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Die Impak Van Suur Mynwater Op Die Ekologie Van Die Wieg Van Die Mensdom En Die Krugersdorp- Wildreservaat Aan Die Wes-Rand

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Die Impak Van Suur Mynwater Op Die Ekologie Van Die Wieg Van Die Mensdom En Die Krugersdorp- Wildreservaat Aan Die Wes-Rand Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie ISSN: (Online) 2222-4173, (Print) 0254-3486 Page 1 of 9 Oorspronklike Navorsing Die impak van suur mynwater op die ekologie van die Wieg van die Mensdom en die Krugersdorp- Wildreservaat aan die Wes-Rand Author: Die Witwatersrand Supergroep is die wêreld se rykste gouddraende geologiese afsetting. 1 François Durand Hierdie ongeveer 2.8 miljard jaar oue eenheid word deur die 2.71–2.67 miljard jaar oue Affiliation: Ventersdorp Supergroep opgevolg wat weer deur die 2.67–2.46 miljard jaar Chuniespoort 1Department of Zoology, Groep van die Transvaal Supergroep bedek word. Die dolomietryke Chuniespoort University of Johannesburg, Groep is ook ’n reusewaterdraer waaruit water vir boerdery in suidelike Gauteng, die South Africa suidoostelike Noordwes- Provinsie en noordelike Vrystaat onttrek word. Megaliters Corresponding author: grondwater stroom daagliks vanuit die dolomietryke gebiede in die naasliggende myne François Durand, in, wat veroorsaak dat hierdie water voortdurend uitgepomp moet word, alvorens daar [email protected] met mynaktiwiteite voortgegaan kan word. Die goudmyne in die Witwatersrand Dates: Supergroep is van die diepste myne ter wêreld en dié in Gauteng is tot ongeveer 3 km Received: 11 Oct. 2015 diep. Die myne van die Sentraal-Rand, die Oos-Rand en die Wes-Rand, wat oor ’n gebied Accepted: 07 Oct 2016 van ongeveer 100 km strek, is een ná die ander gesluit toe die gouderts tot op ’n diepte van Published: 25 Nov. 2016 ongeveer 3 km ondergronds uitgemyn was en dit te onekonomies geword het om voort te How to cite this article: gaan om te myn. Die reusagtige ondergrondse mynholte wat nagelaat is, beslaan etlike Durand, F., 2016, ‘Die impak miljoene kubieke meter. Hierdie mynholte het stadigaan weer met grondwater begin van suur mynwater op die opvul, en die fonteine rondom die Witwatersrandse myne het na ’n eeu van ontwatering ekologie van die Wieg van die weer begin vloei. Dit is egter nie skoon dolomitiese water wat uit die fonteine stroom nie, Mensdom en die Krugersdorp-Wildreservaat maar suur mynwater wat hoë konsentrasies swaelsuur, sulfaatsoute en metale, insluitende aan die Wes-Rand’, radioaktiewe swaarmetale, bevat. Die gouddraende lae van die Witwatersrand Supergroep Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir bevat ook groot hoeveelhede ysterpiriet (FeS ) wat swaelsuur vorm wanneer dit in Natuurwetenskap en 2 aanraking met suurstof en water kom. Die agteruitgang van die ekologie van Krugersdorp Tegnologie 35(1), a1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ se Wildreservaat en die Wieg van die Mensdom is ’n goeie voorbeeld van die negatiewe satnt.v35i1.1367 uitwerking van suur mynwater op die ekologie. Copyright: © 2016. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work The impact of acid mine drainage on the ecology of the Cradle of Humankind and is licensed under the Krugersdorp Game Reserve on the West Rand. The Witwatersrand Supergroup is the Creative Commons world’s richest goldbearing geological deposit. This approximately 2.8 milliard years old unit Attribution License. is overlain by the 2.71–2.67 milliard years Ventersdorp Supergroup which is in turn overlain by the 2.67–2.46 milliard years Chuniespoort Group of the Transvaal Supergroup. The dolomite-rich Chuniespoort Group also contains a large aquifer which supplies water to farms in southern Gauteng, southeastern North West Province and northern Free State. The megalitres of water in the dolomite flooding the adjacent gold mines in the Witwatersrand Supergroup need to be pumped out constantly to keep the mines operational. The gold mines in the Witwatersrand Supergroup are amongst the deepest mines in the world and those in Gauteng are up to 3 km deep. The mines of the Central Rand, the East Rand and the West Rand, which extend over an area of 100 km, were shut down, one after the other, as the gold ore was depleted to a depth of approximately 3 km and it became uneconomical to continue. The enormous mine void, occupying several million cubic metres, gradually started to fill up with groundwater again, causing the springs in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand mines to flow after more than a century of dewatering. The water flowing from these springs, however, is not clean dolomitic water but acid mine water containing a high concentration of sulphuric acid, sulphate salts and metals, including radioactive heavy metals. The auriferous geological layers constituting the Witwatersrand Supergroup also contain large quantities of iron pyrite Read online: (FeS ) which forms sulphuric acid when it comes into contact with water and oxygen. The Scan this QR 2 code with your deterioration of the ecology in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve and the Cradle of Humankind smart phone or World Heritage Site is a good example of the negative impact acid mine water has on the mobile device to read online. ecology. http://www.satnt.ac.za Open Access Page 2 of 9 Oorspronklike Navorsing Inleiding Gauteng, die suidoostelike deel van Noordwes en die noordelike deel van die Vrystaat voor. Die sedimentêre gesteentes wat die Die Witwatersrand Supergroep, die rykste gouddraende Witwatersrand Supergroep vorm, was ongeveer 2.8 miljard jaar geologiese afsetting ter wêreld, was vir meer as ’n eeu gelede in horisontale lae in ’n vlak binnelandse see afgeset dié belangrikste dryfveer van die Suid-Afrikaanse (McCarthy & Rubidge 2005). Die impak van ’n reusemeteoriet ekonomie. Sonder hierdie unieke geologiese verskynsel sou ongeveer 2.023 miljard jaar gelede het hierdie 7500 meter dik Johannesburg, die stede en dorpe van die Oos-Rand, Wes-Rand sedimentêre opeenvolging vervorm, wat veroorsaak het dat die en verre Wes-Rand asook, trouens, Gauteng as ’n provinsie nie bestaan het nie. Die myne en gepaardgaande nywerhede het lae na die middel van die Vredefortkoepel teen ’n helling van miljoene mense van oral oor die wêreld na die Witwatersrand tussen 10° en 30° (Truswell 1977). gelok. Na die ontdekking van die goudrif het ’n reeks klein delwerye al langs die ossewapad, wat later Hoofrifweg sou Die Witwatersrand Supergroep word in die Sentraal-Rand word, ontspring. Tussen 1886 en 1887 was die dorpe Groep en die onderliggende Wes-Rand Groep onderverdeel. Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Roodepoort, Randfontein, Die Wes-Rand Groep word in die Hospital Hill, die Klerksdorp, Germiston en Boksburg gestig (Mendelsohn & Government en die Jeppestown Subgroepe onderverdeel, Potgieter 1986). Die totstandkoming van die dorpe Nigel, terwyl die Sentraal-Rand Groep in die Johannesburg en Brakpan, Carletonville en die swart woonbuurte Kliptown, Turffontein Subgroepe onderverdeel word. Die Johannesburg Orlando, Katlehong, Tembisa en Vosloorus het in die dekades Subgroep bevat een van die grootste afsettings van goud ter daarna gevolg. Die groot myne het eers ontstaan toe die wêreld (McCarthy & Rubidge 2005; Viljoen & Reimold 2002). diamantbaronne van Kimberley en die mynmagnate van die Die Witwatersrand Supergroep word deur die 2.714–2.665 Oos-Transvaalse Laeveld al die kleiner delwerye uitgekoop het miljard jaar oue Ventersdorp Supergroep bedek (Schneiderhan (Mendelsohn & Potgieter 1986). Nuwe tegnieke is ontwikkel om 2008). Die Ventersdorp Supergroep bestaan hoofsaaklik die uitdagings wat met diep myne gepaard gegaan het, die hoof uit stollingsgesteentes wat bo-oor die goudbevattende te bied. Een van hierdie probleme was om die oorstroming van Ventersdorp-kontakrif afgeset is (sien Figuur 1). die myne deur grondwater te verhoed. Die Transvaal Supergroep bedek weer die Ventersdorp Geologie van die Witwatersrand Supergroep. Die goudbevattende Swartrif-formasie wat die Die gesteentes van die Witwatersrand Supergroep kom in ’n onderste laag van die Transvaal Supergroep vorm, is veral wye boog rondom die Vredefortkoepel in die suidelike deel van aan die Wes-Rand gemyn (McCarthy & Rubidge 2005). Die K2 Karoo K1 Supergroep T3s T3m T3d Transvaal T3t Supergroep T2 T1 Ventersdorp V Supergroep Wd5 Wd4 Witeatersrand Wd3 Supergroep Wd2 Wd1 AG2 ArgeOese Vloergraniet AN1 f Verskuiwing Treinspoor 10km Pad Rivier Skaal Bron: Aangepas vanaf Geologiese Opname, 1970, 1:1 000 000 Geologiekaart vir Suid-Afrika, Lesotho en Swaziland FIGUUR 1: Die geologie van die Witwatersrand en omstreke. http://www.satnt.ac.za Open Access Page 3 of 9 Oorspronklike Navorsing Swartrif word deur die Chuniespoort Groep van die reusemynholte van ongeveer 45 000 000m2 (Eriksson et al. Transvaal Supergroep bedek. Die Chuniespoort Groep 2001) van Springs tot Randfontein uit te pomp slegs ’n paar bestaan uit sedimentêre gesteentes wat ongeveer 2.67–2.46 myne se verantwoordelikheid geword (Van Eeden, Lieferink miljard jaar gelede afgeset is en bevat gesteentes soos gebande & Durand 2009). Ongeveer 36 000 000L water is in die 1990’s ystersteen en stromatolitiese karbonate wat grootliks uit daagliks uit die mynholte in die Sentrale Rand gepomp om kalksteen en dolomiet bestaan (Eriksson et al. 2001). Die die myne operasioneel te hou (Scott 1995), terwyl ongeveer dolomietryke Chuniespoort Groep bedek ’n groot gedeelte 32 000 000L uit die mynholte aan die Wes-Rand deur van die Witwatersrand Supergroep in die suidelike deel van Harmony Gold Mines gepomp en in die Wonderfonteinspruit Gauteng en die suidoostelike deel van Noordwes-Provinsie en Tweelopiespruit gestort is (Krige & Van Biljon 2010). Tot ’n (sien Figuur 1). paar jaar gelede is ongeveer 75 mg/L per dag uit die Grootvleimyn aan die Oos-Rand in die Blesbokspruit gestort Suur mynwater (Holtzhausen 2006). Die koste het mettertyd te hoog geword vir hierdie paar myne en, ondanks
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