Mongol Empire 1206–1691
EMPIRE/DYNASTY/PRINCIPALITIES EVENTS 1 1206Ð1260s 1200 Mongol Empire 1 1206 Temujin completes unification of Mongol people into Mongol state and rules as Genghis Khan to 1227. 1271Ð1368 2 During his reign, Genghis Khan sets out on a series of Yuan dynasty of China conquests. Ih Zasag (code of laws) introduced 1211Ð1215 Mongols conquer Chin dynasty’s 3 1368Ð1634 Northern Yuan dynasty 1250 northern domains (including what is now Beijing), gaining control of Silk Road and part of Hsi Hsia kingdom 4 1543Ð1691 2 1220 Construction of Karakorum, Mongol Empire’s Independent principalities capital begins 1227 Hsi Hsia kingdom fully conquered. Death of Genghis Khan. Empire divided into four realms 1300 between sons: Zuchi, Chagatai, Ogodei, and Tului 1229 Ogodei created Great Khan (overlord of whole empire) by Hurildai (great Mongol assembly). Ogodei reigns until 1241 1230 Mongols invade Persia 1234 Mongols totally conquer Chin dynasty in northern 1350 China 1237Ð1242 Mongol invasions of Europe and Russia 3 1256 Khanates of Golden Horde and Il Khans established 1260s Mongol khanates become independent states 1260Ð1294 Reign of Kublai Khan over Mongol Empire. 1400 Mongol Empire reaches its greatest extent before breaking up into independent states 1264 Khanbalik (modern Beijing) established as capital of Mongol Empire 1271 Kublai Khan establishes Yuan dynasty in China over Empire of Great Khan (eastern realm of former 1450 Mongol Empire) 1279 Mongols conquer Southern Sung 1320Ð1370 Reign of Yuan emperor and Northern Yuan king Togstomor 1368 Chinese Ming dynasty overthrows Mongol rule. End of Yuan dynasty of China. Mongol Northern Yuan 1500 dynasty established by Togstomor at Karakorum 1388Ð1433 Chaotic period in Mongolia: rival factions fight each other for supremacy 1433Ð1451 Reign of Northern Yuan king Taisung Khan. Reunites much of Mongolia 1451 After Taisung’s death, Mongolia begins to 4 fragment again A Mongol archer from the army of 1550 1479 Northern Yuan boy-king Dayan Khan ascends Kublai Khan (reigned 1260Ð1294). It throne. Mongolian political unity achieved by Mandhai was the Mongols’ skill in archery and Setsen, dowager queen and regent cavalry tactics that led to their huge 1543 Empire fragments on death of Dayan Khan into conquests. independent principalities 1543Ð1583 Reign of great Mongol prince Altan Khan, 1600 grandson of Dayan Khan 1605Ð1634 Reign of last Northern Yuan king Ligden Khan over remaining Northern Yuan territories 1636 Princes of “Inner” Mongolia acknowledge Ch’ing (Manchu) rule
1650
1688 Princes of “Outer” Mongolia acknowledge Ch’ing rule 1691 Ch’ing dynasty formally annexes Mongolia 1700