AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1066 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY May 3, 1940 New York City

STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. XXXIV1 THE GENERA TODIROSTRUM, EUSCARTHMORNIS, SNETHLAGEA, POECILO- TRICCUS, LOPHOTRICCUS, MYIORNIS, PSEUDOTRICCUS, AND HEMITRICCUS BY JOHN T. ZIMMER Acknowledgments are made to Mr. differ from each other as well as from the W. E. C. Todd of the Carnegie Museum, type of chrysocrotaphum but it is possible Pittsburgh, Mr. Rudyerd Boulton of that all three belong together as represent- Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- ing three extremes of individual variation cago, Mr. Rudolph de Schauensee and in a single form. At any rate, I am not Mr. James Bond of the Academy of prepared to say that the differences have Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Dr. any other significance. Alexander Wetmore and Dr. Herbert Strickland's illustration of the type, as Friedmann of the U. S. National Museum, well as his description, is relatively accurate Washington, D. C., for comparative ma- with regard to general pattern and par- terial generously lent from the collections ticularly informative with regard to the under their charge. My thanks also are anterior extension of the yellow super- due to Dr. C. E. Hellmayr for compara- ciliary stripe over the eye to meet the white tive notes on certain specimens in Euro- loral spot. Both figure and description pean museums which have been of great fail to take notice of a number of fine assistance in the present study. dusky dots on the sides of the throat and As in previous papers in this series, names breast, very inconspicuous and easily over- of colors are capitalized when direct com- looked although they are relatively larger parison has been made with Ridgway's on the sides of the breast. A few feathers "Color Standards and Color Nomen- across the chest show dark centers that are clature." concealed by the tips of the feathers and there is some molt in progress in this whole Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum area with indications that some of the in- chrysocrotaphum Strickland coming feathers would have dark central Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum STRICKLAND, spots. It is safe to assume, therefore, 1850, Contr. Orn., p. 48-6, P1. XLIX, upper fig.- that the type represents a form with a white Perd; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. loral spot, a full yellow superciliary stripe, The type of this interesting form, a narrow whitish chin but- with the yellow kindly lent to me by Mr. de Schauensee, of the malar region almost if not quite cannot be matched exactly by any speci- touching the base of the bill, and with a men that I have examined and hence I necklace of dark spots, nearly obsolete am not prepared to suggest a restricted in the type, passing down the malar region type locality for it. Judging by the and across the chest. The blue-black of material at hand, however, I believe that the cap covers the occiput broadly and ex- the type probably came from some locality tends over part of the hind neck, being in extreme northern Peri, in the neighbor- separated from the yellowish green back hood of the Marafn6n, or not far from it. by a poorly marked collar of more yellow- I have two north-Peruvian specimens that ish color. A fine male from Rio Seco, west of 1 Previous numbers in this series comprise Ameri- can Museum Novitates Nos. 500, 509, 523, 524, 538, Moyobamba, has the back but little less 545, 558, 584, 646, 647, 668, 703, 728, 753, 756, 757, brightly yellowish than in neglectum of 785, 819, 860, 861, 862, 889, 893, 894, 917, 930, 962, 963, 994, 1042, 1043, 1044, and 1045. central and southern Peru and has the white 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066 loral spot very much reduced in size but Teff6 birds do not represent the most still apparent and all but touching the base heavily spotted extreme of chrysocrota- of the yellow superciliary stripe, but the phum. The connection of the range be- necklace of black dots is quite pronounced tween Teff6 and Rio Seco is uncertain. though very much weaker than that of It appears that neglectum is found on the T. c. guttatum of the Rio Negro, Brazil. Ucayali as far downstream as Sarayacu A male from the "Rio Cenipa" (Cinipa), but it is quite possible that chrysocrota- north of the Marafi6n, is greener on the phum crosses the mouth of the river. back, like the type, and has the malar Future collections in the region will be portion of the necklace well-developed but necessary to determine the point. For that across the chest all but obsolete. the present, however, I prefer to consider The white loral patch is well developed, the Teff6 birds as belonging to the typical narrowly meeting the yellow superciliary subspecies. stripe. I have two specimens of guttatum, one Two adult skins from Teff6 are not from the Rio Negro, Brazil, and one from certainly distinct from the Peruvian skins. the western bank of the Cassiquiare, Vene- One of them, a female, is a little more zuela. Both agree in distinction from the broadly marked on the necklace than the Teff6 birds by being darker green above, Rio Seco specimen, about as heavily as the about like illigeri, and even more heavily Rio Cinipa example but with the necklace spotted below, especially the Cassiquiare complete. The second Teff6 bird, a male, bird. The Teffe specimens, therefore, is still more heavily marked though less stand intermediate between the Peruvian than guttatum. An immature female from specimens of chrysocrotaphum and these Teff6 also has the full necklace. All three examples of guttatum. skins from this locality have the white The occurrence of guttatum on the Cas- loral patch separated from the yellow siquiare is of particular interest in view superciliary by only one or two black of the fact that a single specimen from the feathers. foot of Mt. Duida is quite typical pictum, Hlellmayr [1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. with white lores and a black-spotted neck- Pubi., 7ool. Ser., XIII (5), p. 295] refers lace but no yellow superciliary stripe, a male from Pebas, Peru, to guttatum but although this is faintly suggested in several this assignment may need examination in specimens by traces of pale grayish mar- the light of the present discussion. gins on the feathers of the supra-auricular One other possibility remains. The region. Although there are no lengthy white loral spot is not necessarily perfectly series of specimens available to show full definitive. As noted above, the Rio Seco intergradation between pictum and the specimen has a very small one. One members of the chrysocrotaphum group or example of neglectum, which has black with nigriceps, all these forms are exceed- lores, shows a single white feather on one ingly closely related and together form a side in this region. The allied nigriceps, well-defined specific group for which I use which also normally has black lores, oc- a single specific name. casionally shows a well-developed white patch in front of the eye. It is possible, Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum therefore, that the type of chrysocrotaphum neglectum Carriker is an aberrant example of the form recently Todrirostrum (sic) chrysocrotaphum neglec- named neglectum rather than a more normal tum CARRIKER, 1932 (Jan. 21), Proc. Acad. Nat. example of the form to which I have as- Sci. Phila., LXXXIII, p. 460-Huacamayo, Perd; signed it. The relatively dark back and c; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. the presence of actual, though minute, This form was long misidentified as true pectoral and malar spots argue against this chrysocrotaphum in spite of the absence conception and in favor of the arrangement of the white malar spot which is one of the I have adopted. prominent features of that form. The In any case, I cannot be certain that the yellow superciliary stripe is equally long STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 3 in both subspecies, passing above the eye anterior end of the yellow stripe; auriculars, to the upper anterior corner or at least except the yellow upper margin, blue-black, the color extending under the eye to meet the black anteriad of the middle. One specimen of the base of the bill; chin and base of malar from Rosarinho has one white feather on region white; remainder of malar region and the loral region of the left side and there throat Lemon Yellow; breast, sides, and belly are occasional traces of fine black spots on Lemon Yellow tinged with Lemon Chrome; flanks and crissum paler and duller. Remiges the sides of the breast though none in the blackish; outer primary with a minute, buffy malar region. The back is more yellow- yellow outer margin; remaining primaries with ish than in the typical form and the black narrow green borders; secondaries with outer of the cap in most cases is a little less margins broader and yellower, becoming whitish toward the tips of the inner secondaries and on broadly extended posteriorly. the tertials; upper wing-coverts blue-black, the This form ranges to the Chanchamayo median series broadly tipped and the greater Valley in central Peru and apparently down series exteriorly margined with deep yellow the Ucayali as far as Sarayacu, inhabits forming two conspicuous bars; outer primary- coverts with a dull yellow outer margin; under northern Bolivia, and passes down the left wing-coverts light, clear yellow; inner margins bank of the Rio Madeira to near its mouth, of remiges whitish. Tail dusky brown with being recorded also from the upper Rio greenish outer margins and narrow pale tips on Purtis. the feathers. Bill (in dried skin) black; feet dull slaty. Wing, 40.25 mm.; tail, 25; exposed There are no records of any form of the culmen, 12; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 15. species from the right bank of the Madeira REMARKS.-A second specimen without but two examples from the left bank of determined sex differs only by slightly the Tapajoz are very distinct and represent deeper yellow on the under parts, a little an undescribed form to be known as fol- more blue-black on the occiput, and a slight lows. trace of brighter yellow color on the hind neck, not well defined. Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum similis, new subspecies SPECIMENS EXAMINED TYPE from Igarape Amorin, Rio Tapajoz (left T. c. chrysocrotaphum.- bank), Brazil. No. 288,730, American Museum PERUT: of Natural History. Adult female collected (No exact locality), 1 (?) 1 (type); July 2, 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla. Rio Seco, 1 d; DIAGNOSIS.-Similar to T. c. chrysocrotaphum Rio Cinipa, 1 e. of northern Peru but without malar or pectoral BRAZIL: spots and with the yellow superciliary stripe not Teffe, 1 e, 2 9. passing above the orbit but restricted to the T. c. neglectum. supra-auricular region where it involves per- PERU': ceptibly also the upper border of the auriculars; Perene, 1 c, 1 9. black of the crown less broadly extended over BOLIVIA: the nape and with less evident yellowish collar San Mateo, 1 (?); between the nape and the mantle. Pattern of Falls of Rio Madeira, 1 (?). crown and superciliary stripe as in T. c. illigeri of BRAZIL: the Para district which, however, lacks the white Rio Madeira, Marmellos, 1 c<; loral spot present in similis. Rosarinho, 1 e, 2 9. RANGE.-Known only from the left bank of T. c. similis.- the Rio Tapajoz near the mouth. BRAZIL: DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-TOP of head steel Rio Tapajoz, Igarap6 Amorin, 1 9 (type); blue-black to about the middle of the occiput Igarap6 Brabo, 1 (?). where it is replaced by the Yellowish Oil Green T. c. illigeri.- of the hind neck; the back brighter, Warbler BRAZIL: Green X Oil Yellow. Lores with a large, Rio Tocantins, Baiao, 1 o?; triangular white patch reaching the anterior ParA, Flor de Prado, 1 cid. border of the orbit but separated from the nasal T. c. guttatum.- feathering and from the gape by a broad black BRAZIL: space; a broad, deep yellow stripe from the upper Rio Negro, Igarap6 Cacao Pereira, 1 e. posterior border of the orbit over the auriculars VENEZUELA: to the sides of the neck, involving the upper Rio Huaynia, junction with the Cassiquiare, border of the auricular feathering but not pass- 1 9. ing over the orbits where the blue-black of the 1 Specimen in Academy of Natural Sciences, crown separates the white loral patch from the Philadelphia. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [NO. 1(666

T. c. pictum.- Todirostrum cinereum peruanum VENEZUELA: Mt. Duida, "Pie del Cerro," 1 9. Zimmer DUTCH GUIANA: Todirostrum cinereum peruanum ZIMMER, 1930 near Paramaribo, 2 e, 1 9, 2 (?); (Dec. 10), Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. "Interior," 1 9. Ser., XVII, p. 384-Vista Alegre, Perd; d; Field T. c. nigriceps. Mus. Nat. Hist. COLOMBIA: San Ignacio, 4 e, 1 9; Huarandosa, Santa Marta, Bonda, 6 (?); 16, 1 9; Perico, 1 9; Chaupe, 2 c, Malena, Antioquia, 1 e. ECUADOR: 1 9; Lomo Santo, 1 9; Sauces, 1 ci, Naranjo, 1 9. 1 9; Jaen, 2 6", 1 9; Rfo Negro, west of PANAMA: Moyobamba, 1 a, 1 9; Rio Seco, 1 c, 1 9; Almirante, 2 , 1 9; 1 1 [Lion Hill], 2 e. Uchco, c, 9; Pozuzo, 1 ci; Peren6, COSTA RICA: 2 c, 1 (?); La Merced, 1 ci, 1 9 ; Tulu- Jim6nez, 1 d; mayo, 2 (?); Utcuyacu, 2 , 3 9; Santa La Concepcion, 1 9. Ana, Urubamba, 5 c, 1 9; Chauillay, 1 9. Todirostrum calopterum pulchellum This series confirrits the characters given Sclater in the original description. Additional Todirostrum pulchellum SCLATER, 1874, P. Z. material demonstrates that the east- S. London for Dec., 1873, pp. 780, 781 Cosfii- Ecuadorian birds also belong to this form, pata, Dept. Cuzco, Perd; British Mus. being quite strongly marked. Specimens In spite of the apparently unoccupied are at hand from Zamora, Rio Suno, Cerro area between the known ranges of calop- Galeras, Oyacachi, mouth of Rio Curaray, terum and pulchellum and certain differ- Sumaco, and San Jos6. ences of detail in coloration of these two All Peruvian records except from ex- birds, I believe they are sufficiently closely treme northwestern Peru undoubtedly related to bear the same specific name. belong to peruanum. These include Vista The general pattern is identical although Alegre, Chinchao, Rio Colorado, Puerto pulchellum has the black of the auricular Bermddez, Moyobamba, Poco Tambo region extended forward toward the chin (= Pucatambo), San Ram6n, Idma, San below the white malar stripe, a white loral Miguel Bridge, Tarapoto, La Gloria, San spot and supra-auricular patch, broader Emilio, Maranura, Potrero, Huambo, Ca- and paler outer margins of secondaries and liacate, and Monterico. tertials, slightly wider pale margins of the outer rectrices, and a darker back Todirostrum cinereum sclateri which is still green in the female and even (Cabanis and Heine) in the male has a faint greenish tinge. T(riccus) Sclateri CABANIS AND HEINE, 1859, There are traces of the loral and supra- Mus. Hein., II, p. 50-Perfi (I suggest Tumbez as auricular white in some of the specimens restricted type locality); 9 juv.; Mus. Halber- of calopterum. In any case, the differences stadt. mentioned are all of degree and not of kind. Sullana, 2 ei, 2 9; Samate, 1 9. Peruvian records are from Cosfnipata A series of sixty specimens from the and Yahuarmayo. above localities to southwestern Colombia shows no more than individual variations. SPECIMENS EXAMINED The throat is sometimes definitely tinged T. c. calopterum.- with yellowish although the chin usually ECUADOR: remains whitish. The yellow of the under Lower Rio Suno, 4 d; parts is rather than is shown below San Jose, 4 d; deeper by mouth of Rio Curaray, 1 e, 2 9; typical cinereum. "Ecuador," 1 e. Todirostrum cinereum intermedium CARZ T. c. pulchellum. RIKER (1935, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., PER(J: LXXXVII, p. Candamo, 1 d; 334-Chatarona, Bolivia) La Pampa, 1 9; appears to be no more than a dark example Rio Tavara, 1 9. of T. cin. coloreum RIDGWAY. The males 19401 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 5 of coloreum are darker and grayer on the back is lighter in tone, the auriculars are back than the females, with more broadly less whitish, and the speckling of the under extended black on the head, although the parts is somewhat duller. type, supposedly a male, is more like the Birds answering this description are al- average female than the average male and most entirely confined to eastern Ecuador may be wrongly sexed. The amount of and northeastern Peru whence there are white on the tip of the tail is very variable records from Iquitos, Pebas, Nauta, and in all forms. In the series of twenty-one the "Upper Ucayali" [= near Cashiboya]. specimens of coloreum examined there are Typical maculatum is darker green on several males which agree well with the the back than signatum, often has dis- description of "intermedium." tinctly whitish auriculars, and usually Of two birds from "Para," Lawrence has the forehead and part of the crown Collection, without original labels, one is heavily blackish. Specimens from the a good cearae and the other is coloreum. Tocantins, the Parg district, and northern A single skin from Maraj6 Island appears Maranhao, Brazil, agree in general respects to be cearae. although some of the birds from this area have the speckling of the breast lengthened Todirostrum maculatum maculatum into rather obvious stripes while the (Desmarest) auriculars tend to be more grayish. Other Todus maculatus DEsMAREST, 1806, Hist. Nat. examples are not distinguishable from Tang. Manak. et Todiers, livr. 10, P1. LXX- Guianan specimens. Xingiu birds show a French Guiana; Paris Mus. Todirostrum surinamense PENARD AND PEN- little more trend toward signatum. ARD, 1910, VOg. Guyana, II, p. 214-Surinam; The vast area between Teff6 and the cotypes possibly in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Tocantins is inhabited by a population that Specimens of the present form from is variously intermediate between macula- northern Maranhao, the Para district, and tum and signatum but strictly referable to the Rio Tocantins average more broadly neither. All of the specimens from this striped on the under parts than typical area have the top of the head rather Guianan specimens, but the distinction is strongly spotted with black but with little, so far from constant that I think no sub- if any, concentration of black on the fore- specific separation can be maintained. head. Birds from the Rio Negro, except Guianan specimens seem to have an aver- the lower left bank in the vicinity of age of more white on the auriculars, but Manaos, are somewhat darker green on the this, too, is not consistently diagnostic. back than the others and have the gray Birds from the Rio Xingu' are very close ground-color of the cap carried more dis- to the typical form but show a tendency tinctly over the hind neck. Examples toward the new form described below from from Manaos, Faro, and the south bank the Tapajoz, though they appear to be of the Amazon between Teff6 and the nearer true maculatum. Rio Tapajoz average distinctly paler green on the back (darker than in signatum) and Todirostrum maculatum signatum often have the hind neck somewhat green- Sclater and Salvin ish. The series from Faro shows the Todirostrum signatum SCLATER AND SALVIN, palest extreme of all but some of the 1881, Ibis, p. 267-Nauta, Pebas, and Iquitos; Faro birds are indistinguishable from some of the cotypes in British Mus. specimens from south of the Amazon. Peruvian birds are distinguished from It seems possible, therefore, to recog- typical maculatum of French Guiana by a nize two definite stages of intermediacy much paler cap, with less obvious black between maculatum and diversum to which spotting and none of the solid black on the names may be applied satisfactorily. forehead, and usually with some incursion Without such distinctive names, the birds of greenish on the occipital region. White from the whole central part of the range feathers in center of anterior crown absent of the species would have to be treated by or very few in number. The green of the composite nomenclature. 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [NO. 1066

The two recognizable intermediate forms greenish outer margins and a fine, yellowish may, therefore, be known as follows. border around the tips of the feathers. Maxilla (in dried skin) blackish; mandible with broad, Todirostrum maculatum diversum, basal area, narrow line on subterminal part of gonys, and a small subterminal portion dull new subspecies whitish, remainder of mandible brown; feet pale TYPE from Igarap6 Brabo, left bank of Rio brown. Wing, 44.5 mm.; tail, 30; exposed Tapajoz, Brazil. No. 287,040, American Mu- culmen, 14; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 18. seum of Natural History. Adult male collected June 1, 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla. REMARKS.-Females similar to the DIAGNosIs.-General coloration similar to T. males. m. maculatum of French Guiana but back averag- As noted above, specimens from part of ing lighter green; top of head with much less the range of diversum show variational extensive black, the forehead more or less black- ish with narrow gray margins and the rest of the tendencies in one direction or another. cap gray with small but conspicuous blackish Birds from Teff6 often approach signatum spots, sometimes reaching the hind neck; but average closer to diversum; birds from auriculars averaging less whitish; white streak- the Xingd approach the present form but ing in the center of the anterior crown less pro- nounced than in most specimens of the typical average closer to maculatum. Specimens form; hind neck less strongly grayish; wing-bars from Faro, north of the Amazon, sometimes averaging broader and brighter yellow. Differs match typical examples of diversum but from T. m. signatum by darker green back, some of the specimens from this locality sharper and darker speckling on the breast, more whitish streaking on the anterior crown, and are nearly as pale green on the back as the more decided black spotting on the whole top of palest signatum though most of these ex- the head. amples still have stronger spotting on the RANGE.-South bank of the Amazon in Brazil cap than Peruvian birds. Although some- from Teff6 to the Rio Tapajoz and on the north bank of the Amazon from the lower left bank of what variable, therefore, diversum is fairly the Rio Negro to Faro, Rio JamundA. consistent in the characters that distin- DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-TOP of head Slate- guish it from the other forms. Gray in general coloration with dusky blackish The second new form, from the Rio centers on the feathers giving a strongly spotted appearance; forehead with these spots larger, Negro, may be known as follows. leaving narrow grayish margins; a few feathers in the center of the anterior crown with a white Todirostrum maculatum annectens, line on their inner margins, forming a small whit- ish patch in the area; hind neck gray with a new subspecies slight olive tinge; back near Serpentine Green. TYPE from Igarape Cacao Pereira, lower right Lores with a whitish line on upper border, pass- bank of Rio Negro, Brazil. No. 312,224, ing narrowly over the orbit; tips of nasal plumes American Museum of Natural History. Adult also whitish; auriculars gray with some whitish male collected January 17, 1930, by the Olalla and dusky streaks; chin, throat, and malar brothers. region white with prominent, obovate, blackish DIAGNOSIs.-Differs from T. m. maculatum streaks; breast Citron Yellow with similar of French Guiana by less black on the top of the streaks or spots; sides more olivaceous, with head which is gray with black central spots, streaks or stripes broader and less distinct, pass- sometimes with forehead more noticeably black- ing down the Citron Yellow flanks; belly and ish but not the crown; whitish-streaked area in under tail-coverts clear Citron Yellow. Wings center of fore part of crown less pronounced; blackish brown; remiges exteriorly margined auriculars less whitish, more grayish; hind neck with Yellowish Olive, more broadly on the similarly extensively gray, not tinged with olive secondaries and still more broadly on the ter- as in diversum and signatum. Differs from tials where the inner borders of the marginal div6rsum by the darker green back and more ex- stripes are Marguerite Yellow; lesser upper tensively gray hind neck; wing-bars narrower wing-coverts like the back; median and greater and duller. series sooty with Primrose Yellow tips on the RANGE.-Right bank of the lower Rio Negro, median series and tips and outer margins of that Brazil, crossing to the left bank above the junc- color on the greater series, forming two con- tion of the Rio Branco. spicuous wing-bars; under wing-coverts Barium DEscRIPTION OF TYPE.-General features and Yellow; narrow inner margins of the remiges pattern as in the description of T. m. _diversum, whitish. Tail blackish; outermost rectrices preceding, with the following exceptions: back with most of outer web and a broad border on near Olive Green; ground-color of top of head the terminal portion of the inner web Marguerite dark Slate-Gray continued, without the black Yellow; subexternal pair with similar markings spots of the crown and occiput, over the hind narrower; remaining rectrices with narrow neck; wing-bars rather dull Reed Yellow 19401] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 7

Wing, 45 mm.; tail, 28; exposed culmen, 13; Anil, 1 9; culmen from base, 15.1; tarsus, 17.1. ? Sao Luiz, 1 (?); Females similar to the Para, 1 9; REMARKS; Rio Tocantins, Baiao, 7 c<; males. Rio Xing-6, Tapara, 2 e, 1 9, 2 (?); Young birds of the various forms are Porto de Moz, 1 9; not always distinguishable from each other Villarinho do Monte, 1 9; Forte Ambe, 1 e. since the colors and markings are all duller T. m. annectems. and less diagnostic and the top of the head BRAZIL: often lacks all trace of any black markings. Rio Negro, Igarap6 Cacao Pereira, 14 ei Nevertheless, the cap in the young of (including type), 6 9, 2 (?); Muirapinima, 4 e, 3 9; maculatum and annectens appears to be Tauapessasu, 1 i; somewhat darker gray than in diversum Cravoeira, 2 ce, 1 9; and signatum. Santa Isabel, 2 e, 3 9Q I have a single specimen from the Rio Santa Maria, 1 9; Branco which is in such poor condition Uacara, 1 ci'; Barcellos, 1 ci; that accurate determination of its identity Rio Branco, Caracarahy, 1 9. is impossible though the remnants of plum- T. m. diversum. age on the cap appear to be gray rather BRAZIL: Rio Tapajoz, Igarape Brabo, 4 ci (including than blackish while the back is about the type), 2 9; color shown by annectens to which I refer Tauar, 3 e, 1 9; this skin. Aramanay, 3 e, 3 9; To recapitulate the characters of the four Itaituba, 1 9; Ynajatuba, 1 d; forms here recognized, maculatum has the Santarem, 1 (?); most extensively blackish cap; annectens Rio Amazonas, Villa Bella Impe atriz, 8 c, resembles maculatum in its generally dark 6 9, 1 (?); colors with relatively duller wing-bars Rio Madeira, Marmellos, 1 ci; CalamA, 1 (?); but has the top of the head spotted with Borba, 2 e, 1 (?); black rather than more evenly blackish; Igarape AuarA, 2 9; signatum has the palest upper surface Rosarinho, 12 c, 7 9,5 (?); with least prominent spotting on the cap; Santo Antonio de GuajarA, 4 e, 2 9, 1 (?); Rio Amazonas, Teffe, 7 c, 3 9Q diversum has slightly darker upper parts Rio Jamunda, Faro, 5 c, 9 9; (paler than in annectens) with the spotting Rio Negro, Manaos, 9 c, 4 9. of the cap heavier than in signatum and T. m. signatum. about as in annectens, and the wing-bars PERt: Nauta, 2 c; averaging perhaps broader than in any of Puerto Indiana, 2 c; the other forms. Sarayacu, 3 9; Single specimens are not always recog- Santa Rosa, 2 c, 3 9. nizable but even in small series of adults, ECUADOR: mouth of Rio Curaray, 2 ci, 1 9; the characters appear to be diagnostic. (no other locality), 1 (?). SPECIMENS EXAMINED T. m. maculatum.- Todirostrum latirostre caniceps FRENCH GUIANA: (Chapman) Cayenne, 5 e, 4 9; Euscarthmus latirostris caniceps CHAPMAN, Roche-Marie, 4 o; 1924 (June 20), Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 118, Isle Le Pere, 1 c. p. 7-Florencia, Rio CaquetA, Colombia; d; DUTCH GUIANA: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paramaribo, 1 Ei1, 4 (?)1; Little Wanica, 1 9 1l Specimens from northern Peru, from both BRITISH GUTANA: sides of the Marafn6n, agree with the type, Bartica Grove, 1 d; a topotype, and four east-Ecuadorian Abary, 1 (?). specimens. The relatively BRAZIL: dark, grayish Maranhao, Estiva, 2 c, 1 9; cap (sometimes extended over the hind neck), dark green back, deep rufous sides 1 Specimens collected by Penard and possibly the cotypes of "T. surinamense." of the head, the rufescent wing-bars (less 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066 golden than in the other forms), strongly and some of the characters ascribed to it ochraceous thighs, greenish flanks, dark must be modified in view of the fact that olive sides, and often greenish-yellow belly the material used for original comparison distinguish this form. Young birds have contained three forms under one name. the top of the head olivaceous, hardly According to' the material before me, darker than the back, and the sides of the senectum has the darkest and grayest chest head dull cinnamomeous buff, and an oc- of the various forms, and the clearest casional adult female retains a tendency white throat and belly, thus having less in the same direction, not very obvious of a yellowish tinge over the whole under except in contrast with the adult males. parts than any other form. The upper Specimens from Sao Paulo de Olivenga, parts are likewise the dullest olive of all. Brazil, kindly lent by Mr. Todd of the known forms and the top of the head is Carnegie Museum, are inseparable from the the most neutral in hue with a faint brown- series mentioned and skins from Teff6 also ish tone instead of the grayish of latirostre. belong to caniceps. The sides of the head are slightly darker Birds from both banks of the lower Rio than in latirostre, as are the wing-markings, Madeira are recognizably distinct, being but they are duller than in ochropterum or markedly paler grayish on the top of the caniceps. head, duller cinnamomeous on the sides These characters are not very pro- of the head, less brightly greenish and nounced and barely suffice to distinguish yellowish on the lower under parts, and the form. Occasional specimens from Villa with more of an Old Gold, less tawny, Bella Imperatrfz, show a tendency in that hue on the shoulder and upper wing- direction though they appear to be closer coverts. These birds represent T. 1. to typical latirostre. latirostre, described from Borba, on the I am unable to place the birds from right bank of the lower Madeira, and are southeastern Peru' satisfactorily since they quite different from Matto Grosso speci- present some of the characters of both mens that must bear the name ochropterum. caniceps and ochropterum. Birds from T. 1. ochropterum has the top of the head northern Bolivia are much the same and definitely brownish, of a light tone but not one specimen from near central Perd at all grayish. Furthermore, the under represents the same form. Consequently parts are distinctly paler, with a minimum I believe it may be well to recognize the of drab shading across the breast and on the following intermediate form. sides, and with the sides of the head paler and more buffy than in latirostre; the entire Todirostrum latirostre mixtum, back has a golden tinge that is distinct new subspecies from the clearer green of latirostre or TYPE from Candamo, southeastern Perd. caniceps. No. 146,217, American Museum of Natural History. Adult female collected December 11, Dr. Hellmayr, having only the old type 1916, by Harry Watkins; original No. 442. of latirostre for comparison, concluded DIAGNosIs.-Intermediate between T. 1. that the Matto Grosso birds were insepa- caniceps of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern rable from it and relegated ochropterum to Perd, and T. 1. ochropteruin of the Matto Grosso region of Brazil, having the back with some of synonymy. On the basis of this determina- the golden tinge of ochropterum but the sides of tion, Mr. Todd described a form from the the head more deeply rufescent than in that Rio Purds which he called difficile. Com- form, agreeing with caniceps; lateral under parts parison of Purds birds, kindly lent by Mr. distinctly greenish as in caniceps; top of head paler than in caniceps, darker than in ochrop- Todd, with the series of kttirostre now avail- terum, and olive-grayish rather than brownish. able, shows that the Purfis examples are RANGE.-Central to southeastern Per6l and not distinguishable from latirostre although across northern Bolivia in the La Paz and as Mr. Todd dis- Cochabamba regions, in the Tropical Zone. they are, found, quite DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-TOP of head near tinct from Matto Grosso specimens. Deep Olive; lores and a broad space around the T. 1. senectum from near Obidos and San- eye Cinnamon X Sayal Brown with a strong tarem, Brazil, is not very strongly marked tinge of the same color across the forehead and 19401 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 9 over the auriculars; back Dull Citrine; chin of the lower Rio Madeira, but such as- and throat dull whitish, tinged with grayish at The Purds sides; chest light grayish, tinged with olive on sociation cannot be justified. the sides; belly Marguerite Yellow; flanks and Rio Madeira birds are decidedly grayer olivaceous; thighs brownish, becoming Tawny- on the cap, brighter and clearer green on Olive on lower portion. Wings dark brown; the back, and duller on the sides of the head remiges externally edged with Light Yellowish Olive, becoming paler and somewhat whitish on and upper wing-coverts. the tertials; exposed portions of lesser upper A record from La Merced should belong wing-coverts, broad tips of the median series, to mixtum as should other records from and tips and outer margins of the greater series Cochabamba, Bolivia, but D'Orbigny's Raw Sienna X Antique Brown; under wing- a coverts Amber Yellow near carpal margin, description of female from Chiquitos, passing through Barium Yellow to whitish on the Bolivia, suggests that the Chiquitos form inner feathers; inner margins of remiges nar- is nearer ochropterum. rowly dull whitish; tail dark brownish, with Records from Nauta and Chamicuros external margins Light Yellowish Olive, with the tips of the feathers finely and indistinctly pale, should belong to caniceps. and with a large, subterminal dusky area appar- ent on the three outermost feathers. Bill (in SPECIMENS EXAMINED dried skin) black; feet light brown. Wing, 46 T. 1. latirostre. mm.; tail, 33; exposed culmen, 10.5; culmen BRAZIL: from base, 14; tarsus, 17. Rio Madeira, Borba, 1 d; Igarap6 Auar6, 1 e, 1 (?); REMARKS.-An adult of unknown sex Rosarinho, 3 c, 5 9; from southeastern Peru is rather brighter Villa Bella Imperatriz, 3 ci, 2 9; (fresher) than the type and shows the Rio Purds, Nova Olinda, 2 l? 1, 1 9 1. T. 1. ochropterum.- characters excellently. Two males from BRAZIL: the same region are more juvenile, judging Matto Grosso, Chapada, 4 (incl. co- by the texture of the plumage, and have the type), 6 9 (incl. cotype), 1 (?); whole top of the head green like the back Sao Lorenzo River, 2 d; Rio Roosevelt, 1 9; and the sides of the head pale and dull as Descalvados, 1 e, 1 9; in the young of other forms. A skin from Agua Blanca de CorumbA, 1 e, 1 9; the Chanchamayo region of central Peru Utiarity, 1 9. has the top of the head darker and grayer T. 1. senectum. BRAZIL: than the type, approaching slightly the Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, 2 cl, 1 9 l; character of caniceps though paler than in Islands, Obidos, 3 cel. any of my series of that form, but the back T. 1. caniceps. is quite strongly golden in hue though not COLOMBIA: Florencia, 2 c(incl. type). so golden as in ochropterum. ECUADOR: A female from Guanay, La Paz, Bolivia, Zamora, 2 d; is in execrable condition but shows the cap mouth of Rio Curaray, 1 i, 1 9. the type and the sides of the PERIR: darker than Puerto Indiana, 1 d; head only a little paler. Six skins from the Sarayacu, 2 c, 3 9; Cochabamba region of Bolivia approach Santa Rosa, Ucayali, 1 e, 3 9; ochropterum in the browner hue of the cap Vista Alegre, 3 e 2, 1 9 2. the back is not so golden, BRAZIL: though greener, Sao Paulo de Olivenpa, 2 el; and the sides of the head are darker and opposite Tonantins, 1 cefll; more rufescent than in that form. Teff6, 2 9. Thus, the southeastern portion of Peru T. 1. mixtum.- center of distribution and PER-6: appears to be the Candamo, 1 c, 1 9 (type); variation in the new form with a tendency Astillero, 1 ci", 1 (?); toward caniceps in central Perd and a tend- Chanchamayo, 1 9. ency toward ochropterum in central-north- BOLIVIA: Guanay, 1 9; ern Bolivia. 1 1 9 2. I attempted to save the name difficile by Todos Santos, 3 e, 1 9, c 2, associating the Rio Purds form with the 1 Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. 2 Specimens in Field Museum of Natural History, present birds in distinction from latirostre Chicag6. 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066

Todirostrum capitale Sclater somewhat broader, especially toward the tip. Approaches T. p. plumbeiceps of SAo Paulo, Todirostrum capitale SCLATER, 1857, P. Z. S. Brazil, more closely in respect to the color of the London, XXV, p. 83, P1. cxxv, fig. 2-Rio sides of the head but has the cap darker, the Napo, Ecuador; 9; British Mus. chest strongly gray instead of brownish, the Todirostrum picatum SCLATER, 1858, P. Z. S. back and outer margins of the wings darker and London, XXVI, p. 70-Rio Napo, Ecuador; greener, and the flanks greener. d; British Mus. RANGE.-Southeastern part of Peru in the A single female from Rfo Negro, west of Subtropical Zone near Santo Domingo, possibly Moyobamba, furnishes the first record of ranging eastward to the Cochabamba region of of the Marafi6n and the Bolivia. this species south DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-Top of head, includ- first record for Peru. ing upper border of nasal feathering, Dark Neu- This bird shows certain extremes of tral Gray, passing into Dark Olive Green on the coloration that suggest the possibility of hind neck and the remainder of the upper sur- face; whole sides of the head from lower part of separating a Peruvian subspecies, but more nasal feathering through the lores and a broad material will be needed to determine the superciliary stripe to the sides of the neck near constancy of the characters. The Rio bright Sayal Brown, varied by a large dusky Negro specimen has the flanks more patch on the posterior part of the auriculars; malar region equally bright; chin and throat broadly and a little more deeply yellow paler, near Ochraceous-Buff; chest Light Neu- than any of the Ecuadorian skins, with tral Gray, varied by narrow white lateral mar. the sides of the breast greenish (as they are gins of the feathers which give an indistinctly in a few Ecuadorian birds), the pectoral streaked appearance; sides of breast more evenly gray, slightly tinged with olive; belly white with band more nearly complete, the malar some indistinct shaft streaks of dusky continuing region darker than average, the dark loral the streaked appearance of the chest; flanks spot pronounced, and the chin with more tinged with light olive green. Remiges dark suggestion of dusky spotting. However, brownish, exteriorly margined, narrowly, witb Roman Green except on innermost secondaries no two of the Ecuadorian females at hand and tertials where the margins are a little broader are exactly alike in details and it is possible and whitish; median and greater upper wing- that the features of the Peruvian specimen coverts blackish with conspicuous tips Olive- are no more than extreme expressions of Buff; forming two wing-bars; lesser coverts like the back; under wing-coverts pale yellowish or individual variation. whitish, tinged with buff along the carpal margin. Tail dark brown with narrow outer margins the SPECIMENS EXAMINED color of the back. Bill (in dried skin) blackish; T. capitale.- feet light brown. Wing, 45.25 mm.; tail, 35.5; ECUADOR: exposed culmen, 11; culmen from base, 15; Rio Suno, above Avila, 2 e, 2 9; tarsus, 19. lower Rio Suno, 6 , 1 9; REMARKS.-Female similar to the male below San Jose-, 3 ,2 9; but a little lighter in coloration. mouth of Rio Curaray, 3 o, 2 9;

Rio Napo, 1 , 1 9; A single specimen from Roquefalda, Sarayacu, 1 e 1 9. Cochabamba, Bolivia, is intermediate be- PER*: tween the present form and viridiceps, and Rio Negro, 1 9. it is impossible to say to which one it ought Todirostrum plumbeiceps obscurum, to be referred. All of tbe characters given in the diagnosis of the present form new subspecies a TYPE from Santo Domingo, southeastern are shown in modified degree in the Boliv- Perd; altitude 6000 feet. No. 146,225, Ameri- ian specimen, not so strongly as in the can Museum of Natural History. Adult male Peruvian skins. In view of the geographic collected September 12, 1916, by Harry Watkins; position of the locality, I refer the Bolivian original No. 111. bird to the new form for the present. DIAGNOSIS.-Differs from T. p. viridiceps of northwestern Argentina by clearer (less brown- This is the first recorded occurrence of ish) and darker green back, darker gray cap, this species from Peru'. deeper cinnamomeous sides of the head with The shape of the bill in this form is very heavier dark spot on the auriculars, darker gray obviously that of Todirostrum and not chest, duller and greener outer margins of the remiges, narrower and paler (less buffy) wing- Euscarthmornis although there is no ques- bars. and darker and greener flanks. Bill tion that the form is a subspecies of 19401] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 11

plumbeiceps. Consequently I transfer the examples of the other forms. The green entire species to the genus Todirostrum of the whole upper parts is dark, near together with russatum which is an obvious Roman Green, without either yellowish or representative though perhaps specifically brownish tone. The whitish spot on the distinct and whose bill is equally charac- upper part of the lores is very inconspicu- teristic. ous, whereas it is broad and prominent in E. s. striaticollis and griseiceps. The chest SPECIMENS EXAMINED is rather strongly shaded with olive T. p. plumbeiceps.- green, BRAZIL: especially laterally and the yellow of the Sao Paulo, Victoria, 2 e, 1 9; belly has a more greenish tone than in the Alto da Serra, 1 d; other two mentioned forms. There is a Espirito Santo, Engenheiro Reeve, 1 9; slightly more yellowish tinge on the outer Rio de Janeiro, Therezopolis, 3 e. T. p. viridiceps. margins of the greater upper wing-coverts ARGENTINA: than in striaticollis or griseiceps but it is not Jujuy, Ledesma, 3 e, 2 9; pronounced enough to form a decided Rio San Francisco, 1 9. wing-bar. The auriculars are more T. p. obscurum. olive PER<: than brownish. The streaks on the throat Santo Domingo, 3 ce (incl. type), 2 9. and chin are broad but less sharply de- BOLIVIA: fined than in the other forms; the whole Roquefalda, 1 e. gular area is slightly yellowish and not so clearly white as in the others. Euscarthmornis striaticollis amazonicus On the other hand, the Moyobamba (Hellmayr) birds agree very closely with a new form Euscarthmus striaticollis amazonicus HELL- described on a later page where these speci- MAYR, 1914 (February), Novit. Zool., XXI, p mens will be discussed in greater detail. 168-Pebas, Perd; cI; Paris Mus. Helhmayr originally described this form Euscarthmornis griseicollis iohannis from three old skins in the Paris Museum, (Snethlage) collected by Castelnau and Deville. Later Euscarthmus iohannis SNETHLAGE, 1907 (De- examination of three relatively fresh speci- cember), Orn. Monatsber., XV, p. 193-Monte mens in Field Museum of Natural History, Verde, Rio Purfis, Brazil; d; ParA Mus. from Moyobamba, led him to conclude I have no topotypes of this form, but a that some of the designated characters of male from Sarayacu, lower Ucayali, agrees amazonicus were due to post-mortem with the characterization of iohannis in change in the old type and paratypes, respect to the presence of definite, yellow- whereupon he drew up an emended ish wing-bars. Compared with the male of diagnosis based on the Moyobamba speci- amazonicus from Apayacu it is otherwise mens. very similar, having the top of the head as I have an adult male in fresh plumage green as the back, more faintly streaked from Apayacu, not far from Pebas and on with dusky on the crown, though the tone the same side of the Amazon, which I of green is paler than in the Apayacu skin. have compared with the Moyobamba birds, The sides of the breast likewise are lighter kindly lent me by Field Museum of green and the streaks on the throat are Natural History. The Apayacu bird agrees finer and sharper than in the Apayacu very well with the original description of male. The lores have a faint suggestion of the Pebas birds while the Moyobamba buff above but are much as in amazonicus. skins are very different, from which it There is a possibility that the Sarayacu appears that the original characterization specimen is a young example of amazonicus of amazonicus is correct. which, in juvenal plumage, may have light E. s. amazonicus has the top of the head wing-bars, judging by immature specimens essentially green like the back though with of at least one other form. However, this ,dusky centers on the feathers of the crown bird appears to be adult. Since the char- (at least in the Apayacu bird) as in some acter shown is that of iohannis, I refer the 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066

Sarayacu skin to that form pending infor- smaller, but with the outer web of the outer mation to the contrary. rectrix (in the specimens examined) marked Ten birds from the Rio Tapajoz and the by a yellowish-white outer border that upper Madeira (Rio Preto), Brazil, show passes around the tip to the distal part of the grayish cap (light Hair Brown) dis- the inner margin. A similar sexual distinc- tinguishing griseiceps. Six birds from the tion is to be seen in the series of striaticollis Matto Grosso region are distinctly differ- and griseiceps though it is not always pro- ent and may be known as follows. nounced. I have seen no distinct develop- ment of this marking in the males. Euscarthmornis striaticollis obscuriceps, The three Moyobamba specimens re- new subspecies ferred by Hellmayr to amazonicus (q.v.) TYPE from Abrilongo, Matto Grosso, Brazil. are so similar to the Matto Grosso birds No. 33,358, American Museum of Natural His- that I can find no excuse for separating tory. Adult male collected February 19, 1885, them taxonomically in spite of the broad by H. H. Smith. hiatus in the range. Two of the Moyo- DIAGNOSIs.-Similar to E. 8. striaticoll8 of Bahia but back a little darker and clearer (less bamba specimens are adult, male and fe- brownish or golden) green; top of head decidedly male, while the third is an immature female. darker brown; sides of breast averaging darker The adult male is a very little darker and more greenish; under wing-coverts deeper green on the back than the Matto Grosso yellow. Differs from E. s. griseiceps of the Rio Tapajoz by darker green back and brown, series but the female is hardly different rather than gray, cap; throat more definitely from the type. Both adults have the dark, tinged with yellowish. Differs from E. s. brownish crown of obscuriceps and even the iohannis (as represented by a specimen from young bird shows a brownish tone on the Sarayacu, Perd) by brown, instead of green, cap, less yellowish upper throat, and decidedly more top of the head. The young bird has all uniform upper wing-coverts, without yellowish the colors and markings very dull but the tips. distal margin of the greater upper wing- RANGE.-Matto Grosso Plateau, Brazil, and coverts is broadly pale buffy, forming a region of Moyobamba, Perd. DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-Top of head Chae- noticeable wing-bar. Both the old and tura Drab with broad centers of the feathers young females have the whitish outer still darker; back Yellowish Olive. Lores nar- margin of the outermost rectrix mentioned rowly pure white with a conspicuous whitish eye- in the preceding paragraph. ring; sides of head browner than the back but lighter than the crown; sides of neck more A single specimen from the Rio Ara- olivaceous; back dark Serpentine Green. Chin guaya, 550 meters elevation, Goyaz, is and throat whitish, with a slight yellowish tinge somewhat intermediate between this form becoming more pronounced on the lower throat and typical striaticollis but rather closer to (Sulphur Yellow) and with whole area broadly striped with dusky brown; sides of breast obscuriceps to which I refer it. Yellowish Olive; center of breast with olive I am unable to place with certainty the shaft-stripes and Citron Yellow edges; belly form described as Euscarthmus striacicollis clear Citron Yellow; flanks indistinctly striped (sic) griseostriatus Sztolcman, 1926 (Nov. with dull olive. Wings dusky brown; primaries and outer secondaries edged externally with the 1), Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., V color of the back; inner secondaries with mar- (3), p. 160-Salto Guayra, Rio Parand; gins brighter, more yellowish; inner tertials with dc; Warsaw Mus. The author had a outer two-thirds of outer web occupied by a single skin of the typical form for com- white stripe bordered externally by a narrow greenish edge; upper wing-coverts near the parison and the distinctions he notes as color of the back; under wing-coverts near separating the new form from striaticollis Amber Yellow; inner margins of remiges are not uniformly convincing. The gray- narrowly pale yellowish. Tail dusky brown ish-olive, instead of "black," streaking on with external margins of the rectrices a little brighter green than the back. Bill (in dried the chest might be no more than individual skin) dusky brown; feet light brown. Wing, variation since it is a variable feature of 52.5 mm.; tail, 40.5; exposed culmen, 12; striaticollis. The measurements of the culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 17.25. new form, griseostriatus, show a very long REMARKS.-Female very similar to the tail much as in E. orbitatus and the de- male, perhaps averaging very slightly scription of the broad white stripe on the 19401 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 13 outer web of the innermost tertial reaching E. 8. obso-uriceps. also agrees with orbitatus. The BRAZIL: the shaft Matto Grosso, Abrilongo, 1 e (type); whole top of the head and the back are Chapada, 1 9; said to be grayish olive, presumably uni- Descalvados, 2 a, 1 9 form, which still further suggests orbitatus. Campos Novos, 1 9; Rio Araguaya, 1 e. On the other hand, nine specimens from PERfJ: Banhado, CarA Pintada, and Vermelho Moyobamba, 1 cil, 2 9 1. are identified by Sztolcman as orbitatus, E. 8. iohanni8.- though with a query, but are described as PERUE: Sarayacu, 1 ". having the breast and throat gray and the E. s. amazonicus.- middle of the belly white which is certainly PER(X: not the case in orbitatus. I am unable to Apayacu, 1 ". hazard a guess as to the identity of these birds. Euscarthmornis zosterops zosterops There are no additional Peruvian records (Pelzeln) except one from Moyobamba (Steere) and Euscarthmus Zosterops PELZELN, 1868, Orn. the type and paratypes of amazonicus Bras., II, p. 173-part, Marabitanas (type) and San Carlos, Rio Negro, Brazil; Vienna Mus. from Pebas. The Moyobamba bird should Idioptilon rothschildi BERLEPSCH, 1907, Ornis, belong to obscuriceps. XIV, p. 356-Ipousin, Rio Approuague, French The apparent hiatus in the range of Guiana; "; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Roths- obscuriceps is interesting but not surprising child Coll.). in view of the rarity of the species in collec- The discovery of the above synonymy tions from the western part of its range. was made by Dr. Hellmayr who wrote me It is probable that the connection between his suspicions early in-1937 with a request the Moyobamba region of Peru' and the to examine the type of rothschildi in com- Matto Grosso region of Brazil is effected, parison with certain examples of zosterops. in the present case, along the mountain- My findings confirmed his belief although sides through central and southeastern the discovery has not yet found its way Perd and across northern Bolivia, a course into print. followed by various other birds. Connec- I do not believe, however, that the species tion by way of the Amazonian lowlands is is entitled to generic separation from prevented by the three forms, amazonicus, Euscarthmornis. The principal character iohannis, and griseiceps, that intervene. of "Idioptilon" is to be found in the short- It appears, therefore, that obscuriceps will ened inner primaries and outer secondaries be found to have a slightly more elevated contrasted with the lengthened inner range than the other members of the secondaries, but this condition is only an species. Future collections from southern extreme development of the double- Perd and Bolivia may produce the evi- rounded wing found in various species of dence needed to close the gap in the known Euscarthmornis. In E. margaritaceiventer distribution of this form. and E. duidae, the longest secondaries are nearly, or quite, as long in proportion to the longest primaries as they are in zosterops SPECIMENS EXAMINED and the inner primaries and outer second- E. 8. 8triaticollis.- aries are shorter than the longest feathers BRAZIL: in each series though not so short as in Bahia, 4 e, 1 9, 3(?); In E. orbitat the relative MaranhAo, As Mangueras, 1 d; zosterops. us, Flores, 2 c, 2 (?); lengths of the shortest and longest feathers Piauhy, Therezina, 1 (?); of both primary and secondary series are Freicheiras, 1 (?). about as in zosterops although the outer- -E. 8. grs8eieps.- in this is than BRAZIL: most primary species longer Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, 6 c, 1 9; the innermostwhich is not the case in almost Caxiricatuba, 1 9; SpecimensS in Field Museum of Natural History, Rio Preto, Santa Isabel, 1 c, 1 9. Chicago. 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066 all of the other species, E. rufigularis ex- brighter, more yellowish coloration; wing- cepted. The slight fork of the tail of bars broader and brighter yellow. "Idioptilon" likewise is not distinctive, be- A male from Pomarg is nearly as brightly ing found in some of the other species of yellowish on the back and wings as a Euscarthmornis. female topotype, but the under parts are Three specimens from northern Peru, as in the type and the measurements also south of the middle Marafi6n, are dis- in agreement. Both wing and tail are tinguishable from the type of rothschildi more brownish in ground color than those and twelve additional skins from French of the type, agreeing with the female, but Guiana, Venezuela, northern Brazil, and the feet are paler brown than in either of Colombia sufficiently to deserve recogni- the others. Although the plumage ap- tion as a subspecies which may be known as pears to be fully adult, this specimen may follows. be in a first annual plumage, still retaining some of the characters of immaturity. Euscarthmornis zosterops flaviviridis, There are no earlier records from Perd new subspecies that appear to have any bearing on the TYPF from Rio Negro, west of Moyobamba, present form. Perd; altitude 2600 feet. No. 234,811, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. Adult male Euscarthmornis zosterops griseipectus collected October 13, 1925, by Harry Watkins; original No. 9655, (Snethlage) DIAGNOSIS.-Allied to E. z. zosterops of the Euscarthmus griseipectus SNETHLAGE, 1907, Rio Negro, Brazil, and other localities north of Orn. Monatsber., XIV, p. 194-Alcobaga, Rio the Amazon, but with upper surface brighter, Tocantins, Brazil; c<. more yellowish green; under parts with stronger E'uscarthmus leucogaster HELLMAYR, 1914, yellowish flammulations on chest giving a Novit. Zool., XXI, p. 169-Yahuarmayo, Cara- greener, less grayish tinge to the olive of that baya, Perd; c<; Munich Mus. region. Idioptilon rothschildi albopectus CARRIKER, RANGE.-Known only from Perd south of the 1935, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXXXVII, middle Marafn6n River, between the upper p. 335-Santa Ana, Rio Coroico, Bolivia; 6; Marafl6n and the Huallaga. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-Upper parts bright Two specimens from Teff6 belong to this Serpentine Green with a grayish tinge on the forehead; lores and narrow eye-ring whitish gray-breasted, white-bellied subspecies as with traces of a blackish upper border on the does the male from Rio Comberciato, lores; auriculars, subocular space, and chin ashy Peru, already on record. gray; throat Pale Greenish Yellow, both chin This form has been recorded from widely and throat with rather prominent olive-grayish shaft-stripes; breast with broader shaft-stripes separated localities and may occur in the of Vetiver Green, margined with Pale Greenish intermediate areas from which there are no Yellow; sides pale Kronberg's Green with present records. In Perd it appears to be paler yellowish margins obsolete; belly Primrose restricted to the southeastern part of the Yellow; flanks with indistinct grayish-olive stripes. Remiges blackish brown; primaries country. exteriorly narrowly margined with Light Helle- Two specimens of a closely allied species bore Green; secondaries with outer margins a are at hand from the Rio Tapajoz, Brazil, little broader and much yellower; innermost but they are so different that their specific tertials with broad whitish stripe on outer web, nearly reaching the shaft and with a fine, green- alliance to zosterops is questionable, aside ish-yellow external margin; lesser upper wing- from the fact that they come from a coverts like the back; median and greater series locality where griseipectus might be ex- with broad tips Chartreuse Yellow, and greater pected to occur. They may be known as series with outer margins Mignonette Green; under wing-coverts Primrose Yellow; inner follows. margins of remiges narrowly whitish. Tail Euscarthmornis blackish brown with outer margins the color of aenigma, new species the back. Bill (in dried skin) black; feet dark TYPE from Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil, brown. Wing, 55 mm.; tail, 49; exposed cul- No. 287,053, American Museum of Natural men, 10; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 16. History. Adult male collected May 19, 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla. REMARKS.-Female with shorter wing DIAGNOSIS.-Upper parts very like those of (50 mm.) and tail (42) and with even E. striaticollis amazonicus but under parts duller 19401 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 15 and more whitish, less obviously striped with species with zosterops. Until more is known dusky except on chin; size very much smaller; wing-bars strongly marked, whitish; pale edges of it, it is best kept specifically intact. of remiges prominent only on secondaries and The resemblance on the under parts to tertials; wing-formula different, like that of E. Lophotriccus vitiosus is interesting but zosterops. probably not very significant since no close Compared to E. z. zosterops, the size is smaller; top of head with more lengthened feathers and relationship is indicated by other characters with the central dark stripes more pronounced; such as size of bill, wing-formula, and general dorsal color darker green; lores buffy, prominent crest. The lengths of wing and not white; auriculars browner; chin more obvi- tail are, however, comparatively alike. ously streaked; whole under parts less strongly yellowish; a greater contrast between the outer I have not seen E. inornatus from the margins of the primaries and those of the upper Rio Negro but the decidedly gray- secondaries. ish upper parts described for that species Compared to E. z. griseipectus the same differ- can have little resemblance to the clear ences appear in addition to more yellowish under parts in aenigma. Under parts much like those dark green of the back in aenigma. of Lophotriccus vitiosus. RANGE.-Known only from the right bank of SPECIMENS EXAMINED the lower Rio Tapajoz, Brazil. E. z. zosterops. DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-TOP of head dark BRAZIL: Roman Green with rather prominent shaft- Rio Negro, Mt. Curycuryari, 2 e, 1 9; stripes of dusky brown; back Roman Green. Santa Maria, 1 9; Lores dull buffy, with suggestions of a buffy Igarap6 Cacao Pereira, 1 d; superciliary stripe, almost obsolete; auriculars Rio JamundA, Faro, 1 e. tinged with Drab; chin and upper throat whitish VENEZUELA: with rather prominent dusky shaft-stripes; Mt. Duida, Savana Grande, 2 d; lower throat, chest, and sides yellowish Olive- Valle de los Monos, 1 e, 1 9 ; Buff with obsolete darker central stripes; belly Rio Orinoco, mouth of Rio Ocamo, 1 e. Marguerite Yellow X Primrose Yellow; flanks FRENCH GUIANA: darker and with slight indications of still darker Ipousin, 1 c (type of roth8childi); striping. Lesser upper wing-coverts Dark Tamanoir,l"9" [-dc]. Greenish Olive; median and greater series Fus- COLOMBIA: cous-Black with prominent whitish tips, con- Florencia, 2 e. tinued basad along the outer margins of the E. z. griseipectus.- greater series; remiges Fuscous-Black; prima- BRAZIL: ries with outer margins very narrowly and in- TeffS, 2 e. conspicuously olivaceous; secondaries with outer PERt: margins more broadly yellowish green, becoming Rio Comberciato, 1 I. yellower on inner feathers; tertials with outer E. z. flaviviridis.- margins broader, whitish; under wing-coverts PERU': pale yellowish; inner margins of remiges dull Rio Negro, west of Moyobamba, 1 c (type), whitish; tail dark brownish black with outer 1 9; margins green like the back. Bill (in dried skin) Pomar4, 1 ci. blackish; feet brown. Wing, 46 mm.; tail, E. aenigma.- 32.75; exposed culmen, 10; culmen from base, BRAZIL: 13; tarsus, 14. Rio Tapajoz, Caxiricatuba, 1 c' (type); REMARKS.-A second male from the Aramanay, 1 d. same general region is virtually identical Euscarthmornis rufigularis (Cabanis) with the type. Euscarthmus rufigularis CABANIS, 1873, Jour. In this species, as in E. zosterops, the fur Orn., XXI, p. 67-Monterico, Perfi; e, 9 innermost (first) primary is as short as the cotypes formerly in Warsaw Mus., now lost. outermost (10th) and the longest second- A male of this interesting species was aries are equal to at least the 5th primary. collected at La Pampa, southeastern It is apparent, therefore, that aenigma be- Peru, by Harry Watkins on November 28, longs in the same genus with zosterops, 1916, the third known example. A fourth whether in Idioptilon or Euscarthmus. was obtained by M. A. Carriker at San For reasons which I have given under Juan de Peren6 on January 4, 1930, and zosterops, I prefer not to recognize Idioptilon is now in Philadelphia. not as distinct. I do believe, however, 1 Specimen in U. S. National Museum, Washing- that aenigma can be placed in the same ton, D. C. 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066

The affinities of this bird are doubtful birds is very slightly brighter greenish than and there appears to be no other species to in most of the series of margaritaceventer which it is very closely related. but this distinction is not very positive and often not discernible. Also, the top Euscarthmornis granadensis pyrrhops of the head shows a little more olivaceous (Cabanis) tinge, especially posteriorly, than in the Euscarthmus pyrrhops CABANIS, 1874, Jour. typical form. The distinctions appear to fur Orn, XX, p. 98-Central Perd [= Maray- nioc and Tambopata]; Berlin Mus. be quite sufficient to warrant the retention Euscarthmus ocularis SALVIN, 1876, Ibis, p. of the name rufipes for the Peruvian birds. 493-"Puna Island" (errore) and San Lucas, A specimen from Trinidad, Rfo Mamor6, .Ecuador; cotypes in British Mus. Bolivia, agrees well enough with the

La Lejia, 2 c, 1 (?); Lomo Santo, 1 d; Peruvian specimens to be placed in the -San Pedro, 2 d; Le'vanto, 1 d; Chacha- same form. poyas, 1 e, 1 (?); Leimebamba, 1 9. Peruvian records are from San Ram6n I have seen no topotypes of pyrrhops and Maranura as well as from the three but follow previous authors in placing localities from which material has been ocularis as a synonym of this form. North- examined in the present connection. Peruvian birds are inseparable from south- Argentine and Brazilian (Matto Grosso, Ecuadorian specimens and hence should Goyaz, and Sao Paulo) specimens at hand belong also to pyrrhop8. The series re- are brighter green on the back, on average, corded here helps to close the gap in the than the four east-Bolivian specimens be- known distribution of this form but still fore me, but the distinction is not positive leaves a hiatus between the Maraynioc and is overcome by the individual variation and Chachapoyas regions. of some of the Argentine birds. Para- Records are from Maraynioc, Tambo- guayan specimens show both extremes. It pata, Idma, Culumachay, and Tamia- appears unlikely, therefore, that "pelzelni" pampa. of Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, deserves rein- statement for a form perhaps slightly Euscarthmornis granadensis caesius brighter dorsally than true margaritacei- Carriker venter. A larger series should be exam- Euscarthmornis granademsis caesius CARRIKER, ined to determine this point. The darker 1932 (Jan. 21), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., and grayer back of the east-Bolivian skins LXXXIII, p. 460-Santo Domingo, southeast- ern Perd; d; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. at hand emphasizes the distinction of Known only from the type and pre- rufipes. to the extreme south- The present species is one in which there sumably restricted in eastern part of Peru'. It would appear .to is a decided sexual difference the lengths resemble typical granadensis more than the of wing and tail. intervening pyrrhops. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Euscarthmornis margaritaceiventer E. m. margaritaceiventer.- BOLIVIA: rufipes (Tschudi) Santa Cruz, Rlo Grande, 1 dI; E(uscarthmus) rufipes TSCHUDI, 1844 (May), Chilon, 1 e, 2 9. Arch. Naturg., X (1), p. 273-Perd; I suggest PARAGUAY: La Merced as restricted type locality; Mus. Rio Negro, 1 9; Neuchatel. Sapucay, 1 d; The five Peruvian skins of this species at Fort Wheeler, 1 e, 2 9; Taraquary, 1 (?); hand are distinctly more yellowish on the Puerto Pinasco, 1 9. flanks and crissum than a series of thirty- ARGENTINA: eight skins of. margaritaceiventer from TucumAn, Tapia, 1 9; eastern Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and TucumAn, 2 d; ProV. Tucuman, 1 (?); Argentina, although one skin from Sao Tafi Trail, 1 (?); Lorenzo, Matto. Grosso, Brazil, approaches Jujuy, Perico, 1 Q9; fairly closely. The back of the Peruvian Santo Domingo,- 1; 19401 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 17

Salta, Rio Seco, 1 dc; on which Todd based his Snethlagea Lerma Valley, 1 (?); Embarcacion, 2 c, 1 9; minima (1925, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Santa F6 (?), Ocampo, 1 9; XXXVIII, p. 94); the type was from the San Vicente, 1 9. Rio Tapajoz (said to be a male but prob- BRAZIL: ably a wrongly sexed female), but other Goyaz, Rio Thesouras, 3 c; Sao Paulo, Itapura, 1 d; specimens were recorded from the entire Matto Grosso, Descalvados, 1 9; range of minor. If there were no other Palmiras, 1 d; factors involved, minima would fall as a Urucum, 1 e, 2 9; synonym of minor. Chapada, 1 (?); Sa.p Lorenzo River, 1 d. In 1937, H. Snethlage described Sneth- m. rufipes.- lagea minor snethlageae (Orn. Monatsber., PERU6: XLV, p. 174) from the Tapajoz, ostensibly La Merced, 2 d; a form of the same dimensions as minor Peren6, 1 6d; Urubamba Valley, Santa Ana, 1 e, 1 9. but somewhat yellower on the under parts BOLIVIA: than Tocantins specimens. Examination Rio Mamore, Trinidad, 1 (?). of the series now at hand shows that E. m. wuchereri. Tocantins males are slightly grayer on the BRAZIL: and Piauhy, Parnagua, 1 ci1, 1 9; chest whiter on the belly than Tapajoz Maranhao, Miritiba, 1 9. and Rio Madeira (right bank) specimens, with Xingu examples intermediate, aver- aging slightly nearer the typical form. Snethlagea minor minor (Snethlage) Females from the two regions are not so Euscarthmus zosterops minor SNETHLAGE, different although the Tapajoz and Madeira 1907, Orn. Monatsber., XV, p. 193-Aruma- theua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Mus. Goeldi, (right bank) birds average a little stronger Park. yellow beneath than the single Tocantins Comparative studies of the present bird of that sex at hand. species have led to certain conclusions that Consequently, it appears to be just may be placed on record here although the possible to recognize two forms in the genus has not been found in Peru. region in question although the distinc- There are at hand forty-one skins of this tions may disappear in a larger series from species from various localities south of the the Tocantins. Since the type localities of Amazon, comprising twenty-nine sexed as both minima and snethlageae are the left males, seven sexed as females, and five of bank of the Tapajoz and minima is the undetermined sex. With two iexceptions, earlier name, that name may be applied to all of the males have the wing, 46-52 mm. the birds from the Tapajoz to the right and the tail, 36-41 while the females bank of the Madeira. measure, wing, 43-46.25 and tail, 30-35. S. m. pallens Todd (1925, Proc. Biol. On this basis, three of the undetermined Soc. Wash., XXXVIII, p. 94-Nova specimens agree with the males and two Olinda, Rio Purds, Brazil) has the male with the females. One so-called female very like typical minor on the under parts, shows the wing, 49 and the tail, 37.25 with grayish chest and whitish belly, but while one so-called male has the wing, 43 the dorsal surface is grayer with a still and the tail, 31.5, both probably with sex darker cap, the wings and tail are more erroneously determined. The same sexual blackish, and the wing-bars are stronger. difference of size is found in various species The female is smaller and yellower, not of Euscarthmornis. easily distinguished from the same sex of In addition to the smaller size of the minor and minima. I have only a single females, the examples of that sex are specimen from near the original locality brighter in color than the males, with more for this form but four examples from the prominent and yellower wing-bars, more lower Rio Negro (right bank) are in ex- yellowish-green back, and stronger yellow cellent agreement, indicating the extension under parts. These differences are those of the range of this form across the Amazon. 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [NO. 1066

SPECIMENS EXAMINED are decidedly less well marked than the S. m. minor.- west-Ecuadorian specimens. One has the BRAZIL: Rio Tocantins, Cameta, 2 e; cap slightly paler than eastern birds; Baiao, 2 e, 1 9; the other two are no different. One has Rio XingA, TaparA, 4 e, 1 9; the auriculars slightly paler; the other Porto de Moz, 3 e, 1 9, 1""9e].[= two do not. The throat is not at all S. m. minima.- BRAZIL: strongly cinnamomeous in any of the three Rio Tapajoz, Igarape Brabo, 5 d; skins but the belly is relatively light in Limoal, 1 c; color, agreeing better with the west- Igarape Amorin, 4 c; Ecuadorian examples. Rio Amazonas, Villa Bella Imperatriz, 2 c, 1 9; A series of west-Ecuadorian specimens Rio Madeira, Igarape AuarA, 4 c, 1 9; is needed for determination of the most Borba, 1 e, 1 9; stable characters of rufigenis. Allian;a, 1 9; Calama, 2 di; SPECIMENS EXAMINED Porto Velho, 1 9; P. r. ruficeps.- Matto Grosso, Utiarity, 1 "9"9 = e]. COLOMBIA: S. m. pallens. La Palma, 1 (?); BRAZIL: "Bogota," 2 (?). Rio Madeira, Rosarinho, 1 d; ECUADOR: Rio Negro, Igarape Cacao Pereira, 3 ci, Baeza, 4 e, 3 9; 1 9; upper Sumaco, 3 e, 1 9; Muirapinima, 2 e, 1 9, 1 (?). "Ecuador," 1 (?). P. r. melanomystax.- Poecilotriccus ruficeps peruvianus COLOMBIA: Salento, 1 e, 1 9; Chapman El Eden, 1 e, 2 9; Poecilotriccus ruficeps peruvianus CHAPMAN, Rio Toche, 1 (?); 1924 (June 20), Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 118, Santa Elena, 1 9; p. 5-Chaupe, northern Perd; d; Amer. Mus. above Ibague, 1 9; Nat. Hist. "Bogota," 1 (?). The two Chaupe specimens, type and P. r. rufigenis.- ECUADOR: paratype, remain the only recorded ex- Pallatanga, 2 e. amples of this well-marked form. COLOMBIA: I find some difficulty in separating P. r. Cerro Munchique, 1 e, 1 9, 1 (?). rufigenis of northwestern Ecuador and P. r. peruvianus. PER*: southwestern Colombia from typical rufi- Chaupe, 2 e (incl. type). ceps of the eastern part of these two coun- tries. I have only two west-Ecuadorian Lophotriccus pileatus hypochlorus birds, both somewhat worn but both with Berlepsch and Stolzmann the top of the head not darker, as de- Lophotriccus squama6cristatus hypochlorus BER- scribed by various authors, but decidedly LEPSCH AND STOLZMANN, 1906 (September), Ornis, XIII, p. 85-Idma, above Santa Ana, paler than the same area in ruficeps. The Per6; d; Warsaw Mus. back is of the same color in both groups This brightly colored form ranges from but the belly of ruficeps is somewhat deeper the Urubamba Valley to the upper affluents in tone. The auriculars of the two west- of the Madre de Dios in southeastern Ecuadorian skins are more whitish, less and rufescent, than in the typical form but the Perd. Records are from Huaynapata amount of rufous on the gular area is about San Gaban. the same as in some of the eastern birds, Lophotriccus pileatus pileatus (Tschudi) most of which, however, have the throat E(uscarthmus) pileatus TSCHUDI, 1844, Arch. whiter. The wing and tail of the west- Naturg., X (1), p. 273-Perd; Valley of Vitoc are shorter than in suggested by Hellmayr, 1927; Mus. Neuchatel. Ecuadorian specimens Lophotriccus pileatus griseipectus CARRIKER, any of the series of ruficeps. 1933 (March 24), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Three south-west-Colombian specimens LXXXV, p. 25-Rio Jelashte, Perd; d; Acad. probably belong to rufigenis although they Nat. Sci. Phila. 1940] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 19

The present form is characterized by ECUADOR: (La Puente, Cebollal, La Chonta, having the belly more extensively whitish Chone, Rio Jubones, Naranjo, Coc6, Chon- gon Hills, Mindo, Pallatanga, Cerro Mang- than the other known forms although there lar Alto, Coast of Manavi, Manavi, Bucay, is much individual variation here as in Chimbo, Alamor, Rio de Oro, Zaruma, Sal- other members of the species. Some ex- vias, Punta Santa Ana, Las Piflas, Pedregal, amples even of the usually yellow-bellied San Nicolas, Gualea, Santa Rosa, Esme- Central American form, luteiventris, have raldas, Mapoto, Intag, Pambilar, Cuyaque el Destino), 41 e, 28 89(?)., the belly as whitish as the average of L. p. piletut.- squamaecrista or the yellower extreme of ECUADOR: pileatus, and some squamaecrista are as lower Sumaco, 2 ce , 1 9; below San JosS, 2 c, 4 9. whitish as the average pileatus. Most of PER*6: the characters of the various forms are Chaupe, 3 ei, 3 9. quite variable and distinctive only in series. Uchco, 1 cl, 1 9; Size appears to be of little value as a taxo- Guayabamba, 2 e; Chinchao, 2 el, 2 9 1; nomic criterion and large examples of the Huachipa, 1 el. various forms are very near each other in L. p. hypochlorus.- dimensions. In the series of males of the PEIR6: various forms examined, luteiventris has a Idma, 3 ce; Rio San Miguel, 1 9 2; wing of 49-53 mm.; squamaecrista, 47.5- Inca Mine, 2 d; 55.5; pileatus, 48-54; and hypochlorus, Santo Domingo, 1 , 1 9; 49.5-53.5. Colombian specimens appear La Pampa, 1 d; to reach a slightly larger extreme than Rio Tavara, 1 9; Rio Inambari, 2 e. west-Ecuadorian birds of the same form L. p. subsp.?.- and north-Peruvian skins average slightly VENEZUELA: larger than birds from the central part of PAramo at head of Chichirivichi Valley, 1 9. the country, but there is too much over- lapping to make this feature of taxonomic Lophotriccus vitiosus vitiosus value. (Bangs and Penard) Records are from Garita del Sol, Ropay- Cometornis vitiosus BANGS AND PENARD, 1921 bamba, Enefias, Huambo, and Rfo Jelashte. (January), Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoOl., LXIV, p. There is a single adult specimen at hand 373-Peri -I suggest Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali; from the pdramo at the head of the Chi- Mus. Comp. Zool. chirivichi Valley, northern Venezuela, As pointed out long ago by Taczanowski that cannot be identified satisfactorily. (1884, Orn. P6rou, II, p. 229) and more It is as yellow on the under parts as recently by Hellmayr (1927, Field Mus. luteiventris and is matched in this respect Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., XIII, pt. 5, by only a single immature skin from p. 332, footnote b), specimens from south of Bogotii, Colombia. Owing to the poor the Amazon in Peri have less strongly condition of part of the plumage in this yellowish bellies than those from north specimen, conclusions as to its affinities of the river in eastern Ecuador and the are best left in abeyance. A good series Guianas. Taczanowski also calls atten- from this region would be highly desirable. tion to the darker and clearer gray edges on the feathers of the crest in Guianan SPECIMENS EXAMINED specimens. Forty-nine specimens at hand L. p. luteiventris.- of the COSTA RICA: (Bonilla, Aquinares, Mira- from the different parts range amply valles, Verablanca, Navarro, Santa Maria confirm these characters and suggest the de Dota), 11 e, 5 9. desirability of recognizing two additional PANAMA: (Santa Fe, ChitrA, Rio Calovevora, subspecies. These may be characterized Boquete, Tacarcuna), 25 e, 14 9. follows. L. p. squamaecrista.- as COLOMBIA: (Primavera, east of Palmira, Las San La Can- 1 Specimens in Field Museum of Natural History, Lomitas, Ricaurte, Antonio, Chicago. dela, Barbacoas, La Frijolera, Buena Vista, 2 Specimen in the U. S. National Museum, Wash- La Tigrera, "Bogota"), 17 e, 6 9, 2 (?). ington, D. C. 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066

Lophotriccus vitiosus affinis, Ecuador and elsewhere, but they are new subspecies yellower beneath than the average of TYPE from Rio Suno, above Avila, eastern typical vitiosus and two of them are fairly Ecuador. No. 179,508, American Museum of well marked. These birds, therefore, may Natural History. Adult male collected Febru- be placed with the new form. ary 13, 1923, by Carlos Olalla and sons. belong to DIAGNOSIs.-Similar to L. v. vitio8u8 of Rio Uaupes birds definitely northeastern Peru, south of the Amazon, but this new form in distinction from vitiosus with the belly distinctly more yellowish. vitiosus or the Guianan form described RANGE.-Tropical Zone of eastern Ecuador, hereunder. southeastern Colombia, and northeastern Perd, north of the Amazon, ranging northeastward to the Rio Uaupes in the valley of the upper Rio Lophotriccus vitiosus gulanensis, Negro, Brazil. new subspecies DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-Forehead Deep Olive TYPE from Ipousin, Approuague River, French with some traces of dusky centers on the feath- Guiana. No. 498,769, American Museum of ers, strongest posteriorly; crown and occiput Natural History. Adult male collected Decem- occupied by a long, emarginate, flattened crest ber 26, 1902, by George K. Cherrie; original No. of black feathers, the anterior ones margined 12,836. with the color of the forehead and the remainder DIAGNOSIS.-Similar to L. t. vitiosus of north- with moderately wide margins of Smoke Gray; eastern Per(s, south of the Amazon, but with longest (lateral) crest-feathers 16 mm. in length; under parts more strongly yellowish. Differs hind neck and back dull Roman Green. Lores a from both vitiosus and affinis by having the little paler than the forehead with faint indica- margins of the crest-feathers distinctly darker tions of paler tips; malar region and auriculars and clearer gray. slightly tinged with brownish; chin whitish and RANGE.-French and Dutch Guianas and throat pale yellowish, both with rather promi- apparently also British Guiana. Records from nent dusky stripes; sides dull Yellowish Olive Obidos and Faro may belong here but need re- with a tinge of this color spreading across the examination as detailed below. breast which is striped with dusky like the DESCRIPTION OF TYPE.-Details in general as throat but less sharply; belly light Primrose described for the type of L. v. affinis except as Yellow, deeper adjacent to the breast; flanks follows. Chin whitish with broad, grayish. yellowish with faint traces of obscure stripes; brown stripes; throat and breast Sea-foam under tail-coverts paler yellowish. Wings dusky Yellow, only indistinctly striped with faint brown; primaries and outer secondaries nar- grayish shaft-marks, broader on the breast; back rowly margined externally with Yellowish Olive; Yellowish Olive; margins of crest-feathers Neu- inner secondaries with margins yellower and tral Gray; longest (lateral) feathers of crest broader; inner tertial with a broad white stripe 12.5 mm. in length. on outer web bordered by a narrow greenish edge on the outer margin of the feather; lesser REMARKS.-A single specimen from upper wing-coverts like the back; median and Wismar, Demerara River, British Guiana, greater series blackish with broad tips of light has the crest margined with dark gray like Primrose Yellow continued in a more greenish tone basad along the outer margins of the greater the French and Dutch Guianan skins but series; under wing-coverts Marguerite Yellow; the under parts are not so strongly yellow- inner margins of remiges narrowly yellowish ish as in the other specimens, though more white. Tail sooty brown with outer margins than in average vitiosus, and the Yellowish Olive. Bill (in dried skin) blackish yellowish with the base of the mandible and a fine tip on gular and pectoral stripes are relatively the maxilla whitish; feet pale brown. Wing, strong as in some examples of affinis. The 51 mm.; tail, 37; exposed culmen, 12.2; culmen dark edges of the crest-feathers indicate from base, 15; tarsus, 16. affinity to guianensis to which the specimen REMARKS.-Females much like the males may be referred for the present. but averaging smaller (wing, 43.1-48.5 as I question Madame Snethlage's records against 46.5-52; tail, 28-36 as against of this species from Faro and Obidos 34.5-38.5); under parts averaging yellower; largely on the basis of one of her Faro skins crest shorter and with the margins of the now before me, labeled as "Lophotriccus elongated feathers showing an olivaceous spicifer" but actually an unusual example or even buffy tinge. of Colopteryx galeatus with some suggestion Several of the specimens from Perd of quite narrow, pale wing-bars. Our Faro north of the Amazon are not as well marked collections contain other specimens of as those from farther north in eastern Colopteryx but none of the present species 1940 ] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 21 of Lophotriccus. Examination of any speci- .Cerro Galeras, 2 9. mens of L. vitiosus from the Jamunda and PERT6: Puerto Indiana, 1 ce', 3 9; the Jar' should be made to determine their Apayacu, 1 d; possible assignment to one or another of Rio M6zan, 2 a, 1 9. the several forms here recognized. COLOMBIA: La Morelia, 1 9. It is impossible to appraise the taxonomic BRAZIL: value of the shorter crest in the type of Rio Uaup6s, Tahuapunto, 1 a, 3 9. guianensis as compared with that of L. v. guianensis. affinis and vitiosus. Some specimens of FRENCH GUIANA: Ipousin, 1 a (type), 1 9. the last two forms, possibly younger than DUTCH GUIANA: the longest-crested examples, though not Paramaribo, 1 9; strictly juvenal, have the crest no longer "Interior," 1 e. than the type of guianensis. The average BRITISH GUIANA: figures, however, indicate a probable rela- Wismar, 1 e. tive brevity of crest in the Guianan form. Myiornis albiventris Taczanowski (loc. cit.) notes that one of his birds from Yurimaguas had the edges (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Orchilus albiventris BERLEPSCH AND STOLZ- of the crest-feathers somewhat more gray- MANN, 1894, Ibis, p. 389-La Merced, Perfi; a; ish than the others, approaching the birds Warsaw Mus. from Cayenne. Hellmayr (1927, Field Pozuzo, 1 a; Peren6, 1 9. Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., XIII, Apparently a rare bird in collections. pt. 5, p. 332) found one Yurimaguas bird Known specimens from Perd are confined approaching Guianan examples in respect to the type and the two skins now before to the yellower under surface. Other me. I have seen a specimen in the collec- examples from this locality seen by both tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of observers are left without other comment Philadelphia collected in the Beni country and probably were of the normal coloration of northern Bolivia by M. A. Carriker, Jr., of true vitiosus to which I tentatively refer which represents the most easterly ex- the Yurimaguas records. tension of the known range. Other records from Peru which may be It is probable that this form is no more assigned to vitiosus are from Shanusi, than a geographic representative of the Chamicuros, Jeberos, and the Rio Ucayali. still more eastern M. auricularis since all of A record from Iquitos and two from the its characters are but modifications of the Rfo Tigre should go with the Puerto colors and pattern of the auricularis Indiana and Rio Mizan birds under group. Until more is known of the indi- affinis. vidual variations of albiventris I prefer to I have not seen Lophotriccus eulophotes keep it specifically distinct. Todd (1925, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXVIII, p. 93-Hyutanahan, Rio Purfis, Myiornis ecaudatus ecaudatus Brazil), placed by Hellmayr as a sub- (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye) species of vitiosus. T(odirostrum) ecaudatum D'ORBIGNY AND LAFRESNAYE, 1837, Mag. Zool., VII, Cl. 2, Syn. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Av., 1, p. 47-Yuracares, Bolivia; Paris Mus. L. v. vitiosus.- There is just enough difference observ- PER-6: able between birds from Bolivia and Peru Rio Ucayali, Santa Rosa, 10 ce, 3 9; and those from British Lagarto, 8 e, 3 9; Guiana, Venezuela, Rio Pichis, Puerto Bermuidez, 1 9.1 and Trinidad to warrant the recognition of L. v. affini8.- Chubb's miserabilis, described from British ECUADOR: Guiana. Specimens from other localities Rio Suno, above Avila, 1 e (type); along the south bank of the east- lower Rio Suno, 3 a, 1 9; Amazon, below San Jose, 1 d; ward from Perd, agree well enough with the Bolivian birds to be placed in the typical 1 Specimen in Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. form but the northern skins have several 22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1066

points of distinction. The back is darker Caxiricatuba, 2 e, 2 9; and duller, less yellowish, green; the top of Igarap6 Brabo, 2 e, 2 9; Tauar,;, 1 d1; the head averages darker gray with a Itaituba, 1 d; greater extension of this shading over the Rio Xing(, Villarinho do Monte, 1 e, 1 (?). hind neck; the auriculars are darker and M. e. miserabilis.- grayer; the sides of the chest are more BRITISH GUIANA: Potaro Landing, I e, 1 (?); grayish; the feet are distinctly darker in Tumatumari, 2 9. most cases. TRINIDAD: In typical ecaudatus, the back is yellow- Savana Grande, 1 e, 1 9. ish green, the gray of the top of the head VENEZUELA: Munduapo, 1 d; merges into the green of the back in the Suapure, 1 d; nuchal region; the auriculars are paler; Mt. Duida, Campamento del Medio, 1 d. the sides of the chest are greenish yellow; M. e. atricapillus.- the feet are pale flesh-color. PANAMA: Rio Calovevora, 1 e. I place atricapillus as a subspecies of COLOMBIA: ecaudatus although intergradation is not Alto Bonito, 1 d; established. Its black, instead of gray, San Jos6, Cauca, 1 d; cap is the most distinctive feature since the Novita, 1 d; Barbacoas, 1 e. broad white loral patch is approached in ECUADOR: some specimens of ecaudatus and the San Javier, 1 ce. yellow belly is variable. A northwest- Ecuadorian skin has the belly hardly more Pseudotriccus simplex (Berlepsch) yellow than some examples of ecaudatus; Caenotriccus simplex BERLEPSCH, 1901 (Janu- several west-Colombian birds are a little ary), Jour. fur Orn., XLIX, p. 88-Sandillani, yellower and a Panamanian specimen, the Bolivia; Frankfort Mus. nearest topotypical bird in the series be- Ochthoeca keaysi CHAPMAN, 1901 (August), fore me, is the yellowest of all. Possibly Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 227-Inca the Colombian and Ecuadorian specimens Mine, Perfi; 9; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. represent an undescribed form. The type of "Ochthoeca keaysi" and a I believe that the short tail of "Peris- second female from Roquefalda, Bolivia, sotriccus" is not a sufficient character in are the only specimens at hand of this itself to warrant the recognition of this interesting form. The Bolivian specimen, group as a genus distinct from Myiornis apparently going into the first annual which also has a short tail in comparison plumage, is a little smaller than the with various nearby genera though not so Peruvian bird, a little paler on the throat, short as in ecaudatus. Accordingly I and somewhat deeper yellow on the belly, have placed this species in Myiornis. within the degree of individual variation Peruvian records of ecaudatus are from shown by a series of the P. pelzelni group Yahuarmayo and "Juanfu6" [= Juanjuf]. though at a different place on the scale of colors. Any separation of "keaysi" from SPECIMENS EXAMINED simplex appears unlikely. M. e. ecaudatus. This form shows some resemblance to BOLIVIA: Todos Santos, 1 e, 1 9; P. ruficeps in the rufescent tinge on the Mission San Antonio, 2 9. anterior part of the head but in other PERfJ: respects it has much similarity to the Rio Tavara, 1 d; pelzelni group. The three species are Rio Cosireni, 1 (?); certainly very related. I am Pomara, 1 e. closely BRAZIL: unable to find any generic distinction for Teff6, 1 c, 2 9; ruficeps sufficient to justify the recognition Rio Madeira, Rosarinho, 1 c; of "Caenotriccus," erected for it. Even Calama, 1 e, 1 9; the smaller bill of does Rio Preto, Santa Isabel, 1 9; supposedly ruficeps Villa Bella Imperatriz, 1 d; not hold true, for the Bolivian female of Rio Tapajoz, Boim, 2 d; simplex and several specimens of p. pelzelni STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. XXXIV 23 have bills no larger than the largest of gas of Cochabamba, Bolivia; d; Frankfort Mus. ruficeps. Euscarthmus olivascen8 TODD, 1915, Proc. There are no Peruvian records of this Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVIII, p. 169-Rio Suruti, species other than that of the type of Bolivia; d; Carnegie Mus. "keaysi." The Academy of Natural Sciences of Pseudotriccus ruficeps (Lafresnaye) Philadelphia possesses a male of this species Muscicapa (Todirostrum) ruficeps LAFRES- collected by M. A. Carriker, Jr., at Hua- NAYE, 1843, Rev. Zool., VI, p. 291-"Colombie," camayo, Sandia, southeastern Peru, the = BogotA. first evidence of the occurrence of the C(aenotriccus) ruficeps haplopteryx BERLEPSCH species outside of Bolivia. AND STOLZMANN, 1896, P. Z. S. London, p. 361, in text-Sarnapaycha (Maraynioc), Perd ; dl; The much wider bill, average shorter Warsaw Mus. rictal bristles, and somewhat different I have seen no Peruvian specimens but arrangement of the pale gular area, to- follow Chapman and Hellmayr in con- gether with some lesser differences, make sidering "haplopteryx" as a synonym of me hesitate to place this form under H. diops ruficeps. Other than the type of "haplop- as a subspecies, at least until a greater teryx," the only Peruvian records are from amount of similarity can be demonstrated Pumamarca and Cedrobamba. than in the material at hand. For the present, therefore, I retain it as a distinct Hemitriccus flammulatus Berlepsch species. Hemitriccus flammulatus BERLEPSCH, 1901, Jour. fuir Orn., XLIX, p. 87-San Mateo, Yun- CORRIGENDA I find that the catalogue number of the my attention a more serious error in an type specimen of Tolmomyias sulphurescens earlier paper in which I made use of a pre- insignis (Zimmer, 1939, Amer. Mus. Novit., occupied name for a new form of Ochthoeca. No. 1045, p. 5) was omitted from the Since I discussed the earlier form, though original description. Although there are of a different species, in the same paper, two examples at hand with the sex and my error is inexcusable. The necessary data specified, the specimen which was correction is as follows. selected as type and labeled as such in advance of the publication of the name is Ochthoeca leucophrys dissors, new name No. 282,401, American Museum of Natural For Ochthoeca leucophrys cajamarcae ZIMMER, History. 1937, Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 930, p. 11 (not Mr. James L. Peters has kindly called to Ochthoeca diadema cajamarcae CARRIKER, 1934).