264,719 Operator1 13,340,543 13,578,243 13,833,739 14,083,273 14,220,417 Operator2 23,392,445 23,763,086 24,114,249 24,493,963 24,581,722 Fare collection company 6,205,675 5,889,760 5,916,857 5,958,577 5,986,896 Dart executive agency 00003,449,404 Fund manager 26,280 26,280 26,280 26,280 26,280
Contingency fund ('000 TZS) 4,445,277 5,786,093 6,841,843 7,918,582 5,311,289 Business Plan defines the roles, responsibilities, and rights of each of the main system actors, as the basis for the financial model and contracts
The business plan, financial model & contracts must mirror each other.
Business Structure Financial Model Contracts Roles and => Expenses => Obligations Responsibilities Rights => Revenues => Rights
But this depends on the Service Plan! Inclusion of existing operators
Former Former Former private operators operators companies Outside form plus private under new private Public bus companies investors contract form investor operator TransMilenio, Bogota X X Guadalajara, Mexico X X Lima BRT X X Megabús, Pereira X X GBRT, Guangzhou X BRT, Curitiba X Mio, Cali X X Rea Vaya, Johannesburg X TransJakarta, Jakarta X X Metrobus, Mexico City X X Jan Marg, Ahmedabad X HealthLine, Cleveland X Dar es Salaam, Tanzania X X MiCity, Cape Town X X LAMTA (Orange Line) X Inclusion more broadly…
Jakarta, Indonesia; Image courtesy: Carlos Pardo Volume 5: Technology
Chapter 18: Fare Systems Chapter 19: Technology Chapter 20: Vehicles The Nervous System for BRT
Guangzhou, China Fare systems
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Image: World Bank Ahmedabad, India; Image: Luc Nadal Real time information systems Vehicle technology
Mexico City, Mexico Volume 4: Infrastructure
Chapter 21: Infrastructure Management and Costing Chapter 22: Roadway and Station Configurations Chapter 23: Roadway Design Chapter 24: Intersections and Signal Control Chapter 25: BRT Stations Chapter 26: Depots Chapter 27: Control Center Infrastructure Plan: Ensures that the service plan is physically feasible
Primpri Chinchwad station modules: configuration based on passenger demand Ped and cycling are important components of the infrastructure plan and design
Suggested Cross Section at Stations Suggested Cross Section off Stations
From Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Yichang, China
Substops and docking bays From the BRT Standard Yichang, China
Bus and station alignment Lima, Peru
Passing lanes at stations Station design
Yichang, China And how you get to the station
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Bus & station alignment
Pimpri Chinchwad, India Station design is also about waiting
Pimpri Chinchwad, India Control centers, depots, terminals
Bogota, Colombia Control centers: the brain that controls the nervous system
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Volume 7: Integration
Chapter 28: Multi‐Modal Integration Chapter 29: Pedestrian Access Chapter 30: Universal Access Chapter 31: Bicycle and Pedicab Integration Chapter 32: Travel Demand Management (TDM) Chapter 33: Transit‐oriented Development Intermodal integration Including linking to other modes (like the airport)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Pedestrian access: Shade is important, especially in tropical climates. The pedestrian is protected even when crossing driveways and intersections.
Yichang, China Pedestrian access and universal access
Mexico City, Mexico Universal access benefits everyone
Buenos Aires, Argentina Cycling integration
Curitiba, Brazil Along the BRT corridor, bike lane and bike parking.
Yichang, China Cycling integration
Belo Horizonte, Brazil Integrating with bike share
Mexico City, Mexico Iterative Process
Service Plan
Infrastructure Plan
Business Plan We can do better for our citizens, for our cities, for ourselves
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Image: World Bank To open a shop is easy, to keep it open is an art! Chinese proverb Volume 8: About the Guide
Chapter 34: Understanding How It Works Chapter 35: Manual for Collaboration Online, PDF Download, Searchable Welcome to brtguide.org If you want to build a ship don’t drum up the men to fetch the wood, allocate the jobs and divide the work, but teach them the yearning for the wide open sea. - Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Writer and Aviator, 1900-1944 Found in Volume 1, Chapter 1 of the BRT Planning Guide
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Aimee Gauthier Chief Program Officer www.itdp.org @ITDP_HQ Thanks!