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The Patent Office During the Civil War

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The Patent Office During the Civil War H-DC The Patent Office during the Civil War Discussion published by John DeFerrari on Thursday, June 11, 2015 From the Streets of Washington blog. Full post with illustrations is at: http://www.streetsofwashington.com/2015/06/the-drama-of-civil-war-at-patent-office.html Thousands of Union troops overwhelmed Washington at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As the Union's most important border outpost, the city became the staging ground for a massive campaign against the South. Virtually all large public structures were quickly repurposed for emergency war needs, beginning with the Capitol, where basement ovens baked bread daily for the city's soldiers while troops upstairs sat at senators' desks and staged mock sessions of Congress. The Patent Office circa 1870, seen from 7th and E Streets NW. Early streetcar tracks can be seen in the rough cobblestone roadway (Author's collection). By this time the Patent Office was almost finished, with final touches underway in the north wing. Citation: John DeFerrari. The Patent Office during the Civil War. H-DC. 06-11-2015. https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/discussions/72233/patent-office-during-civil-war Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-DC The completed south, east, and west wings offered spacious top-floor galleries suitable for many non patent-related purposes, the first of which was as a temporary barracks for the First Rhode Island Regiment in March and April 1861. The Rhode Islanders slept in crudely assembled three-tier bunk beds ranged alongside the delicate glass display cases of the West Model Hall. Inevitably, this led to rough treatment of the model displays. Reportedly, some 400 panes of glass were broken, and numerous patent models went missing when the troops left. In command of the regiment was Colonel Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-1881), an ambitious and genial career military officer and inventor of the Burnside carbine. He would go on to serve as one of the many failed commanders of the Army of the Potomac. Accompanying him and the Rhode Island regiment was the state's "boy" governor, William Sprague IV (1830-1915), the impetuous and fabulously wealthy heir to a textile manufacturing fortune who had been elected governor at the age of 29. Sprague, like many northerners, presumed the war would end quickly and enthusiastically joined his state's troops on their brief and excellent adventure south (as did several of the men's female relatives, who "utterly refused to be left at home," according toThe Evening Star). Pulitzer Prize winning author Margaret Leech, in her magisterialReveille in Washington 1860-1865, says Sprague paraded with the troops wearing military dress and a yellow-plumed hat. Just a block away from the Rhode Island Regiment's Patent Office encampment stood the handsome brick mansion of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase (1808-1873), on the northwest corner of Sixth and E Streets NW. Living with him was his irrepressible daughter, Kate (1840-1899), who at 21 years of age was the undisputed queen of Washington society—the "Belle of the North," as she was called. Strikingly intelligent, poised, and charming, Kate was also determined to advance both herself and her beloved father, who aspired to the presidency. Citation: John DeFerrari. The Patent Office during the Civil War. H-DC. 06-11-2015. https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/discussions/72233/patent-office-during-civil-war Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-DC Kate Chase, circa 1861 (author's collection). Scornful of other women, Kate conquered men's hearts easily, and at a young age she was particularly taken with military men. The onset of the Civil War brought legions of interesting Army officers virtually to her doorstep—the Chases even allowed their own home to be used for recovering wounded soldiers at one point early in the war. Margaret Leech notes that Kate Chase "appeared to be acting in the capacity of hostess at the Rhode Island quarters" in the nearby Patent Office. The Rhode Island regiment had been noted for the high social standing of a number of its recruits, in addition to the rich young governor. While she enjoyed the attention of them all, she had her sights Citation: John DeFerrari. The Patent Office during the Civil War. H-DC. 06-11-2015. https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/discussions/72233/patent-office-during-civil-war Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 3 H-DC set on the governor. The newspapers' gossip columns soon were publishing rumors of Kate's engagement to Sprague, and she would, in fact, marry him two years later in one of Washington's most celebrated and elaborate fetes. Meanwhile, the brutal reality of the war soon made itself felt across the city, and nowhere more painfully than at the Patent Office. Unexpectedly high casualties from the nearby Manassas, Antietam, and Fredericksburg battlefields brought a stream of wounded soldiers into Washington. Not long after the Rhode Islanders decamped in early 1861, a temporary hospital ward was set up that quickly grew to fill all three of the Patent Office's finished top floor halls, providing room for hundreds of patients. Though officially designated "Indiana Hospital," most people just called it the Patent Office hospital. President and Mrs. Lincoln paid several visits to the soldiers recuperating there. Citation: John DeFerrari. The Patent Office during the Civil War. H-DC. 06-11-2015. https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/discussions/72233/patent-office-during-civil-war Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 4 H-DC And so did poet Walt Whitman (1819-1892), as Garrett Peck describes in his engaging new book, Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet. Whitman had left his native Brooklyn, New York, in December 1862 to search in Washington for his brother George, who had been wounded in the Battle of Fredericksburg. George turned out to be okay, but Whitman was amazed at all the wounded soldiers that seemed to be everywhere in the capital. "It was the desperate plight of these young men that convinced Whitman to remain in Washington and to help wherever he could," Peck writes. The not-yet-renowned poet took it upon himself to visit soldiers at Citation: John DeFerrari. The Patent Office during the Civil War. H-DC. 06-11-2015. https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/discussions/72233/patent-office-during-civil-war Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 5 H-DC various Washington hospitals, including Indiana Hospital at the Patent Office, providing food and articles of clothing and helping the soldiers write letters home. Among the press articles Whitman wrote about his activities and later compiled into Memoranda During The War is this description of the Patent Office: Feb. 23 [1863].—I must not let the great Hospital at the Patent Office pass away without some mention. A few weeks ago the vast area of the second story of that noblest of Washington buildings, was crowded close with rows of sick, badly wounded and dying soldiers. They were placed in three very large apartments. I went there many times. It was a strange, solemn and, with all its features of suffering and death, a sort of fascinating sight. I go sometimes at night to soothe and relieve particular cases. Two of the immense apartments are fill'd with high and ponderous glass cases, crowded with models in miniature of every kind of utensil, machine or invention, it ever enter'd into the mind of man to conceive; and with curiosities and foreign presents. Between these cases are lateral openings, perhaps eight feet wide, and quite deep, and in these were placed the sick; besides a great long double row of them up and down through the middle of the hall. Many of them were very bad cases, wounds and amputations. Then there was a gallery running above the hall, in which there were beds also. It was, indeed, a curious scene at night, when lit up. The glass cases, the beds, the forms lying there, the gallery above, and the marble pavement under foot—the suffering, and the fortitude to bear it in various degrees—occasionally, from some, the groan that could not be repress'd—sometimes a poor fellow dying, with emaciated face and glassy eye, the nurse by his side, the doctor also there, but no friend, no relative—such were the sights but lately in the Patent Office. The wounded have since been removed from there, and it is now vacant again. As Whitman notes, the Patent Office hospital finally closed in early 1863. Newer and larger infirmaries, arranged in camp-like pavilions, were being built on the outskirts of the city in the hopes of providing better treatment for the wounded and sick as well as separating them better from the general population so as to limit the spread of contagious diseases. Heavy traffic from army vehicles burdened the Patent Office and its neighborhood, as it did much of the formerly "sleepy" city. In 1862, a reader wrote to The Evening Star to complain about the teams of horses parked in front of the building at all times ("a string daily is waiting for commissary stores"). The army's teamsters were apparently less than vigilant and would sometimes leave the horses unattended.
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