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Production of Naked-Seeded Pumpkin: a Food Crop for the Family Farm

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Production of Naked-Seeded Pumpkin: a Food Crop for the Family Farm Production of Naked-Seeded Pumpkin: A Food Crop for the Family Farm R. G. Robinson Miscellaneous Report 156-1981 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ST. PAUL, MN 55108 Production of Naked-Seeded Pumpkin: A Food Crop for the Family Farm Naked-seeded pumpkin is a new crop of potential value for people who want to develop a lifestyle based on natural foods and self-sufficient food production. Most people like the taste of pumpkin seed, and the seed contains more protein than needed for human nutri­ tion. Consequently, it can supplement foods made from grain crops that often lack sufficient protein for human needs. Naked-seeded pumpkin has been tested, intermit­ tently, at Rosemount, Minnesota since 1964 as a poten­ tial oilseed crop, but its yield and production costs do not justify commercial production for oil. However, some varieties do warrant production for edible seed. Pumpkin acreage for planting stock seed in the United States totalled 302 acres in 1980, with an aver­ age yield of 529 pounds per acre. Most of this production was not of naked-seeded varieties. Acreage grown for confection or food seed is not known. What Is Naked-Seeded Pumpkin? Naked-seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) vari· eties were developed from natural mutants whose inte­ guments (seed coats) were very thin in contrast to the thick, hard, and close-fitting integuments (hulls) of normal pumpkin seed. Pumpkin hulls arc in close contact with the meat (cotyledons and primary axis) of the seed and cannot be removed efficiently by the methods used for dchulling sunflower. Sunflower hulls are the peri carp (ovary wall) and arc attached to the true seed at only one point (funiculus). Sunflower integuments, like those of pumpkin, closely contact the cotyledons and remain on the dehulled seed; therefore, dehulled sunflower seed and naked­ seeded pumpkin seed arc morphologically equivalent. Varieties The naked-seeded variety, Lady Godiva, was re­ leased by the USDA in 1972. 1 The fruits weigh about 5 pounds and are yellow with green stripes at maturity, but the green may continue to fade as senescence proceeds. The flesh can be sliced and eaten raw like a salad, but the flesh is of poor quality for cooking because of its stringy texture and pale color. The seed is green with very thin and loose integuments and is about three times the size of a dehullcd sunflower seed. Test weight Author per bushel is about 43 pounds. The Triple Treat variety was released by the W. R. G. Robinson is a professor in the Department of Atlee Burpee Co. in 1977 and is used for jack-o-lanterns, Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota. cooking, and naked seed. 2 The deep orange flesh is of The Univt.:rsity of Minnesota, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal 1lady Godiva seed is available /rom W. At lee Burpee Co., Clinton, IA 527,12, and access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to Ceo. W. Park Seed Co., Inc., Greenwood, SC 29647. race, creed, color, sex, national origin, or handicap. 1Triplc Treat seed is available from W. Atlcc Burpee Co., Clinton, IA 52732. 2 NORMAL EEO NAKED D OD IVA TRI L TR AT cm J111111111 JI I 1111111 111If1111 1 e normal seed is from a retail packet of the "crack and spit" type. Lady Godiva and Triple Treat are naked-seeded varieties. ng quality. However, unlike Lady Godiva, minimum amount of total protein must be consumed in integuments are noticeable when the seed is order to provide the required amounts of methionine re 1). and cystine. Nonetheless, 0.33 to 0.44 pounds per day of aker variety is reported suitable for jack-o­ pumpkin seed or 0.43 to 0.58 pounds per day of sun­ oking, and naked seed.3 flower seed supply recommended amounts of protein and all essential amino acids for adults. These amounts contain 828 to 1,104 and 1,092 to 1,473 calories, respec­ Value and Chemical Composition tively, for pumpkin and sunflower. and sunflower seed have some similar Protein percentages of pumpkin and sunflower are aracteristics, and both are potential food calculated by various methods. However, the methods mily farm. Data for seed of both crops are are calibrated to give protein percentages based on the hles 1to3. Naked-seeded pumpkin seed product of percent nitrogen times a nitrogen-to-protein wer meats in protein percentage and is a conversion factor. The factor commonly used for both urce of high quality protein (Tables 1, 2). crops is 6.25, but the factor 5.3 has also been used. nflower seed proteins are high in globu­ Analyses of naked-seeded pumpkin seeds grown at d both crops are similar in amino acid Rosemount and dehulled sunflower seeds grown at e essential amino acids for human Rosemount, Morris, Crookston, and Grand Rapids, ent in both crops, but more than the Minnesota indicate that nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were 6.10 for sunflower and 5.65 for pumpkin.4 ~from Burgess Seed & Plant Co., Bloomington, IL o., Randolph, WI 53956; Nichols Garden Nursery, 4Robinson, R. G. I975. Amino acid and elemental composition of sunflower and pumpkin seeds. Agron. J. 67:541-544. 3 Table 1. Average nutritional composition of Lady Go­ Table3. Averageele diva pumpkin seed and dehulled nonoilseed sunflower pumpkin seed and d seed produced at Rosemount, Minnesota produced at Rosemou Nutrient Pumpkin Sunflower Element -------------- percent 1 Protein 38.0 28.5 Oil Nitrogen 45.9 48.5 Phosphorus Ash 4.8 3.8 Fiber Potassium 7.9 4.0 Magnesium Carbohydrate 11.3 19.2 Sulfur 'Dry-weight basis. Calcium Sodium Iron 63 Table 2. Average amino acid concentrations in Lady Zinc 74 Godiva pumpkin seed and dehulled nonoilseed sun­ Manganese 26 flower seed produced at Rosemount, Minnesota Aluminum 2 Boron 6 In seed In seed protein Copper 25 Molybdenum Amino acid Pumpkin Sunflower Pumpkin Sunflower 6 ------------------------ percent ------------------------ Glutamic acid 5.19 4.76 18.30 21.74 Arginine 4.59 2.20 16.17 10.08 ally. Common diets c sodium, so Aspartic acid 2.56 2.20 9.02 10.04 consumption of these Leu cine potassium­ 2.16 1.53 7.58 7.00 sodium ratio closer to Phenylalanine 1.54 1.16 5.43 5.29 !. Valine 1.49 1.21 5.25 5.51 Alanine 1.32 1.02 4.63 4.67 Glycine 1.29 1.18 4.54 5.39 Serine 1.19 0.87 4.19 3.99 Pumpkin is adapted Isolcucine 1.15 0.99 4.05 4.49 has performed well on Lysine 1.14 0.85 4.01 3.93 Tyrosine 1.09 0. 70 3.84 3.24 on irrigated and dryland Pro line 0.92 0.81 3.21 3.68 might be a problem in nQ Histidine 0. 76 0.62 2.68 2.81 lings are sensitive to frost inate very Threonine 0. 71 0.83 2.49 3. 79 slowly in cold soil. Pla Methionine 20andJune 5 0.65 0.50 2.27 2.30 resulted in rapid emer Cystine 0.10 0.11 0.37 0.40 pletime for Tryptophan 1 0.56 0.34 1.98 1.59 the seed to mature bef in September. 1 The first frosts in the Tryptophan data are adapted from Orr, M. L. and B. K. Watt. 1957. Amino acid £ opy of leaves, content of foods. USDA Home Economics Research Report 4: 1-82. but the stems and prote sually escape and maturation procee Naked-seeded pump y of high ger­ Both pumpkin and dehulled nonoilseed sunflower mination and produces gs. However, seed contained less than 50 percent oil (Table 1), but the the fragmentary seed .co .the seed from sunflower oil is nearly 90 percent unsaturated com­ rotting in the soil. The is reduced by pared with pumpkin oil of nearly 80 percent unsatura­ planting in warm soil a ngicidal seed tion. Minnesota sunflower oil is about 68 percent poly­ treatment. The seedlings he cotyledon unsaturated (linoleic acid), whereas pumpkin oil is stage inside and then t field. How­ about 42 percent linoleic acid. Although sunflower oil is ever, direct field plant' e times the preferred, both oils have a satisfactory fatty acid compo­ desired population foll is generally sition for an edible oil. more practical than tra actory stands The integuments contain much of the fiber in pump­ were occasionally obtaine ted seed, but kin and sunflower seeds. The integuments are not treatment was usually ne e 4). Germina- noticeable when sunflower seed is consumed, but they continually flake off of naked-seeded pumpkin seed. Because of this, consumption of fiber would be less than Table 4. Planting depth an the 7.9 percent indicated in Table 1. Fiber is needed to untreated naked-seeded p regulate bowels, and seed fiber is desirable in a normal human diet. Depth Seeds of both crops are adequate sources of all (inches) Field minerals likely to be deficient in human diets except l so calcium (Table 3). An adult male must eat 4.4 pounds of 2 38 pumpkin seed or 1. 76 pounds of sunflower seed to get 3 20 enough calcium. The phosphorus-calcium ratios also 4 17 5 differ greatly from the desired 1 to 1. The high potas­ 32 sium-sodium ratio in these seeds is desirable nutrition- 1Captan fungicide. 4 tion is rapid if the seed is planted in moist soiL The hypocotyl elongates and the cotyledons attached at the first node emerge about 7 days after planting.
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