DOCSLIB.ORG

Advanced Bacteriological Studies on Bumblefoot Infections in Broiler Chicken with Some Clinicopathological Alteration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advanced Bacteriological Studies on Bumblefoot Infections in Broiler Chicken with Some Clinicopathological Alteration Veterinary Science and research Volume 1: 1 Vetry Sci Rech 2019 Advanced Bacteriological Studies on Bumblefoot Infections in Broiler Chicken with Some Clinicopathological Alteration Fatma M Youssef1* 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Abdelmohsen A Soliman1 Institute, Ismailia, Egypt Ghada A Ibrahim2 2Department of bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Hend A Saleh2 Ismailia, Egypt Abstract Article Information S. aureus is responsible for Bumblefoot and septic arthritis in broilers Article Type: Research and layers. The present work is designed to investigate and evaluate Article Number: VSR101 the most common bacterial causes of bumblefoot disease and their Received Date: 08 February, 2019 hematological, biochemical and immunological effects in broiler chicks. Accepted Date: 13 February, 2019 For bacteriological examination, one hundred and twenty foot swabs were Published Date: 15 February, 2019 collected from diseased chicks and investigated for the bacterial causes. Also, blood samples were collected from the same cases for hematological, *Corresponding author: Fatma Mohamed Yousseff, biochemical and immunological analysis. In this study, S. aureus was Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research isolated in 45.8% of diseased broilers. It was isolated either in pure form Institute, Ismailia, Egypt. Tel: +01025250063; Email: fatmayousseff(at)yahoo.com (18.18%); or in a mixed form with other species like: E.coli (58.18%), Proteus mirabilis (14.67%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%). Molecular characterization of Coa and Spagenes of S. aureus isolates Citation: Youssef FM, Soliman AA, Ibrahim GA, Saleh HA (2019) Advanced Bacteriological Studies on the highest sensitive antibiotic drug against the isolated species followed Bumblefoot Infections in Broiler Chicken with Some Clinicopathological Alteration. Vetry Sci Rech Vol: 1, Issu: were detected with PCR in 70% and 80%, respectively. Levofloxacin was 1 (01-09). most recovered isolates exhibited moderate to high resistance against by gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin antibiotics. However, Copyright: © 2019 Youssef FM. This is an open-access trimethoprim, oxaciliin, enerofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin. article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons concentration and PCV in the diseased broiler chicks indicated anemia. Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, InFor addition, hematological leucocytosis, parameters, lymphocytosis a significant and decrease monocytes in RBCs is in count,naturally Hb distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. uric acid, creatinine, gamma, alpha globulin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were infectedrecorded groups in naturally were recorded.infected chicks. Also, a Total significant protein increase and albumin in AST, levels ALT, ofwere total significantly leukocytic decreased.count, lymphocyte The levofloxacine and monocyte treated as groups compared revealed with significant increase in RBCs, Hb, and PCV as well as decreased number representsinfected groups. a promising Levofloxacine candidate also improved to treat the levelbacterial of liver infections. function, Staphylococcalkidney function, infections IL-6 and TNF.are higher It could in bebroilers concluded than that,other levofloxacin organisms. Therefore, the epidemiological importance and good hyagenic measures poultry to humans. should be taken in this field to minimize the transmissible diseases of Keywords: S. aureus Haematological, AST, Antioxidant, IL6, TNF. , Isolation, PCR, Spa gene, Coagulase, Levofloxacin, Introduction degenerative condition of the avian foot. It usually occurs with age (14 -70Bumblefoot days), but most is a cases broad occurred term thataround includes 35 days any old inflammatory [1]. It may range or from a very mild redness or swelling to chronic, deep seated abscesses and bony changes [2]. www.innovationinfo.org S. aureus infection is one of the important diseases of Sampling poultry that are common in commercial broilers and layers. Bacteriological swabs from (pus or infected lesions) It causes mortality rate (0-15%) and reduces production diseased cases showing signs of arthritis or Bumblefoot or performance of birds. S. aureus is a normal inhabitant of the leg affections also, lung and liver organs (from those suffering skin and upper respiratory tract in chickens [3]. In poultry, from respiratory signs) were collected for bacteriological it has been implicated in arthritis, osteomyelitis, synovitis, examination. In addition, blood samples (anticoagulant cellulites, dermatitis, endocarditis, septicemia, wound blood and serum) were collected from broiler chicks (20 infection, ophthalmitis and omphalitis [4]. for each)for hematological, biochemical and immunological This disease is most commonly caused by S. aureus [5] studies. Also, after 5 days of treatment, another twenty blood and sometimes involved with E.coli [6] which is of veterinary samples from the treated broiler chicks were collected. importance in broilers. In such birds, the most common Bacteriological examination Isolation and identification of bacterial microorganisms: Mostform bacterialof infection pathogens involves could tenosynovitis play a role (inflammation in the incidence of All sample swabs and organ samples were cultured onto oftendon respiratory sheaths) disease and arthritis in domestic of the hockpoultry and species stifle joints [8]. The[7]. nutrient broth, incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours, respiratory tract infections are of eminent importance in the then streaked on blood and macConkey agar plates and manufacture of poultry because of high mortality in poorly re-incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Following incubation, the managed cases [9] which lead to large economic losses [10]. colonies were picked up and sub-cultured till pure growths Hematological alterations were recorded the severity of isolation of S. aureus with streaking method, then incubated. were obtained. Mannitol salt agar media used for the specific concentration and PCV in the affected birds indicate anemia The hemolysin activity of S. aureus and E.coli isolate was ofbacterial microcytic infection, hypochromic a significant [11]. decrease Moreover, in theRBCs biochemical count, Hb Also, EMB (Eosin Methyline Blue) and Pseudomonas F agar examined on sheep blood agar medium plates at 37˚C [16]. change in protein. Also, Hypoalbuminemia was observed as E.coli and wellanalysis as increase recorded of increaseserum uric in ASTacid andand ALTcreatinine and a significant[11]. Pseudomonas species. The purity of the isolated organisms wasmedia determined were used foron species the basis specific of detectiontheir morphological, of cultural characteristics and Gram’s staining. Biochemical which has been extensively used for the treatment of bacterialLevofloxacin infections. is a Itmember is known of withthe fluoroquinolone its wide antimicrobial group according to [17]. activity against both Gram-negative (including Pseudomonas identification of the isolated bacterial species also was done Serological identification of the isolates E.coli : E.coli species) and some Gram-positive organisms (including S. aureus). It also has enhanced activity against Streptococcus by using pneumoniae, S. aureus and Enterococcus species, besides its ofisolates polyvalent were biochemicallysomatic antisera, identified for application then were of subjectedthe slide good activity against Mycoplasma and Chlamydia species agglutinationto the serological test. identificationThis work was according performed to in [18], the serology [12]. Its pharmacokinetics studies explained its tremendous unit of Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI). tissue penetration, large volume of distribution and relatively short elimination half-life in animal body. Takizawa et al. Congo red Binding Assay [19]: E.coli positive samples streaked on Congo red agar plates to determine the useful in a variety of animal infections including urinary, pathogenicity of E.coli isolates. Each isolate was streaked on (1999) [13] proved that levofloxacin drug was extremely sterile separate plate and kept at 37°C for 24hrs. After 24hrs incubation, the cultures were kept at room temperature pharmacokinetics studies had been reported in birds and respiratory, soft tissues, bones and joints. Levofloxacin for 48 hours. Pathogenic E.coli red positive isolates produced brick red colonies. The non- were identified by Congo layers [14]. The oral administration of levofloxacin(10mg/ pathogenic isolates appeared as colorless after 48 hours in on hematological or biochemical values were observed [14 room temperature. andkg) in15]. broiler Thus, birds the wasaim foundof this safe study as non-significantwas to investigate change the bacterial causes of Bumblefoot disease in broiler farms Antibiotic sensitivity testing of isolated bacteria: with molecular detection of some genes as well as the S. aureus, E.coli, Proteus and hematological, biochemical, and immunological changes Pseudomonas species were tested against a panel of nine The identified isolates of accompanied with the disease. Materials and Methods commonly used antimicrobial agents: Levofloxacin (1 µg), Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (10 µg), Gentamicin (120 µg), History and clinical examination: A total of one hundred Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), Tetracycline and twenty broiler chicks of age (20-35 days) that were method(10 µg), [20].Enrofloxacin The results (5 µg),were Trimethoprim
Load more

Recommended publications
  • February 19, 2015 FREEDOM of INFORMATION SUMMARY MIF 900-009 F10 Brand ANTISEPTIC BARRIER OINTMENT
    Date of Index Listing: February 19, 2015 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION SUMMARY ORIGINAL REQUEST FOR ADDITION TO THE INDEX OF LEGALLY MARKETED UNAPPROVED NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR MINOR SPECIES MIF 900-009 F10 brand ANTISEPTIC BARRIER OINTMENT (benzalkonium chloride and polyhexanide topical ointment) Raptors, Pet Birds, Captive Small Mammals, Captive Reptiles, and Captive Exotic/Zoo Mammals “For the treatment of mild and localized cases of bumblefoot (pododermatitis) in caged raptors and pet birds.” “For use as a topical antiseptic for more severe cases of bumblefoot to assist healing after surgery in caged raptors and pet birds.” “For use as a topical antiseptic for surface wounds on raptors, pet birds, captive small mammals, captive reptiles, and captive exotic/zoo mammals.” Requested by: Health and Hygiene (Pty) Ltd Freedom of Information Summary MIF 900-009 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. GENERAL INFORMATION: ........................................................................... 1 II. EFFECTIVENESS AND TARGET ANIMAL SAFETY: ............................................. 2 A. Findings of the Qualified Expert Panel: ..................................................... 2 B. Literature Considered by the Qualified Expert Panel: .................................. 4 III. USER SAFETY: .......................................................................................... 8 IV. AGENCY CONCLUSIONS: ............................................................................ 9 A. Determination of Eligibility for Indexing: .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Activities of Saponin-Rich Guar Meal Extract
    ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SAPONIN-RICH GUAR MEAL EXTRACT A Dissertation by SHERIF MOHAMED HASSAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2008 Major Subject: Poultry Science ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SAPONIN-RICH GUAR MEAL EXTRACT A Dissertation by SHERIF MOHAMED HASSAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Aubrey L. Cartwright Committee Members, Christopher A. Bailey James A. Byrd Michael E. Hume Head of Department, John B. Carey May 2008 Major Subject: Poultry Science iii ABSTRACT Antimicrobial Activities of Saponin-Rich Guar Meal Extract. (May 2008) Sherif Mohamed Hassan, B.S.; M.S., Suez Canal University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Aubrey Lee Cartwright Three saponin-rich extracts (20, 60, 100% methanol), four 100% methanol sub- fractions and seven independently acquired fractions (A-G) from guar meal, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (syn. C. psoraloides), were evaluated for antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. These activities were compared against quillaja bark (Quillaja saponaria), yucca (Yucca schidigera), and soybean (Glycine max) saponins in 96-well plates using eight concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 and 0.1 to 12.5 mg extract/mL). Initial guar meal butanol extract was 4.8 ± 0.6% of the weight of original material dry matter (DM). Butanol extract was purified by preparative reverse-phase C-18 chromatography. Two fractions eluted with 20, and one each with 60, and 100% methanol with average yields of 1.72 ± 0.47, 0.88 ± 0.16, 0.91 ± 0.16 and 1.55 ± 0.15% of DM, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • QUESTION BANK MAINE FFA VETERMINARY SCIENCE EXAM Page 1 of 56 Pages
    QUESTION BANK MAINE FFA VETERMINARY SCIENCE EXAM page 1 of 56 pages NAME: FFA CHAPTER: Please circle the below answer that BEST matches the answer for each question: 1. Which example provides passive immunity? a. Colostrum b. Killed Rabies vaccine c. Modified live vaccine d. Recovering from an illness 2. Where are the "splint bones" in a horse? a. Base of tail b. Lower leg c. Shoulder d. Lower neck 3. What part of the eye is clear in a young, healthy animal? a. Retina b. Iris c. Sclera d. Lens 4. Which organ is not involved in breaking down fats? a. Pancreas b. Liver c. Gallbladder d. Large intestine 5. Which vitamin is most strongly associated with being an anti-oxidant, similar to selenium? a. A b. D c. E d. K QUESTION BANK MAINE FFA VETERMINARY SCIENCE EXAM page 2 of 56 pages 6. What term describes the abnormal noise heard when the linings of the lungs and chest are inflamed? a. Cyanosis b. Expiration c. Pleural friction rub d. Mild Crepitus 7. Needle teeth are found in which newborn? a. Calf b. Foal c. Piglet d. Chick 8. Which species typically has 2 mammary glands (teats)? a. Ovine b. Bovine c. Porcine d. Canine 9. Which gland produces adrenaline and epinephrine? a. Adrenal gland b. Pituitary gland c. Thyroid gland d. Meibomian gland 10. What term describes the organized muscle contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract? a. Peristalsis b. Blepharospasm c. Agglutination d. Lysis 11. On an ultrasound, the areas that appear dark relative to surrounding areas are said to be: a.
    [Show full text]
  • Foot Pad Dermatitis Associated with Osteomyelitis in a Mute Swan (Cygnus Olor)
    American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Case Report Foot Pad Dermatitis Associated with Osteomyelitis in a Mute Swan (Cygnus olor ) 1Alireza Jahandideh, 2Reihaneh Manouchehri, 2Shiva Jahanshiri and 2Manely Ansari 1Department of Clinical Sciences (Surgery), Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Article history Abstract: A Captive mute swan with swelling abscesses in foot pads of Received: 29-01-2018 both legs was presented. A complete blood count reveals systemic Revised: 9-04-2018 infection. Radiographs showed radiopaque areas in foot pad of both legs Accepted: 04-05-2018 and osteomyelitic periosteal reaction in left foot. After anesthesia, surgical Corresponding Author: debridement was carried out to remove pus and necrotic tissue on the Alireza Jahandideh plantar surface of both feet. Full surgical debridement, effective antibiotics, Department of Clinical Science good post-surgical care and husbandry are affecting factors that cause no (Surgery), Faculty of recurs of disease despite osteomyelitis. Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Keywords: Mute Swan, Cygnus olor , Bumblefoot, Ostemyelitis, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Staphylococcus aureus Email: [email protected] Introduction spp., Klebsiella spp., Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Diplococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Mute swan originated from Europe and central Asia. Actinobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp., Aeromonas spp., This extremely elegant bird has been introduced as an Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. have been ornamental species in many other parts of the world (Burnie, 2011). Adult swans are truly massive flying interlaced.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Thermography to Screen for Subclinical Bumblefoot in Poultry
    Research Notes Use of thermography to screen for subclinical bumblefoot in poultry C. S. Wilcox ,* J. Patterson ,* and H. W. Cheng †1 * Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and † USDA Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47906 ABSTRACT Thermographic imaging is a noninvasive suspect followed 14 d later. A visual score of clinical, diagnostic tool used to document the inflammatory mildly clinical, or negative for bumblefoot was assigned, process in many species and may be useful in the de- based on gross pathological changes in the plantar sur- tection of subclinical bumblefoot and other inflamma- face. A correlation between initial thermal images iden- tory diseases. Bumblefoot is a chronic inflammation tified as suspect for bumblefoot and a visual score of of the plantar metatarsal or digital pads of the foot positive 14 d later was 83% (P < 0.01). In experiment (pododermatitis), or both. It is one of the major health 2, hens whose feet were free of lesions were inoculated problems in birds including chickens and is responsible in the metatarsal foot pad with Staphylococcus aureus. for significant economic losses in commercial poultry Thermal images and visual clinical scores were taken, operations. Early diagnosis of bumblefoot is essential prechallenge and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 d postchallenge. The for the prevention of economical loss and the improve- correlation between thermal images classified as clini- ment of animal well-being. The object of this study was cal and a visual score of clinical for bumblefoot was to determine the suitability of thermography for the 86.7% (P < 0.001).
    [Show full text]
  • Trauma Medicine
    roper management of traumatic injuries in birds significantly decreases complications and wound-healing time. Many of the prin- CHAPTER P ciples and techniques for wound manage- ment and bandaging in mammals apply to birds; however, anatomic differences require modifications and adaptations. Treatments and bandaging tech- niques for soft tissue wounds and nonsurgical frac- tures in birds will be discussed. An understanding of wound healing is important in 16 order to devise a treatment plan for optimal results. Wound healing is a complex interaction of host re- sponses to an injury leading to regeneration of con- nective tissue, vascular supply and epithelium.1 The three basic phases of wound healing are inflamma- tory (exudative), collagen and maturation. Inflammatory Phase: The hemodynamic and cellu- TRAUMA lar responses of the acute inflammatory response in birds have been studied in chickens and pi- MEDICINE geons2,6,10,19,22 (see Chapter 40). The response is simi- lar in both mammalian and chicken skin in the first 12 hours. Immediate vasoconstriction to control hem- orrhage is followed by vasodilation within 30 min- utes.22 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes infiltrate the margins of the injured and necrotic tissue within the first 2 to 6 hours, causing active phagocy- tosis of necrotic cellular debris and bacteria.10,22 Laurel A. Degernes By 12 hours post-injury, the ratio of polymorphonu- clear to mononuclear cells shifts toward a predomi- nance of mononuclear cells.22 During the next 36 hours, necrotic leukocytes that were active in phago- cytosis accumulate at the periphery of the necrotic tissue and are phagocytized by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Guinea Pig Care Sheet!
    W I L L O W R I V E R V E T E R I N A R Y S E R V I C E S GUINEA PIG CARE SHEET! Included in this care sheet is important information on the care of your friend, including a grocery list of their favorite foods!! FOR FURTHER QUESTIONS OR CONCERNS, CALL OR EMAIL US! 434-328-2685 [email protected] A little piggie History The guinea pig, also lovingly referred to as a cavy (their scientific name is Cavia porcellus), is a rodent that is native to the Andes Mountains of South America. Cavys were first domesticated by the Andean Indians of Peru, as a food source. In the 16th century, Dutch explorers brought guinea pigs to Europe, where they were selectively bred by fanciers. In the 18th century, guinea pigs entered the research industry, and have contributed significantly to the scientific community. Guinea pigs, although commonly considered a children's pet, do require a lot of attention to hygiene and have quite specific dietary requirements that need to be met to keep them healthy and happy. The more time an owner spends with their piggie, the more its true personality will emerge! Many piggies are kept as indoor pets, allowing them to spend more time with their human family. Thanks to selective breeding, cavys are found in a wide range of colors and coat types. There are four primary varieties that are commonly seen in the pet industry. The first is the Shorthair or English variety, which have a uniformly short hair coat.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance
    DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79371 ProvisionalChapter chapter 3 Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects onon Bacterial Resistance ChristianChristian Agyare, Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah,Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, CrystalCrystal Ngofi Zumbi Ngofi Zumbi andand FrankFrank Boateng Osei Boateng Osei Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79371 Abstract A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed prod- ucts worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry produc- tion in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics. Keywords: bacteria, antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, antimicrobials, poultry 1. Introduction Antibiotic resistance (AR) which is defined as the ability of an organism to resist the killing effects of an antibiotic to which it was normally susceptible [1] and it has become an issue of global interest [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Chickens & Turkeys (Galliformes)
    Chickens & Turkeys (Galliformes)i Diet and Care Recommendations General Information Chickens are domesticated descendants of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) of southeastern Asia. There are hundreds of breeds. Domestic turkeys are descendants of the wild turkey (Maleagris gallopavo). There are at least 8 recognized breeds including the bronze and white turkeys, which are probably the most common breeds in America. Both chickens and turkeys have been selectively bred to enhance weight gain for meat production, for laying, or for specific external traits in the case of ornamental varieties. Common egg-breeds of chickens include Ameraucana, leghorn, Araucana, Andalusian, and Minorca. Primarily meat-breeds include Jersey giants and Cornish game. Many breeds of chickens are considered dual purpose (meat and egg production) including Australorp, Brahma, Orpington, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Jersey Giant, and Wyandotte. There are also exhibition breeds including the cochin, Japanese bantam, modern game, polish, old English game, Sebright, and silkie. The true bantams include silkies, Pekin, Serama, Japanese bantam, and Sebright, among others. Bantams can be very useful as surrogate brooders for falcons, sea ducks, and other endangered species. Turkeys have primarily been domesticated for meat production. Knowing what type of breed your chicken or turkey is can be important for anticipating its needs and potential management issues. Commercial breeds, in particular, are generally short-lived and exhibit severely debilitating orthopedic disease if not fed properly during growth stages. There are local native species of Galliformes in western Washington including wild turkey, ruffed-grouse, California quail, and spruce grouse. The ring-necked pheasant is an introduced species.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Flock Poultry Management Series
    Small Flock Poultry Management Series Disease According to Webster, “Disease is a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms.” Disease results when one or more of a variety of direct and indirect causes reduces an organism’s resistance to infection. Direct causes of disease can be either infectious or non-infectious. Infectious causes of disease include pathogenic viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and protozoa. Indirect, non-infectious, causes of disease include nutritional imbalance, injury, toxins, and excessive stress. Effective control of disease requires an understanding of how diseases are introduced and spread. Infectious disease is caused by pathogenic microbes. The majority of microbes found in the environment and in the bodies of poultry are nonpathogenic (they don’t cause disease). Beneficial microbes live in and on poultry to aid in many bodily functions, including digestion. Pathogenic microbes vary in their ability to cause disease and in the severity of the disease they cause. Some microbes known as opportunists will infect only an animal with a suppressed immune system. Differences among strains of the same pathogenic microbes can cause different symptoms and differences in severity of a disease. Bacteria Bacteria were first discovered in the 17th century when the microscope was invented. Bacteria reproduce by different means, some by producing spores, others by cell division. Under ideal conditions a single bacterium can become millions in just a few hours. Pathogenic bacteria enter the body of the chicken in several ways; through the digestive system, the respiratory system, and through cuts and wounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research Notes Regarding This
    Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research Notes regarding this Reference Resource: *This reference was adopted by the Council on Accreditation with the following clarification and exceptions: Clarification: This reference endorses the use of thoracic compression in small wild birds as acceptable with condition P. 189. However, Council notes the following: Thoracic (cardiopulmonary, cardiac) compression is a method used to euthanize wild small mammals and birds, mainly under field conditions. According to the “AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition,” thoracic compression is an unacceptable means of euthanizing animals that are not deeply anesthetized or insentient due to other reasons P.41, M3.12and P.83,S7.6.3.3. The Council on Accreditation recognizes the need for the use of thoracic compression in conscious wild small birds and mammals in situations where alternate techniques are not feasible or objectives of the protocol are such that the IACUC, and/or competent authority, grants approval for this method, training for the technique is provided, and its continued approval is re-evaluated as more scientifically-based data regarding its use becomes available. Clarification: AAALAC International underscores the need for scientific justification and IACUC approval for blood collection by intracardiac route as a survival procedure under general anesthesia (pg 136). Exception: AAALAC International does not endorse digit amputation as a route for blood collection but endorses nail clipping for blood collection with scientific justification and IACUC approval (pg.138). Exception: AAALAC International does not endorse chilling of the surgical site as an acceptable analgesic (pg 176). Exception: AAALAC International does not endorse performing a major invasive procedure (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Small Poultry Flocks
    Rob Porter Small Flock Diseases Diseases of Small Poultry Flocks Rob Porter, D.V.M., Ph.D., DACVP, DACPV Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory 1333 Gortner Avenue St. Paul, MN 55109 (612) 624-7400 and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine [email protected] References: Disease of Poultry: M. Saif (ed.); Iowa State University Press, 2003 Poultry Production (13th Edition); R. Austic and C. Neshem, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1990 Avian Disease Manual (4th Edition): C. Whiteman and A. Bickford (eds.), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 1990 Avian Histopathology (2nd Edition), C. Riddell (ed); AAAP, 1996. The following list is the most common diseases I have diagnosed in backyard or small poultry flocks (mostly chickens). 1. Staphylococcus aureus infection 2. Escherichia coli infection (colibacillosis) 3. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection 4. Marek’s disease 5. Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) 6. Visceral gout 7. Fatty liver 8. Cloacal prolapse 9. Osteomalacia 10. Ascite syndrome 11. Coccidiosis 12. Ascarids 13. Ectoparasites- mites and lice 1 Rob Porter Small Flock Diseases Staphylococcus aureus Infection Definition: Septicemic infection of many birds characterized by arthritis and tenosynovitis (inflammation of tendon sheath) Synonyms: Staphylococcosis- often associated with bumblefoot or omphalitis (navel ill) Cause: Staphylococcus aureus- Gram-positive coccus Epidemiology: S. aureus is an opportunist that must penetrate skin barrier. Normal inhabitant on skin surfaceskin injuryorganism penetrates skin to invade blood. Skin injury may be scratches, excessively moist skin, needle or claw punctures Transmission: Ubiquitous on skin and in environment and must penetrate skin. Not directly transmitted from bird to bird Clinical signs: Large variety of diseases: 1.
    [Show full text]