Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Course Course Copyrights and Distribution Boy Scout Venturing Crew 80, Alexandria, VA Boy Scout Venturing Crew 80, Alexandria, VA First Christian Church First Christian Church Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) As noted at the beginning of The ARRL Instructor's Manual, this publication is copyrighted material. Quick Links: Click on Link - Right click on screen for options Video segments are not included - Press Home to return to this page - F1 is help

28 You are free to reproduce and distribute limited portions of 3 Chapter 1 Day 1 Starts Here Day 1 - Handout materials, The ARRL Instructor's Manual or The ARRL Ham Radio Introduction to Ham Radio 141 Chapter 2 License Manual as needed for the purposes of instruction of 80 77 Day 2 - Electricity, Components, Chapter 3 your class. Circuits, Radio Waves, Types of Radios 245 Chapter 4

318 However, please do not scan or post copies of this material, 230 Day 3 - Propagation, Antennas, Feed Chapter 5 including photos, drawings and illustrations on the Web. lines, SWR, Equipment 404 Chapter 6 This would be considered an infringement of the provision 430 - Communicating with other Day 4 465 Chapter 7 of the ARRL copyright. hams, Licensing and Operating Not for Regulations, Safety, Exam Prep 500 Chapter 8 distribution. Thank you 532 Chapter 9 January 20, 2015 W3BSA.org Suggestions and comments to WA4USB at ARRL dot NET 1 January 20, 2015 3 Amateur Radio Technician Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Course Class Licensing Course Sponsors Instructors: Scout Venturing Crew 80 Dick – WA4USB First Christian Church Demi – K4BSA Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) Jim – K3BUC Bill – W2BSA

4 5 6 Meet your Instructors Meet your Instructors Meet your Instructors Dick Harman WA4USB Demi Pulas K4BSA Bill Stewart W2BSA • First licensed in 1964 •First licensed in 1993 Novice, Tech, General, Advanced, Extra • First licensed in 1965 •Amateur Extra License • Control Op K4US Repeater Extra the Hard Way (20 wpm Morse Code) •35+ years Scout Leader •Scout Leader 20+ years Cubs, Boy Scouts, Explorer • Crew 80 Advisor since 1995 •Crew 80 COR • Committee Chair Crew 80 •Crew 80 Committee Member •Retired 20+ years • ~ 40 years Scout Leader •Scout leader since 1990 • Computers since '59 •Colonial District STEM Coordinator

7 8 9 Meet your Instructors Amateur Radio Technician Class Jim Buchanan K3BUC Goals of this Course

•First licensed in High School • Other groups using nearby 1. Learn about Amateur Radio •Novice - 1 year non-renewable rooms activities •BSEE, + Digital Computers 2. Learn about Radio and •Naval Air Systems Command • House Keeping Electronics •Maintained interest in Radio ƒRestrooms •Tech, General, Extra & Crew in 2004 ƒFire Exits •Scout + Scouter 30 years ƒOutside Access

10 11 12 Introductions Goals of this Course Introductions Our history 3. Pass the Exam and Obtain • Your name and a little about We have been teaching this yourself your FCC Technician Class course for about 20 years Amateur Radio License! • Someone you know who is a Ham • What you hope to gain by being a 4. The license will authorize Ham We have learned what you to operate a Amateur • Do you have experience with works and have included (Ham) Radio Station amateur radio? lessons learned in this (transmitter) • What are your expectations? course

13 14 15 How to study to ensure passing exam Methods of Learning We are NOT teaching answers • Read assignments when due • Each and every question is in the • Some courses teach you to We give you the concepts and handbook memorize exam questions and knowledge so you will • Correct answers are in the manual answers understand what is going on •You MUST take the on line practice tests at home and pass • There are many on line practice at least 80% to ensure success at least 80% to ensure success • That method does not lead to exams that you can take as arrrl. org/ examreview real advancement in your often as you wish at no cost • How class will be run • Q&A’s at end of each section knowledge

16 17 18 A BAG lunch is RECOMMENDED Expectations Course Outline • Welcome to amateur radio • Class will start and end on time • Electricity, Components and Circuits • Lunch: about Noon • Instructors will be prepared • Radio and Signals Fundamentals 30 minutes for lunch • Students are expected to read • Propagation, Antennas and Feedlines assigned material before class and • Amateur Radio Equipment be prepared to learn • Communicating with other hams • Exam Sat Feb 14 9:30 am • Ham radio is not a spectator sport, • Licensing regulations active participation during class • Operating regulations discussions is vital to success - • Safety obtaining your License • Test preparation and review

19 20 21 Let’s Get Started October 2012 Steps to obtaining your ticket We intend to give you the • Study the Ham Radio License • BSA Jamboree On The Air Manual knowledge to pass the • Boy Scouts in Irving Texas • Review the questions in the book exam spoke with an astronaut on the • Take interactive practice exams International Space Station • Pass a 35-question multiple choice Your knowledge and test Your knowledge and using Amateur Radio relayed understanding will grow as ƒ Questions are from the question through amateur stations in pool in the back of the book you enjoy and use amateur Australia - here is a short clip ƒ Answer 26 correctly radio • No Morse code is required 22 23 24 About the exam Lets say it another way Sequence of Presentations Back of the book page 11-1 • We do not follow the exact book Sub-elements..T1A T2A T3A T4A 1. Read the assigned pages sequence One question on your exam from 2. Pay attention in class • We generally follow Chapter each of the 35 "Sub-elements" content 3. Do the practice exams Exact text of Q and A …. But • Our purpose is to make it easy Most probably (> 90%) earn to understand and make sense Q and A (both) may be re-sequenced • Page numbers will be in the 26 correct to pass your license – when you do 1 and 2 and 3 bottom left corner of slides 25 26 27 ChapterChapter 11 Today's Topics What is Amateur Radio? • Amateur Radio is a personal 1. What makes Amateur Radio • Amateur Radio is a personal radio service authorized by the unique unique Federal Communications What is 2. Why the FCC makes rules Commission (FCC) 3. Activities involving Amateur 1. The purpose is to Amateur Radio Radio advance skills in the 4. How to find other hams technical and ? 5. Technician License communication phases of 6. Next week the radio art 1-1 28 29 30 What is Amateur Radio? What is Amateur Radio? What is Amateur Radio? • Amateur Radio is a personal • Amateur Radio is a personal • Amateur Radio is a personal radio service authorized by the radio service authorized by the radio service authorized by the Federal Communications Federal Communications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commission (FCC) Commission (FCC) 2. To promote the 3. To develop a pool of 4. To promote international development of an trained radio operators goodwill by connecting emergency communication trained radio operators emergency communication private citizens in capability to assist countries around the globe communities when needed

31 32 33 What is Amateur Radio? Why does the FCC make rules What do hams do?

• Amateur Radio is a personal • Amateur Radio is a Licensed • Communicate radio service authorized by the Service Federal Communications • Participate Commission (FCC) • Hams can buy or build or • Experiment modify their own equipment 5. Through ham radio, you • Build • Knowledge and skills are will become an • Compete ambassador for your required ambassador for your • Serve their communities community and your • That’s why we have licenses • Life-long learning country 1-13 1-8 34 35 36 About Ham Radio About Ham Radio The Amateur Radio Service is intended for persons who are interested in radio ƒ T1A02 The agency that regulates and enforces About Ham Radio technique solely with a personal aim and the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in without pecuniary interest. the United States is the FCC. ƒ T1C10 You may operate to transmit after you pass the examination elements required for your first amateur radio license as soon as your name and call sign appear in the FCC’s ULS database.

There is no age requirement for holding an FCC Amateur Radio License.

37 38 39 About Ham Radio Take Aways ƒ T1C08 The normal term for an FCC- • T1C11 If your license has expired and is still within the Purpose of the amateur service issued primary allowable grace period, you may not continue to station/operator operate to transmit until the ULS database shows that •The Amateur Radio Service is intended for license grant is ten the license has been renewed. those persons who are interested in radio years. • T1A10 The FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur station technique solely with a personal aim and without is a station in the Amateur Radio Service consisting of pecuniary interest. [97.3(a)(4)] ƒ T1C09 The grace the apparatus necessary for carrying on radio period following the communications. expiration of an The Federal Communications Commission amateur license (FCC) is the government agency that within which the licenseyears. may be regulates and enforces the rules for the renewed is two Amateur Radio Service in the United States. [97.1]

40 41 42 Element 2 Technician Class How soon may you operate a transmitter on What is the normal term for an Question Pool an amateur service frequency after you pass FCC-issued primary the examination required for your first station/operator license amateur radio license? grant? About Ham Radio A. Immediately A. Five years B. 30 days after the test date Valid July 1, 2014 B. Life Through C. As soon as your name and call sign June 30, 2018 appear in the FCC’s ULS database C. Ten years D. As soon as you receive your license in D. Twenty years the mail from the FCC

43 44 45 What makes ham radio different? What makes ham radio different? With more privileges comes more responsibility • There are many other radio • Ham radio has: • Ham radios have the potential services available ƒLess restrictions of interfering with other radio ƒCB – no license required ƒMore frequencies (channels ƒCB – no license required services ƒFRS & GMRS or bands to utilize) • Ham radios have unlimited • Some are licensed to ƒMore power (to improve • Ham radios have unlimited commercial carriers and range and quality) reach - easily reach around the leased to consumers ƒMore ways to communicate globe and into space ƒCell phones ƒIt’s free to operate your radio • No commercial use 1-12 46 47 48 With more privileges comes Amateur Radio Activities How do I get a License ? more responsibility • FCC authorization is required • We make contacts with other • Learn to ensure the operator is hams • Understand qualified to operate the radio • Support emergencies and • Be prepared to pass the FCC safely, appropriately, and public service events exam, administered by within the rules and regs – • Awards and contests volunteer examiners on • Build, Invent, and modify our February 14, 2014 at 9:30 am that is why we are here radios and other equipment 1-15 49 50 51 Some things can be reasoned Amateur Radio License Structure Course Schedule or calculated • Four Consecutive Saturdays Frequency Class Requirements Elements Privileges January 17 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM TECHNICIAN Basic Theory, Rules 2 HF (CW + Limited (Introduction) •A few things have to and Regulations Voice & Data) VHF (All Modes) January 24 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM be memorized UHF (All Modes) (Instruction) GENERAL Basic and General 2, 3 More HF (All Modes) January 31 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM ƒFCC rules Theory VHF (All Modes) UHF (ALL Modes) (Instruction) ƒA few formulas EXTRA Comprehensive 2, 3, 4 All HF (All Modes) February 7 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM Theory All VHF (All Modes) ƒAuthorized frequencies All UHF (All Modes) (Instruction, Review, Exam prep) 1-14 52 53 54 Course Schedule Course Schedule Exam one week after the end of License Exam : We have enough time in the class the course to cover the information needed 35 questions - 26 correct to pass February 14 9:30 AM – 10:30 AM to pass the license exam If you are close to passing they usually offer a retest We must stay on topic to stay on MVARC offers VE Exams on the time immediately Second Saturday of each The VE team usually has several month at 9:30 – no fee If you need something off topic, versions of the exam please ask an instructor off-line

55 56 57 T1A01 Let’s begin your ham radio journey Let's look at some exam Which of the following is a purpose of the questions now Amateur Radio Service as stated in the • We have touched briefly on FCC rules and regulations? what ham radio is — more T1A01 A. Providing communications for We have international non-profit organizations will follow T1C10 discussed T1C13 B. Advancing skills in the technical and much of this communication phases of the radio art T1A05 T1A10 C. Providing personal radio T1A10 communications for as many citizens as They are in the back of your possible book D. All of these choices are correct

58 59 60 T1C10 T1C13 How soon after passing the examination For which licenses classes are new T1A05 for your first amateur radio license licenses currently available from the Which of the following is a purpose of the may you operate a transmitter on an FCC? Amateur Radio Service rules and amateur service frequency? regulations as defined by the FCC? A. Novice, Technician, General, A. Immediately A. Enhancing international goodwill Advanced B. 30 days after the test date B. Providing inexpensive communication B. Technician, Technician Plus, for local emergency organizations C. As soon as your operator/station General, Advanced license grant appears in the FCC’s C. Training of operators in military radio license database C. Novice, Technician Plus, General, operating procedures Advanced D. You must wait until you receive your D. All of these choices are correct license in the mail from the FCC D. Technician, General, Amateur Extra 61 62 63 T1A10 What is the definition of an amateur Next week Next Week's Topics radio station? 1. Electricity, Components and A. A station in an Amateur Radio Service • Read Chapters 1, 3, 2 and 4 Circuits consisting of the apparatus necessary • Chapter 4 may be next week or 2. Radio and Signal Fundamentals for carrying on radio communications the week after next - it depends B. A building where Amateur Radio 3. Types of Radios • Bring your questions receivers, transmitters, and RF power 4. Propagation Antennas and Feed amplifiers are installed • If you have time, try a practice lines C. Any radio station operated by a non- exam or two professional D. Any radio station for hobby use

64 65 66 February 14 Exam February 14 Exam What are you • Please bring the following: • If you hold any FCC license and have • 1) Picture ID or a DMV "child's ID" a FRN please bring that also going to do before which looks like a drivers license. • Such as GMRS OR a parent with the same last name next Saturday? and address AND info that only a parent would have such as a birth certificate - parent ID IS NOT the Read 1, 3, 2 and 4 preferred ID Try a practice exam or two • 2) SSN The score does not matter 67 68 69 Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Course Boy Scout Venturing Crew 80, Alexandria, VA Today's Topics First Christian Church Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) 1. Electricity, Components and Circuits Questions? 2. Radio and Signal Fundamentals Day 2 Starts Here 3. Types of Radios Something you don't understand? 4. Propagation Antennas and Feed lines What is bothering you? 5. What to prepare for next week

70 January 20, 2015 71 72 ChapterChapter 33 • In the following presentations, VIDEO Segments we provide an overview of the •These videos are from a pre- topic 2006 video for the Technician Electricity, • In later sessions, we come License Course back with greater detail •The concepts have not Components, • Don't hesitate to ask questions changed • If we ask you to hold that thought, please jot it down •References to specific exam Circuits questions are no longer current

73 74 75 Fundamentals of Electricity Fundamentals of Electricity When dealing with electricity The video mentions “the test” what we are referring to is the • In electronics and radio, we flow of electrons through a control the flow of electrons conductor to make things happen The test is revised every 4 ƒ Electrons are negatively charged years -- you should rely on the atomic particles • Knowledge of how we control current question pool in the The opposite charge is the positive the flow of electrons helps charge the flow of electrons helps back of your book ƒ A conductor is a material that you understand how to allows electrons to move with operate your radio relative freedom

76 77 78 We are going to watch a Characteristics of Electricity Characteristics of Electricity video segment about • Three characteristics of • The flow of water through a Electrical Principles electricity hose is a good analogy to the In other words, Basic ƒVoltage three characteristics of electricity and how they are Electricity, Electrical ƒCurrent electricity and how they are related components, and Units ƒResistance that we use to measure • Each can be measured electricity 3-1 1879 80 81 Characteristics of Electricity Characteristics are Inter-related • Voltage, current, and resistance Page 3-2 must be present to have current flow • Just like water flowing through a hose, changes in voltage, Middle of page current, and resistance affect each other • That effect is mathematically expressed in Ohm’s Law 82 83 84 When you take the exam Ohm’s Law write this down on the When you take the exam scratch paper write this down on the E is voltage scratch paper Unit is volt I is current Unit is ampere E = Volts R is resistance R = E/I R = E/I Unit is ohm I = Amps R = Ohms I = E/R E = I x R 3-4 85 86 87 Resistance Ohm's Law: Moving Electrons – Doing Something Useful "Resistance is not futile" • Anytime energy is expended to Pressure It is voltage divided do something - work is performed by current • When moving electrons do some work, power is consumed Current flow R = E ÷ I • Power is measured in Watts

88 89 90 When you take the exam Power Formula write this down on the When you take the exam Power - the amount of current that is scratch paper pushed through a conductor or device scratch paper write this down on the scratch to do work P is power paper Unit is watt E is voltage Unit is volt P = Watts I is current Unit is ampere P = E x I E = Volts I = Amps E = P/I I = P/E 3-4 91 92 93 Two Kinds of Current Two Kinds of Current Two Kinds of Current When current flows alternatively in When current flows in only one one direction then in the opposite direction, it is called Direct Current Alternating Current (AC) direction, it is called Alternating (DC) and Current (AC) Batteries are a source of DC Direct Current (DC) Your household current is AC Most electronic devices are Cross country power lines use AC Most electronic devices are Radio waves are AC powered by DC Batteries are in flashlights and start your car 3-6 (top right) 3-6 94 95 96 Alternating Current The Electric Circuit – an Electronic Roadmap The speed at which the Alternating The Electric Circuit – Current changes direction is called • For current to flow, there must an Electronic Roadmap be a path from one side of the Frequency Frequency source of the current to the It is measured in Hertz other side of the source – this • Next, we will introduce some terms that are used to It used to be Cycles (same thing) path is called a circuit describe circuits ƒ There must be a hose (conductive Hertz (per second) path) through which the water Much more later! (current) can flow 3-12 97 98 99 Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Short Circuit • Series circuits provide only one • When there is an unintentional • Parallel circuits provide path for current flow current path that by-passes alternative paths for current areas of the circuit – this is a flow short circuit

3-2 100 101 102 Open Circuit Chapter 3.2 • When the current path is broken so that there is a gap that the electrons can not jump – this is Questions? an open circuit Components and Units

3-6 103 104 105 Controlling the Flow of Current Components Video • To make an electronic device (like a radio) do something useful (like a receiver), we need to control and manipulate An introduction to Practical the flow of current names and symbols • There are a number of different Electronics electronic components that we use to do this

106 107 11108 Switch Resistor Capacitor

• The function • The function • The function of the of the switch of the resistor Circuit Symbol capacitor is to Circuit Symbol is to permit or is to restrict temporarily store electric current not permit the (limit) the electric current flow of current flow of current ƒ Like a very flow of current flow of current temporary storage through it through it battery ƒ Stores energy in an electrostatic field 3-13 109 110 111 Inductor Transistor Integrated Circuit The Integrated circuit • The function of • The function of the is a collection of the inductor is transistor is to Circuit Symbol Circuit Symbol Circuit Symbol components to temporarily variably control contained in one store electric the flow of current device that current ƒ Much like an accomplishes a electronically ƒ Is basically a specific task coil of wire controlled valve ƒ Acts like a “black- ƒ Stores energy ƒ Like the faucet in ƒ Stores energy box” in a magnetic your sink

field 112 113 114 Protective Components – Protective Components – Some Circuit Symbols Intentional Open Circuits Intentional Open Circuits Fuses and circuit • Fuses blow – one breakers are Circuit Symbol time protection Circuit Symbol designed to interrupt the flow • Circuit breakers of current if the trip – can be reset current becomes and reused uncontrolled

115 116 117 What are these? What are these? What are these?

3-7 3-8 3-8 Putting it all together – Video a circuit diagram Power Amps and Questions? other devices

11121 122 123 Dealing with Very Big and Metric Units Very Small Numeric Values

Numbers, • In electronics we deal with International System of Units (SI) large and small numbers Numbers, large and small numbers Kilo- • The international metric Mega- Numbers system provides a method of Centi- dealing with the wide range Milli- of values Micro- 2-2 2-2 124 125 126 Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor Tera T 10 12 1,000,000,000,000 T5B01 Chapter 2 Giga G 10 9 1,000,000,000 How many milliamperes is Mega M 10 6 1,000,000 Kilo k 10 3 1,000 the same as 1.5 amperes? Radio and Signals Hecto h 10 2 100 Deca da 10 1 10 A. 15 milliamperes Fundamentals Deci d 10 -1 0.1 Centi c 10 -2 0.01 B. 150 milliamperes Milli m 10 -3 0.001 C. 1500 milliamperes Micro µ 10 -6 0.000001 D. 15000 milliamperes Nano n 10 -9 0.000000001 Pico p 10 -12 0.000000000001

127 128 129 Radio Waves are AC Wave Vocabulary As we study radio Radio • In alternating current (AC) the As we study radio waves, we will electrons flow in one direction one waves, we will learn some new Signals and moment and then the opposite learn some new Signals and terms direction the next moment terms Amplitude • Radio waves (electromagnetic Waves Frequency (Hertz) radiation) are AC waves Period • Radio waves are used to carry the Wavelength (Meters) information you want to convey to Harmonics someone else 2-1 2-2 130 131 132 Finding where you are on the Radio Frequency (RF) Wavelength radio dial Spectrum • The distance a • There are two ways to tell • The RF Spectrum is the range radio wave someone where to meet you on of wave frequencies which will travels during the radio dial (spectrum) leave an antenna and travel one cycle ƒ Band through space ƒ One complete ƒ Frequency • The RF Spectrum is divided change between into segments of frequencies magnetic and into segments of frequencies electric fields that have a unique behavior 2-5 133 134 135 Radio Frequency (RF) Another use for frequency and So, Where am I? Spectrum wavelength • How to tell where you are in the • For the station antenna to spectrum - efficiently send the radio wave • Bands identify the segment of the out into space, the antenna spectrum where you will operate must be designed for the ƒ Wavelength is used to identify the specific operating frequency 3kHz to 30kHz is primarily an audio (sound wave) portion of the spectrum. In some cases, band ƒ The antenna length needs to RF waves can also be generated at these • Frequencies identify specifically closely match the wavelength of frequencies. where you are within the band the frequency to be used 2-4 136 137 138 Another use for frequency and Practice problem frequency and Practice problem frequency and wavelength wavelength wavelength Any mismatch between What is the wavelength in What is the wavelength in antenna length and meters of a RF signal of 7 meters of a RF signal of 144 frequency wavelength will Mhz? Mhz? result in radio frequency 300 divided by 7 300 divided by 144 energy being reflected back 42 meters (common use 40 m.) to the transmitter, not going 70 goes into 300 about 4 times 2 meters (being emitted) into space 7 times 4 is 28 144 goes into 300 twice 139 140 141 Antennas are part capacitor – Antennas are part capacitor – Calculators part inductor – part resistor part inductor – part resistor • You may use a calculator during • Capacitors and inductors, the exam Antennas have • Capacitors and inductors, characteristics of because they store energy • Be prepared to show that all characteristics of in fields, react differently to memories are clear capacitors, inductors, and resistors AC and DC • You can not store formulas or ƒ Special kind of resistance to answers to questions on your We discussed these earlier the flow of AC – called calculator and use it on the exam reactance

142 143 144 Resonance Resonant Antenna Harmonics

• Because capacitors and inductors • If an antenna is designed correctly, the • A harmonic is a multiple of the store energy in different ways, the capacitive reactance cancels the original frequency stored energy can actually cancel inductive reactance • A second harmonic is 2 x each other under the right • Theoretically, the resulting reactance is Frequency zero conditions • A third harmonic is 3 x ƒ Leaving only resistance – meaning ƒ Capacitors – electrostatic field Frequency minimum impediment to the flow of ƒ Inductors – magnetic field the radio frequency currents flowing in • In antennas, even harmonics • Cancelled energy (current) = zero the antenna and sending the radio cancel but odd harmonics may reactance, leaving only resistance wave into space radiate causing interference

145 146 147 Ham Slang Chapter 2.2 • An antenna is a sky hook • Something that transmits is a rig Questions? Introduction to • A bunch of antennas is an antenna farm Modulation

(not on test) 2-11 2-6 148 149 150 Adding Information - Morse Code – on and off Modulation • When we imprint some information Video on the radio wave, we modulate the wave Types of ƒ Turn the wave on and off ƒ Voice AM and FM Emissions ƒ Data • Different modulation techniques are called modes

2-7 151 21152 153 Characteristics of voice Amplitude Modulation (AM) Voice Modulation

• Sound waves that make up your In AM, the amplitude of the voice are a range of audio carrier wave is modified in frequencies step with the waveform of • Most voices range from 300 the information (voice) hertz to about 3000 Hz Combining Voice with an RF • Our hearing range goes to carrier produces 2 about 20 kHz identical sidebands 2-8 154 155 156 Single Sideband Modulation Single Sideband Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM) (SSB) (SSB) • Combining Voice with an RF carrier produces 2 identical sidebands • We can improve efficiency of transmission by transmitting only one sideband and then reconstruct the missing sideband at the receiver 2-9 157 158 159 Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitting Data

• Instead of varying amplitude, • Data is made up of binary if we vary the frequency in bits 1 and 0 - On and off step with the information states waveform – FM is produced • We shift the frequency of the • Modems translate the data transmitter up and down to into a format capable of carry information modulating a carrier wave 2-9 160 161 162 Transmitting Data Data Transmission Setup • A terminal node controller (TNC) is a special modem used in ham radio Questions? • There are many more kinds of modems developed as data transmission technology advances

163 164 165 Chapter 2.3 Terms Basic Station Organization Basic Types of: • Station Equipment Receiver ƒ Receiver Radios Transmitter ƒ Transmitter Equipment ƒ Antenna Transceiver ƒ Power Supply Equipment Definitions Antenna • Accessory Station Equipment • Repeaters 2-11 166 167 168 What happens during radio What happens during radio What happens during radio communication? communication? communication? Receiving: Transmitting (sending a signal) 1. The antenna intercepts the radio • This sounds simple, but it in reality 1. Information (voice, data, video, wave (carrier) with the is complex commands, etc.) is converted to information • Complexity is one thing that makes an electronic form 2. The receiver extracts the ham radio fun…learning all about 2. The electronic form is attached or information from the carrier how radios work imbedded in a radio wave (a wave • Don’t be intimidated, you will be carrier) 3. The information is presented as required to only know the basics, but 3. The radio wave is sent out from a sound, picture, or words on a you can learn as much about the “art the station antenna into space computer screen … and science” of radio as you want 169 170 171 Receiver Controls Receiver Receiver Controls Transmitter • Main tuning dial for received frequency (or channel) selection • Frequency display • Volume control • Other accessory controls for mode (kind of information to process), filters (to mitigate

172 interference), etc. 173 174 Transmitter Controls Transceiver The transceiver • Main tuning dial for transmitted • Modern transmitters and frequency (or channel) selection receivers are combined in one • Frequency display unit – a transceiver ƒ Saves space, Costs less • Power control (transmitted • Many of the controls of the signal strength) transmitter and receiver are the • Other accessory controls for same mode (kind of information to • Many electronic circuits are process), etc. shared in the transceiver

175 176 177 Transceiver Controls Antenna Antenna • Some are physical knobs that The antenna exposes your you manually adjust station to the world 1. Facilitates the radiation of • Some are controlled by an 1. Facilitates the radiation of your signal into space internal computer -- you control (electromagnetic radiation) the settings with keypad entries that control the computer in the 2. Intercepts someone else’s transceiver signal 178 179 180 Antenna TR Switch Transmit/Receive (TR) Switch • Many times the transmitting • When the antenna is shared and receiving antenna are between the transmitter and receiver, the TR switch allows the the same antenna antenna to be switched to the • Your antenna is connected transmitter when sending and to to your station by a wire the receiver when receiving called a feed line • In a transceiver, this TR switch is inside the unit and requires no attention by the operator 181 182 183 Power Supply Power Supply Power Supply • Your radio station needs • Most modern radios operate on 12 some sort of power to volts direct current (DC) operate ƒ A power supply converts household current to the type of current and ƒBattery the correct voltage to operate your ƒHousehold current converted station to proper voltage ƒ Could be internal or external • You are probably familiar with ƒAlternative sources • You are probably familiar with “wall-wart” power supplies 184 185 186 Accessory Equipment Radio Circuits Oscillators • Oscillators and Amplifiers • Filters Some things Produces a steady low power • Modulators you may see on signal at a specific frequency • Mixers the exam • Demodulators • Detectors Don't need to Feeds a Driver that isolates • Product Detectors know how each the load on the oscillator • Frequency Discriminators works, just what it does • Receivers - Direct Conversion Runs all the time • Receivers - Superhetrodyne • Transverters

187 188 189 Amplifier Filters Modulator • High Pass Increases a low power signal • Low Pass Adds voice or data to a RF signal or • Band carrier which can then be Could also be a power Amplifier Pass transmitted by radio • Notch Level • Cutoff is Level Could be a telegraph key or ½ signal microphone output level

Frequency 3-17 190 191 192 Mixer Demodulator Detector • Reverses what a Modulator does • Combines two RF signals • Separates the RF from the voice • Produces the sum and difference • A computer Modem is a Demodulates AM of the input signals Modulator and Demodulator in a Can be used in AM broadcast single box - works two ways - • Shifts frequencies for some radio receivers purpose (filtering) does both jobs • Is NOT an AUDIO mixer • Many different types We will talk about several types 3-17 193 194 195 Product Detector Frequency Discriminator Receiver - Direct Conversion • Single Conversion of RF back into the original modulating signal Demodulates CW and SSB Demodulates Frequency signals Modulation (FM) signals

196 197 198 Receiver - Superhetrodyne Receiver - Superhetrodyne Transverter "Superhet" Transverter "Superhet" T7A05 • Uses Intermediate Frequency (IF) • Converts one RF frequency to What is the name of a circuit amplifier and filters another that generates a signal of a • Uses a Beat Frequency Oscillator to • Uses a Beat Frequency Oscillator to • For example 28 Mhz to 222 desired frequency? recover CW and SSB Mhz and from 222Mhz to 28 A. Reactance modulator Mhz allowing a single B. Product detector transceiver to operate on both C. Low-pass filter bands D. Oscillator

199 200 201 Radio Circuits Pages 3-16 thru 3-19 Radio Circuits Basic Station Accessories • Oscillators and Amplifiers • Filters Lets review • Human • Station • Modulators what these interface performance • Mixers ƒ Antenna tuner • Demodulators ƒ Microphones Questions? • Demodulators things are ƒ SWR meter ƒ Speakers • Detectors used for Speakers (antenna match • Product Detectors ƒ Earphones checker) • Frequency Discriminators ƒ Computer ƒ Amplifier • Receivers - Direct Conversion ƒ Morse code key ƒ Antenna rotor • Receivers - Superhetrodyne (turning antenna) ƒ TV camera • Transverters ƒ TV camera ƒ Filters

202 203 204 Generalized Transceiver Single Band Transceiver Categories • Probably the most common starter rig • Single Band VHF or UHF • Operated from 12 volts DC, will require Types of Radios FM external power supply • Will require an external antenna • Dual Band VHF/UHF FM • Can be operated mobile or as a base • Multi-mode VHF/UHF station • Multi-band HF and • Limited to frequency modulation (FM) and either 2 meters or 70 cm VHF/UHF (FM) and either 2 meters or 70 cm bands • Hand-held (HT) • Up to approximately 50 watts output

205 206 207 Dual Band Transceiver Multi-mode Transceiver Multi-band Transceiver • Same as the single band transceiver • Covers several bands – can be • Can be single or dual band but includes additional band(s) limited to HF or can be • Main difference is that these rigs HF/VHF/UHF • Most common 2 m and 70 cm bands can operate on all major modes • Also covers all modes SSB/AM/FM, CW, Data, RTTY etc. • Could be tri-bander • Frequently 100 watts on HF, some • More features add complexity and power limitations on high bands • Depending on antenna connectors, cost (50 watts) might require separate coax for each • Most flexible of the rigs that will • Larger units have internal power band or duplexer for single coax allow you to explore new modes as supplies, smaller units require you gain experience external power (12 V)

208 209 210 Hand-held (HT) Transceiver Comparison More on equipment Single Dual Band Multi- Multi-band HT Band mode

• Small hand-held FM units Freq Agility Limited Medium Medium Full Limited • Can be single band or dual band Functionality Limited Limited Full Full Limited InIn futurefuture • Limited power (usually 5 watts or Ease of Use Easy Medium Medium Difficult Easy less) Programming Easy Easy Medium Challengin Easy/Medium lessonslessons • Includes power (battery) and g

antenna in one package Power Low Low Medium High Low • An attractive first starter rig – but Cost Low Modest High High Low make sure it is what you want

211 212 213 Introduction to Introduction to Repeaters Special stations you will use Repeaters (Repeaters) • Repeaters are automated stations • Extend your coverage range located at high places that receive and then retransmits your signal - • Normally VHF or UHF simultaneously • Some on HF (6 and 10 meters) ƒ Dramatically improves range • The basic components of a repeater are the same as your station: receiver, transmitter, antenna, and 2-11 power supply 214 215 216 Repeaters Repeaters Repeaters • But, repeaters are transmitting • This requires a very high quality • The K4US repeater and specialized filter to prevent the and receiving at the same time, transmitted signal from over- on different frequencies using ƒReceives on 146.055 Mhz powering the receiver the same antenna ƒTransmits on 146.655 Mhz • This specialized filter is called a • Repeaters do not use T/R • Your radio duplexer • The receiver sees the antenna switches because they are ƒ Receives on 146.655 transmitting and receiving • The transmitter sees the antenna ƒ Transmits on 146.055 simultaneously • The receiver does NOT see the repeater's transmitter (else smoke)

217 218 219 Repeater Repeaters

We will cover repeaters Questions? in detail in a later lesson

220 221 222 Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Course Boy Scout Venturing Crew 80, Alexandria, VA First Christian Church Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) ChapterChapter 44 Day 3 Starts Here Questions? Something you don't understand? PropagationPropagation What is bothering you?

4-1 January 20, 2015 223 224 225 Radio Wave Propagation Radio Wave Propagation Radio Wave Propagation Line-of-Sight Topics Getting from Point A to Point B • Radio waves propagate by many • If a source of radio energy can • How signals travel • How signals travel mechanisms been seen by the receiver, then the • Antenna Basics ƒ The science of wave propagations radio energy will travel in a • Feed Lines has many facets straight line from transmitter to receiver • What is SWR • We will discuss 3 basic ways: ƒ There is some attenuation of the ƒ Line of sight • How to build a practical signal as the radio wave travels antenna ƒ Ground wave antenna • This is the primary propagation ƒ Sky-wave ƒ Sky-wave mode for VHF and UHF signals 4-1 226 227 228 Ground Wave Ionosphere Levels of the Ionosphere • Radiation from the • Some radio frequency ranges sun momentarily Density of the will strip electrons atmosphere affects: (lower HF frequencies) will hug away from the • The intensity of the the earth’s surface as they parent atom in the radiation that can upper reaches of penetrate to that travel the atmosphere level • These waves will travel beyond ƒ Creates ions • The amount of • The region where ionization that occurs the range of line-of-sight ionization occurs is • How quickly the • A few hundred miles called the electrons re-combine • A few hundred miles Ionosphere with the nucleus 4-3 229 4-3 230 231 Ionosphere – a leaky RF Mirror What are LUF and MUF? • The ionized layers of the • Lowest Usable Frequency atmosphere actually act as an • Lowest Usable Frequency RF mirror that reflect certain • Maximum Usable Frequency frequencies back to earth • If too low => absorbed • Sky-wave propagation is • If too high => goes into space responsible for most long-range, over the horizon communication • Just right => bounces back to • Reflection depends on frequency earth miles and miles away and angle of incidence 4-4 4-4 232 233 234 Sun Spot Cycle Antennas and Feed Lines What are Decibels ? • The level of ionization depends of the radiation intensity of the sun • Feed line delivers the • dB is the ratio of two • Radiation from the sun is related to signal to and from the quantities as a power of 10 the number of sun spots on the sun’s surface antenna - 3 dB is half power ƒ High number of sun spots, high More on this shortly + 3 dB is twice power ionizing radiation emitted from the sun • Sun spot activity follows an 11-year cycle 4-5 4-7 235 236 237 Exam Questions T5B09, 10 and 11 Exam Questions T5B09, 10 and 11 Ham Bands • T5B9 The approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power Please turn to page increase from 5 watts to 10 watts is 3dB. Let's think about • T5B10 The approximate amount of change, Ohms Law 11-34 in the back of measured in decibels (dB), of a power your book and write decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts is 6dB. Power • T5B11 The approximate amount of change, Frequency down the letter of measured in decibels (dB), of a power down the letter of increase from 20 watts to 200 watts is 10 As we look at Band Plans the correct answer dB. We will go over your answers in a couple of Two times or ½ of the power is a 3db

minutes 238 change 239 240 300 Band = Page Freq(MHz) 1-22

241 242 243 300 Band = Freq(MHz)

244 245 246 Band in METERS Frequency in Mhz Radio Frequency (RF) 80 3.5 Spectrum 40 7 This has been corrected in your book 30 10 20 14 17 18 HF = 3 to 30 ChapterChapter 44 15 21 12 24.8} 10 28 6 50 Antennas 144 Antennas 2 VHF = 30 to 300 3kHz to 30kHz is primarily an audio (sound 1.25 222 } wave) portion of the spectrum. In some cases, 0.7 420 RF waves can also be generated at these 0.33 902 } UHF 300 - 3000 frequencies.

247 2-4 248 249 Video The Antenna System Antenna vocabulary • Antenna: Facilitates the sending of • Driven element: where the your signal to some distant station transmitted energy enters the antenna • Feed line: Connects your station to • Polarization: the direction of the Antennas the antenna electric field relative to the surface • Test and matching equipment: of the earth Allows you to monitor antenna ƒ Same as the physical direction performance ƒ Vertical – Horizontal - Circular

25250 251 252 Antenna vocabulary Antenna Radiation Patterns Antenna Radiation Patterns

• Omni-directional - radiates in all • Radiation patterns directions are a way of visualizing antenna • Directional beam - focuses performance radiation in specific directions • The further the line • Gain – apparent increase in power is away from the in a particular direction because center of the graph, energy is focused in that direction the stronger the signal at that point Horizontal Vertical ƒ Measured in decibels (dB) 4-7 253 254 255 Impedance – AC Resistance Antenna Impedance Feed Line - Antenna - SWR

• A quick review of a previous • Antennas have a characteristic • For efficient transfer of energy from concept: impedance impedance the transmitter to the feed line and ƒ Antennas have characteristics of • Expressed in Ohms – common value 50 from the feed line to the antenna, capacitors, inductors, and resistors Ohms the impedances need to match • The combined response of these • Depends on: • When there is mismatch of component parts to alternating ƒ Antenna design impedances, things may still work, ƒ Height above the ground currents (radio waves) is called but not as effectively as they could ƒ Distance from surrounding obstacles Impedance ƒ Frequency of operation ƒ Other factors 4-8 256 257 258 Video Feed line types Coaxial Cable (Coax) • The purpose of the feed line is to • Most common feed get energy from your station to the line antenna • Easy to use • Basic feed line types • Matches impedance of modern radio Feed Lines ƒ Coax cable equipment (50 Ohms) ƒ Open-wire or ladder line • Some loss of signal • Each has a characteristic depending on coax impedance, each has its unique quality (cost) application application 4-8 10259 260 261 Open-wire/Ladder Line Test and Matching Equipment Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

• Used in special • Proper impedance matching is applications • If the antenna and feed important enough to deserve some • Need an antenna simple test equipment as you line impedances are not tuner to make develop your station repertoire perfectly matched, some impedance match RF energy is not radiated – but allows a lot • Basic Test Equipment: S.W.R. into space and is of flexibility Meter • Theoretically a returned (reflected) back very low loss • Matching Equipment: Antenna to the source Tuner 4-9 262 263 264 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Video SWR Meter • The SWR meter is inserted in the feed • Reflected energy must go somewhere line and indicates the reflected energy – measures the mismatch between feed • Usually it is converted into heat • Usually it is converted into heat Standing Wave Ratio line impedance and antenna impedance • Sometimes it just floats around (SWR) • You make adjustments to the antenna looking for somewhere to go to minimize the reflected energy (minimum SWR) • If the energy is not going out the The ratio of energy going out to antenna, it is wasted and may energy coming back cause damage to the transmitter 4-10 265 15266 267 Nothings Perfect Antenna Tuner How to use an Antenna Tuner • Although the goal is to get 100% of • One way to make antenna matching • One way to make antenna matching • Monitor the SWR your radio energy radiated into adjustments is to use an antenna tuner space, that is virtually impossible meter • Antenna tuners are impedance • Make adjustments • What is an acceptable level of loss transformers (they actually do not tune on the tuner until the (reflected power or SWR?) the antenna) minimum SWR is ƒ 1:1 is perfect ƒ When used appropriately they are achieved ƒ 2:1 should be the max you should ƒ The impedance of the effective The impedance of the accept (as a general rule) effective antenna is • Modern radios will start lowering power ƒ When used inappropriately they just transformed to more automatically when SWR is above 2:1 make a bad antenna look good to the closely match the impedance of the ƒ 3:1 is when you need to do something transmitter…a bad antenna is still bad to reduce SWR transmitter 268 269 270 Practical Antenna Systems How long should the antenna be ? When working with antennas, it is Dipoles and important to know how long ? Questions? Antenna length is based on the Ground-Planes wavelength that we want to use There is a relationship between frequency and wavelength Antennas can be full or fractional wavelengths long 4-11 271 272 273 Symbol and Formula The Dipole The Dipole This is one of those things that needs to be memorized • A basic antenna λ = Wavelength ƒ Two conductive, equal length parts ½ Wave antenna length in Feet is ƒ Feed line connected in the middle 468 divided by the Frequency in MHz • Total length is ½ wavelength (1/2 λ) ¼ Wavelength is 234 divided by the Frequency in MHz • Dipole Length (in feet) = 468 / Frequency (in MHz)

274 275 276 The Ground-plane The Ground-plane The Ground-plane

• Simply a dipole that is oriented Length (in feet) = 234 / Frequency (in perpendicular (vertical to the MHz) earth’s surface) • One half of the dipole is replaced Wavelength by the ground-plane ƒ Earth ½ Wavelength - Dipole ƒ Car roof or trunk lid - or other metal ¼ Wavelength – Ground-plane above surface ground ƒ Radial wires 4-12 277 278 279 Loop Antennas – Dipole Beam Antennas Beam Antennas Variations • Quad • Beam antennas focus or direct • Yagi (rod like elements – TV • Delta RF energy in a desired antennas) direction • Horizontal direction • Quad (square wire loop ƒGain - An apparent increase elements) in power in the desired direction (both transmit and receive) 4-14 280 281 282 Beam Antennas Beam Antennas Beam Antenna Elements

• Driven element connected to the radio by the feed line • Reflector element is on the back side • Director element is on the front side toward the desired direction

283 284 285 Coax Feed lines Coax Connectors

• RG-58 • SO-239/PL259 • RG-8 • BNC • RG-213 • N • SMA • RG-174 • Hardline

Adaptors 4-17 286 287 288 Antenna System Devices Antenna Supports Antenna System Devices Antenna Analyzer • Balun • Trees Connect to antenna • Towers or • Duplexer Very low power signal masts • Antenna Switches Adjustable in frequency • Covenants • SWR Meter Meter shows SWR and antenna • Antenna Analyzer Determine resonant restrictions frequencies of the antenna must be • Antenna tuners considered

289 290 291 Chapter 5.1 Questions? ChapterChapter 55 Transmitters Receivers EquipmentEquipment and Transceivers 5-1 292 293 294 Vocabulary Rig Vocabulary Radios have Instructions

• RX = Receiver • We will now talk about vocabulary specific to the Pictures • TX = Transmitter functions and controls of a Explanations transmitter and receiver Operating Instructions • VFO = Variable Frequency Operating Instructions Oscillator – a frequency • Leading to “How to operate control Here are some samples a Transceiver” 5-1 295 296 297 Transmitter

298 299 300 Transmitter Controls and Functions Transmitter Controls and Functions Transmitter Controls and Functions

• Microphone (Audio) control Microphone (Audio) control • Microphone (Audio) control ƒGain • Speech Compressor or ƒToo much gain or •How loudly you need Speech Processor compression can cause problems to talk to be heard ƒCompacting your speech into a narrow frequency •Splatter range to enhance “punch” •Over-deviation

5-3 •Over-modulation 301 302 303 Transmitter Controls and Functions Transmitter Controls and Functions Transmitter Controls and Functions

• Automatic Level Control (ALC) • Transmission on/off (not power) Microphones ƒ Automatically limits transmitter ƒ Push-to-Talk (PTT) Hand mikes drive (output level) to prevent ƒ Voice-Operated Transmission (VOX) Desk mikes problems associated with too •VOX Gain Speaker-mikes much gain or compression •VOX Delay Headsets or boom-sets Internal mikes • Also can control external power •Anti-VOX amplifier operation ƒ Key Jack • Speak across the mike, not into the mike

304 305 306 Transmitter Controls and Functions Receiver Receiver Controls and Functions • AF Gain or Volume • Morse Keys ƒ Controls the audio level to the ƒ Straight speaker or headphones • RF Gain or Sensitivity ƒ Semi-automatic (Bug) ƒ Controls the strength of radio signal ƒ Electronic keyer, paddle entering the receiver’s detector ƒ Used to limit (attenuate)(attenuate) very strong local signals ƒ Usually operated in the full-open position 5-6 307 309 308 Receiver Controls and Functions Recipe for a Transceiver Single Band Transceiver • Automatic Gain Control (AGC) ƒ Automatically limits the incoming • Take - signals during signal (voice) peaks ƒ A Receiver and • Prevents peaks from capturing the ƒ A Transmitter and receiver and limiting reception of lower level portions of the incoming signal ƒ Put them in the same box, and ƒ Fast setting for CW ƒ Share common controls and ƒ Slow settings for SSB and AM circuits (mix well) ƒ Not used in FM because of the type of • You have a Transceiver signal used in FM

310 311 312 Transceiver Controls and Transceiver Controls and Multi-Band Tranceiver Functions Functions • Main tuning dial (both TX and • Main tuning dial (both TX and RX) RX) ƒ Controls the frequency selection ƒ Variable frequency step size via the Variable Frequency (tuning rate, resolution) Oscillator (VFO) ƒ Could have more than one VFO ƒ Could be an actual dial or key pad (control more than one frequency or programmed channels at a time)

314 315 313 Transceiver Controls and Transceiver Controls and Power Amplifier Functions Functions • Mode Selector (both TX and RX • Reception and Transmission Meter multi-mode rigs) ƒ In transmit indicates output power or ALC or other functions as selected by ƒ AM/FM/SSB (LSB or USB) switch setting ƒ CW • In receive indicates signal strength ƒ Data (RTTY) ƒ In “S” units S1 through S9 – S9 is • Could be automatic based on strongest recognized band-plan ƒ Also have dB over S9 for very strong signals

316 317 318 Equipment What is a Repeater? What is a Repeater? • Specialized • Receives your signal and transmitter/receiver simultaneously re-transmits interconnected by computer your signal on a different controller frequency RepeatersRepeaters • Dramatically extends line-of- • Generally located at a high • Dramatically extends line-of- place sight range, If both users can "see the repeater’s antenna" 319 320 321 A Little Vocabulary A Little Vocabulary Duplex Simplex • Transmitting on one • Transmitting and receiving frequency while on the same frequency simultaneously listening on • Each user takes turns to • Each user takes turns to a different frequency transmit • Repeaters use duplex • Is the preferred method if it works 322 323 324 A Little Vocabulary Things to Know to Use a Repeater Output Frequency Repeater Duplex • Repeaters are frequently identified • Output frequency by their output frequency Output frequency – the • Frequency offset ƒ “Meet you on the 443.50 machine.” frequency the repeater • Here the specific frequency is used and therefore the input frequency transmits on and you listen to ƒ “Let’s go to 94.” Input frequency – the • Repeater access tones (if any) • Here an abbreviation for a standard repeater channel is used meaning 146.94 frequency the repeater MHz listens to and you transmit on ƒ “How about the MVARC repeater?” • Here the repeater is referenced by the sponsoring club name 325 326 327 Standard Repeater Frequency Offset Repeater Frequency Offset Repeater Access Tones • Sometimes multiple repeaters • The shift or offset frequencies on the same frequency pair can are standardized to help be accessed at the same time facilitate repeater use • To preclude unintentional • There are + and – shifts access, many repeaters require depending on the band plan a sub-audible tone be present • Different bands have a before the repeater controller different standardized amount will recognize the signal as a valid and turn on of shift 6-16 328 329 330 Repeater Access Tones Repeater Access Tones K4US Repeater Access • These tones are called by • Access tones are usually published • 146.655 (-) various names (depending along with repeater frequencies • PL 141.3 on equipment manufacturer) • Could also be announced when the repeater identifies -“PL is 141.3” ƒCTCSS – Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System • Tones are generally programmed ƒPL into the radio along with frequency and offset ƒPrivacy codes or tones

331 332 333 Repeater Controller Repeater Controller Repeater Controller • Station ID - Morse or voice Computer that controls repeater • Courtesy tone – Wait for the tone ƒ ƒSame ID requirements as you before transmitting ƒSends Repeater ID (callsign) have • Repeater timer – limits a single ƒ ƒTime-out protection ƒ Every 10 minutes transmission to 3 minutes ƒCourtesy tone • Time-out protection • Press 9-1-1 for Alexandria PD/EMS ƒ ƒAuto Patch ƒSometimes called the alligator • Press 555 to test your tone pad ƒ ƒDTMF pad test ƒProtects against continuous • Press 725* for record - playback transmission in the event of a • Many other functions stuck PPT or long winded hams 334 335 336 George Washington National Masonic Memorial Looking down from base of antenna K4US Repeater

• When you use any of these (sending tones only) you still must ID at the end – otherwise it is an unidentified transmission 911 for Alexandria PD/EMS 555 to test your tone pad 725* for record - playback

337 338 339 At the base of the antenna looking up

Mast is 20 feet long

340 341 342 Looking down from 40' below antenna

Questions?

344 345 343 Chapter 5.2 Data (Digital) Modes Digital Modes Equipment • There are several different • HF using SSB ways to send data over amateur ƒ RTTY - 5 bit Baudot radio ƒ Winlink 2000 (Pactor, Winmor) Digital Modes Digital Modes • Here is a brief overview ƒ Keyboard to keyboard - PSK31, MFSK • VHF & UHF Yes, CW using Morse Code is a ƒ Packet AX.25 Digital Mode ƒ Winlink 2000 (B2F) 5-9 5-9 346 347 348 Data Modes TNC – MPC Data Station Setup

• Connecting computers via ham radio • Provide digital interface between ƒ Some systems use radio to computer and radio connect to Internet gateways ƒ Package the data into proper • The bulk of the work is done by format specialized modems or computer ƒ Convert digital data into audio software/sound card tones representing 1s and 0s of ƒ Terminal Node Controller (TNC) digital data ƒ Multiple Protocol Controller (MPC) ƒ Send/receive tones to transceiver ƒ Control the transceiver 349 ƒ Control the transceiver 350 351 Chapter 5.3 Power Supplies • Most modern radio equipment runs Equipment on 12 volts DC Questions? • Household current is 120 volts AC • Power supplies convert 120 volts Power Supplies and AC to 12 volts DC ƒ 13.8 volts DC is the common voltage Batteries you will see ƒ This is the charging voltage for 5-15 motorized vehicles 352 353 354 Power Supply Ratings Types of Power Supplies Inverters and Generators Voltage and Current • Linear • Continuous duty – how much ƒ Transformers • Inverters convert DC into AC ƒ Heavy (physically) current can be supplied over ƒ Square, triangle, sine-wave the long term ƒ Heavy duty current ƒ Expensive inverters • Intermittent duty – how much • Generators create AC surge current can be supplied • Switching ƒ Electronics instead of transformers over the short term ƒ Gas powered ƒ Light weight and small ƒ Various voltage and current • Regulation – how well the ƒ Not as robust ƒ Not as robust May be source of RFI ratings power supply can handle rapid ƒ Less expensive current changes ƒ Special precautions 355 356 357 Batteries Batteries Battery Charging • Create current through a • Battery types • Some batteries can be chemical reaction ƒDisposable recharged, some cannot ƒMade up of individual ƒRechargeable • Use the proper charger for cells (approximately 1.5 ƒStorage the battery being charged volts per cell) connected • Power capabilities rated • Batteries will wear out in series or parallel in Ampere-hours over time

5-16 ƒAmps X time 358 359 360 Nice to have handheld Battery Charging Handheld Transceivers accessories • Best if batteries are maintained • Single, dual and multi-band • Extra battery packs fully charged versions (with increasing cost and complexity) • Drop-in, fast charger ƒOver-charging will cause complexity) ƒ Some have expanded receiver • Extended antenna heating and could damage the coverage (wide-band receive) battery • External microphone and battery • Very portable and self-contained speaker • Some batteries (lead-acid) will ƒ Internal microphone and speaker release toxic fumes during ƒ Rubber duck antenna • Headset charging so require ventilation ƒ Battery powered

361 362 363 Chapter 5.4 Radio Frequency Interference Radio Frequency Interference • Strong signals • Un-wanted, un-intentional • Automobile ignition noise signals from some electronic Radio Frequency Interference • Electric Welding device that interferes with radio • Fluorescent lights - Grow lights wave reception • Also known as RFI • Air Cleaners • You can prevent creating RFI by • May be man made • Power Lines operating your transmitting • Computers equipment properly • Fare Card Machines 5-19 5-19 364 365 366 RFI Mitigation RFI Mitigation Filters

• Filters attenuate (reduce) • Ferrite - the RFI Buster • High pass –generally on the interfering signals – but do not • Snap on ceramic magnets receive side totally eliminate them • Low pass – generally on the • Types transmit side ƒ High Pass • Band-pass – used within most ƒ Low Pass radio equipment ƒ Band Pass 5-20 367 368 369 Types of RFI Cable TV Interference Noise Sources • Direct detection – offending • Usually the result of broken • Electrical arcs (motors, signals get into the electronics shielding somewhere in the cable thermostats, electric fences, circuits to cause interference ƒ Loose connections neon signs) • Overload – strong signal that ƒ Broken connections • Power lines overwhelms the weaker, wanted ƒ Corroded connections • Motor vehicle ignitions signal • Usually solved by proper cable • Harmonics – even multiples of maintenance by cable supplier • Motor vehicle alternators the offending signal that ƒ If the subscriber is a legitimate • Switching power supplies coincided with the wanted signal subscriber • Computers, networks, TV sets

370 371 372 Dealing with RFI Dealing with RFI Dealing with RFI

• Make sure you operate your • Strong signals may overwhelm a • If the interfering frequency is receiver’s ability to reject them. This equipment properly similar to that of the desired is called fundamental overload. • Eliminate interference in your signal, it may not be Symptoms include: possible to remove the own home first possible to remove the ƒ Severe interference on all channels transmitted signal with a of a TV or FM receiver, or of a TV or FM receiver, or high-pass or a low-pass filter an amateur may hear bursts or because the desired signal fragments of conversations when fragments of conversations when will be removed as well. the strong signal is present

373 374 375 Dealing with RFI Dealing with RFI Dealing with RFI

• In cases like these, such as when • Take interference complaints a TV receiver is overloaded by a seriously • Offer to help eliminate the RFI, nearby 2-meter transmitter, a even if you are not at fault notch filter is required that • Make sure that you’re really not removes a specific band of the cause (demonstrate that • Consult ARRL RFI Resources frequencies. The notch filter is you don’t interfere within your installed at the receiver and is for help and assistance installed at the receiver and is own home) used to reduce the interfering signal to a level that can be handled properly by the receiver. 376 377 378 What the Rules Say What the Rules Say • RFI from and to unlicensed BUT – be a good neighbor devices is the responsibility of because they may (probably) the users of such devices not be familiar with Part 15 Questions? • Bottom line – if your station is rules and regulations operating properly, you are protected against interference complaints

379 380 381 Chapter 6 Typical Telephone Conversation Typical Ham Contact (QSO) • Greeting • Greeting Communicating with • Identify who is participating • Identify who is participating other hams • Exchange information, • Exchange information, Contact Basics generally taking turns generally taking turns • Salutations • Salutations Band Plans • End the conversation • End the conversation Making a Contact 6-1 6-1 382 383 384 Radio Manners Radio Manners Signal Reports

• Speak clearly and distinctly • Signal Reports • RST Readability (1-5) • It is a GIANT party line, select • Power level Strength (1-9) topics accordingly topics accordingly Tone (CW only 1-9) • Location • Shared use of frequencies ƒ “Your RST is 58”

6-3 385 386 387 Readability (1-5) Readability (1-5) Strength (1-9) Tone (CW & Digital only 1-9) 1 - Unreadable 1 - Faint signals, barely perceptible 2 - Barely readable, occasional 2 - Very weak signals 1 - Sixty cycle AC or less, very rough and broad 2 - Very rough AC, very harsh and broad 3 - Weak signals 2 - Very rough AC, very harsh and broad words distinguishable 3 - Rough AC tone, rectified but not filtered 3 - Readable with considerable 4 - Fair signals 4 - Rough note, some trace of filtering difficulty 5 - Fairly good signals 5 - Filtered rectified AC but strongly ripple-modulated 6 - Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation 6 - Good signals 6 - Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation 4 - Readable with practically no 7 - Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation difficulty 7 - Moderately strong signals 8 - Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation 8 - Strong signals 9 - Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any 5 - Perfectly readable kind 9 - Extremely strong signals

388 389 390 Q Signals Some Q Signals Radio Manners

• Shorthand from the telegraphy • QTH ? "Where are you located" • Ham radio is self-regulated and CW world, some migrated • QTH "Alexandria Va" ƒ ARRL Official Observers to voice to voice • QSY up 2 "move up 2 Khz to a • Logging • Followed by question mark is clearer frequency" • QSL’s asking asking • QRZ ? "Who is calling me" ƒ Awards Program • No question mark is answer or • Slang: QLF - please send with statement your Left Foot - (not on test) 6-5 391 392 393 Band Plans Operating Dos and Don’ts Radio Manners Appropriate topics • A band plan is a way of • Use CQ versus “monitoring” • Indecent & obscene PROHIBITED organizing the use of radio • Use phonetics frequencies frequencies • Taking turns and breaking-in • Try to stay clear of ƒ Formal and legal plan • Station identification provocative subjects: ƒ Informal – gentleman's agreement • Using repeaters politics, religion, sexual • Weather and radio equipment • Using simplex • Weather and radio equipment are frequently good topics 6-9 6-4 394 395 396 Using Repeaters Digital and Internet

• Offset • Echolink • Access tones • IRLP Questions? • How to ID • WinLink • Linked Repeaters • D-Star • Autopatch • Open/Closed

6-15 6-19 397 398 399 Nets Traffic Nets Chapter 6 • Net is short for “Network” ƒ Evolved over the years of radio to • Traffic refers to formal Communicating with share and exchange information messages that are relayed via in an organized and efficient way ham radio other hams with accuracy • Formal structure to ensure • Social Nets accuracy – National Traffic Nets • Traffic Nets • Traffic Nets System (NTS) • Emergency and Public Service ƒ Procedures Nets ƒ Accountability

400 401 402 Emergency and Public Service Nets Net Structure • Net Control Station (NCS) • Public Service Nets – training • Net Control Station (NCS) ƒ Traffic cop that controls the flow of for emergency nets information ƒ Training for ham operators as • Check-in and check-out procedures well as supported emergency • Communications discipline vital managers ƒ Learn and follow procedures • Emergency Nets ƒ Speak only when directed, and only to whom directed ƒ Follow through with your 6-4 commitments 403 404 405 Amateur Radio Technician Class Licensing Course Boy Scout Venturing Crew 80, Alexandria, VA Chapter 6 First Christian Church Mount Vernon Amateur Radio Club (MVARC) Questions? Communicating with Day 4 Starts Here other hams

Something you don't understand? Emergency Communications What is bothering you?

6-24 January 20, 2015 406 407 408 Supporting Emergency EMCOMM Tips EMCOMM Training Operations • Don’t become part of the problem • One of the pivotal reasons for the • You are a communicator, not a • If you are going to existence of Amateur Radio decision or policy maker participate in EMCOMM: get • You will be licensed communicators • Don’t give out unauthorized information training ƒ Get involved and use what you • Know your abilities and limitations- • Take EMCOMM courses have learned keep yourself safe • Follow radio discipline and net ƒARRL EMCOMM Courses 1, 2, • Know where you fit in the overall procedures and 3 emergency management team emergency management team • Protect personal information-ham radio ƒNIMS and FEMA courses communications is a “party line”

409 410 411 EMCOMM EMCOMM Organizations EMCOMM Organizations

• Actively participate in • Radio Amateur Civil • Amateur Radio Emergency EMCOMM activities Emergency Service Service (ARES) ƒNets (RACES) ƒLocal and regional in scope ƒPublic service activities ƒSupports civil emergencies ƒSupports non-governmental ƒAttend community meetings ƒNational in scope agencies supported and get involved in your ƒARRL sponsored community

412 413 414 Emergency Declarations Making and Answering Distress Tactical Communications Calls • FCC may declare a Temporary State of Communications Emergency • Rule #1 – speak in plain language! • Tactical Call Signs • Includes details of conditions and • Mayday (voice); SOS (Morse code) “Fire Command”, “Main Street School rules to be followed Shelter”, “Incident Commander” • Identify • Specifics communicated through ƒ Facilitate communications web sites and ARRL bulletins, the • Give location ƒ Location or function specific NTS, and on-the-air • State the situation ƒ Transcends operator changes • Avoid operating on restricted • Describe assistance required • FCC ID rules still apply frequencies unless engaged in relief Your FCC Call Sign - every 10 minutes efforts • Provide other important information efforts and at end

415 416 417 Emergency Equipment Chapter 6 • “Go-kits” ƒ Portable ham radio equipment Communicating with ƒ Emergency power sources Questions? other hams ƒ Personal survival supplies and equipment Special Modes and Techniques

6-29 418 419 420 Awards Special Events Special Events

• DXCC • Special Event stations are set up • Call Signs = 1 by 1 W1J K3D ƒ Contacting 100 different to commemorate some significant Which type of call sign has a single countries and/or entities local event letter in both its prefix and suffix? A. Vanity • WAS • Usually stations are demonstration B. Sequential stations set up for public display B. Sequential ƒ Contacting 50 states C. Special event • VUCC • Commemorative certificates are D. In-memoriam awarded for contacting the ƒ Contacting 100 grid squares stations T1C01 on VHF/UHF

421 422 423 What satellite contacts sound Contests Amateur Satellites like • Field Day - June • OSCAR ƒ Orbiting Satellites Carrying • FM contact • Sweepstakes - November Amateur Radio • QSO Parties • Modes • SSB contact • CQ DX Contest ƒ FM Very loud ƒ Analog (SSB and CW) • ISS contact • Contest Corral (a list in QST) ƒ Digital • International Space Station 6-30 424 425 426 Digital Techniques Digital Mode Modulation What Digital sounds like Techniques • Radio Teletype (RTTY) • Digital means two states: ON and OFF ƒ Single letters sent as they are typed • RTTY ƒ Digital code is a sequence of ON and OFF • AMTOR and PACTOR states or 1’s and 0’s ƒ Small grouping of letters sent with • AMTOR ƒ The letter “A” is 0100 0001 (41 hexadecimal error correction or 65 decimal) • Packet and Packet Networks • PACTOR • When two audio tones are used to represent the ƒ Groups (packets) of collected data ON and OFF states it is called Frequency Shift • PACKET Keying (FSK) sent with error correction and • PACKET Keying (FSK) automatic forwarding • When changing phase states are used to • PSK31 represent ON and OFF states it is calls Phase • PSK31 Shift Keying (PSK) ƒ Different modulation technique 427 428 429 Communicating Digitally Store and forward networks

• Keyboard-to-keyboard • Packet networks, bulletin boards ƒ Live exchange using computer keyboards ƒ Digipeaters make up the backbone of packet networks ƒ Digipeaters extend range • Internet-Radio connections ƒ WinLink ƒ Radio connections are Internet Gateways

430 431 432 APRS Video Slow Scan TV • Automatic Position Reporting (SSTV) System (APRS) Sending snap-shot • Packet based Global Positioning pictures System (GPS) position reporting Amateur TV (ATV) Similar to ƒ Uses a packet-like digipeater commercial TV system to create an APRS • What SSTV sounds network (also Internet like connected)

433 434 435 Other Special Modes Other Special Modes

• Meteor Scatter • Radio Control (RC) ƒ Reflecting radio signals off of the ƒ Telecommand ionized trail left by meteors Telecommand Questions? ƒ 50 MHz band • Moonbounce ƒ Reflecting radio signals off the surface of the moon

6-32 436 437 438 Chapter 7.1 Definitions License Term and Renewal • Amateur Service – non pecuniary • The license is free Licensing Regulations interest (private and personal, non • The license is good for 10 years commercial) ƒ Renewable within 90 days of Licensing Terms • Amateur Operator – the person expiration Working with the FCC holding authorization (license) to • Personal identification information operate a amateur radio station is required Bands and Privileges • Amateur Station – equipment ƒ Federal Registration Number or International Rules capable of transmitting on ƒ Tax ID (social security number) frequencies authorized for Amateur Call Signs Service ƒ Current Mailing Address 7-1 Service 439 440 441 The Amateur License Examinations Responsibilities of Licensure

• No age limit or citizenship • Preparation restrictions ƒStudy the content • Prevent unauthorized operation ƒ One exception – no foreign representatives ƒQuestion Pool of your station • License actually contains two parts • Taking the exam • Provide personal information as ƒ Operator License ƒProctored exam required – keep a current ƒ Station License (the Call Sign) mailing address on file • Three classes of operator privileges: ƒMultiple choice Tech, General, Extra • Volunteer Examiners (VEs) • Make your station available for FCC inspection upon request • Volunteer Examiner Coordinators

442 443 444 What can you do with a Licensing Authority Technician Class License? Chapter 7.2 • Use the minimum power required to Licensing Regulations • Federal Communications communicate Commission • Up to 1500 Watts Peak Envelope Licensing Terms ƒ Located in Gettysburg, PA Power (PEP) Working with the FCC • Amateur Radio operations ƒ Will generally require an external Bands and Privileges covered by FCC rules published amplifier International Rules in Part 97 of Title 47 – Code of • Some special cases where power is Federal Regulations restricted Call Signs 7-9 7-1 445 446 447 FCC ULS Web Site What can you do with a Chapter 7.3 Technician Class License? • www.wireless.fcc.gov/uls ƒ Register for on-line access to Licensing Regulations • Frequency Given one we your license information Licensing Terms Privileges can calculate the ƒ Make changes to your address Working with the FCC ƒBand and other information Band other: versus ƒ Renew your license Bands and Privileges versus 300 Band = ƒ Search for other station International Rules frequency Freq(MHz) information Call Signs 7-10 Band in meters, Freq in MHz 448 449 450 Tech VHF/UHF 1500w. max Tech HF 200 w. max

7-10 7-10 7-13 28.3-28.5 Mhz 200 w HF Phone 451 452 453 Emission Privileges • Emission Privileges CW Pulse Data RTTY Image SS MCW Test Phone

7-11 7-12 454 455 456 Primary & Secondary Allocations Band Plans Repeater Coordination • Some authorized amateur • Good Practice • Frequency Coordinator frequencies are shared • Voluntary ƒ Fixed Repeater Input frequencies ƒ Fixed Repeater Output frequencies ƒPrimary Users • Different frequencies for different activities ƒ Access control tones ƒSecondary Users Secondary Users • Don't use CW in the Phone ƒ Distance separation • Navigation, Research … segment

7-14 7-15 7-15 457 458 459 International Rules Amateur Radio - ChapterChapter 7.47.4 Internationally Licensing Regulations • The ITU • International Telecommunications • Regions Union (ITU) Licensing Terms • Reciprocal Operating Authority ƒ Regions 1, 2, and 3 Working with the FCC • CONUS hams are in Region 2 • IARP (N and S America) Bands and Privileges • Reciprocal Operating Authorization • CEPT (most of Europe) • CEPT (most of Europe) • There are times when there are International Rules • There are times when there are restrictions on certain countries Call Signs that we can contact 7-17 7-17 460 461 462 ITU Regions Third Party Rules Chapter 7.5 • We will discuss these shortly -- Licensing Regulations 1 operating regulations Licensing Terms • There are different station 2 identification requirements for Working with the FCC third party communications Bands and Privileges 3 International Rules Call Signs 7-17 7-19 463 464 465 US Amateur Radio Call Signs Call Signs • Other Radio Services have • US call signs different formats begin with: K, • Prefix, Number, Suffix N, W, and A W 3 BSA • US call sign WA 4 USB districts: 0-9 K 4 BSA • Other nations KG 4 RKE have different prefixes

466 467 468 US Amateur Radio Call Signs You may hear this on the air • Are unique in the world Call Signs • Portable – operating away from Australia AX, VH–VN, and VZ primary station location Canada CF–CK, CY–CZ, VA–VG, VO primary station location (Newfoundland and Labrador), VX–VY, XJ–XO • If in the different call sign district China B, XS, 3H–3U add: Indonesia JZ, PK-PO, YB-YH, 7A-7I, 8A-8I Japan JA–JS, 7J–7N, 8J–8N ƒ “portable 6” if voice Mexico XA–XI, 4A–4C, 6D–6J ƒ /6 if Morse code or digital Russia R, UA–UI Sweden SA–SM, 7S, 8S ƒ Not required just nice to do United Kingdom G, M, VS, ZB–ZJ, ZN–ZO, ZQ, 2 • If recent up-grade add “AG” or “AE” United States K, W, N, AA–AL. Not on the test 469 470 471 Special Call Signs Chapter 8.1 Operating Regulations • Club Control Operators • Special Event (1x1) Questions? Identification W1J October 20, 2000 to October 22, Interference 2000 PIONEER VALLEY BSA JOTA Third-Party Communications • Vanity Call Signs Remote and Automatic Operation Prohibited transmissions There is a FCC fee every 10 years 8-1 472 473 474 Control Operator Responsibilities Control Operator Guest Operations • Unlicensed people can use ham • Must have a valid FCC issued The FCC’s primary concern is radio but only when a control amateur radio license that transmissions are made operator is present only under the control of a • Station must operate within the ƒ The control operator is solely licensed operator authorization of the control responsible for station operation operator’s license • Control Operator – the • Licensed guests can use the ham • Control operator must be present licensed amateur responsible radio at the control point of the station ƒ for making sure transmissions ƒ both the control operator and the (the on-off switch) or remotely guest ham are responsible for comply with FCC rules connected by a control link station operation

475 476 477 Chapter 8.2 Station Identification Every 10 minutes during Operating Regulations communications at • Normal ID and Control Operators ƒ Say your call sign every ten the end of each Identification minutes during and at the end of communication (not each Interference the contact transmission) Third-Party Communications • Use of Tactical Call Signs ID is not required at each Remote and Automatic Operation Does not substitute for Prohibited transmissions proper station ID over or at the beginning Be aware of 3rd party rules 8-3 8-3 478 479 480 Station Identification Repeaters, Satellites, ISS Repeaters, Satellites, ISS

• Ham Guests • Repeaters must ID using the • Repeaters must ID using the • Special event calls (ex. W4J) ƒ If higher license class and use same 10 minute rule higher class privileges ƒ Normal club call or control ƒ Can be voice or CW (at 20 WPM operator call given once per hour Guest’s call followed by or less) owners call • Satellites and ISS have special “This is K4AB KG4XYZ” rules Extra General

481 482 483 Chapter 8.3 Types of Interference Prevent Interference Operating Regulations • QRN ƒ Natural interference Control operators should Control Operators (thunderstorms) prevent interfering with Identification ƒ Man-made (appliances and power lines) other users of the Interference • QRM frequencies Third-party Communications ƒ Interference from nearby signals Remote and Automatic Operation ƒ Other hams or other users of the frequencies Prohibited Transmissions 8-7 8-6 484 485 486 Preventing Interference Interference Willful Interference • Use common sense and • Harmful Intentionally causing courtesy ƒInterference that is disruptive interference • Keep equipment in proper but not intentional ƒ This becomes a legal and law operating order but not intentional enforcement issue • No one owns a frequency, be a ƒDeal with it as best you can ƒ This is rare and there are good neighbor and share and help others avoid harmful interference procedures to deal with this • Yield to special operations and (ARRL Official Observers can special circumstances help)

487 488 489 Chapter 8.4 Third-party Communications Third-party Communications Operating Regulations • Third-party means that a non- • Two situations - Control Operators ham is involved in Identification communication via ham radio with different rules Interference ƒCould be actually speaking 1. Within the US Third-Party Communications on the air 2. Communication that Remote and Automatic Operation ƒCould be passing a message crosses international Prohibited transmissions on behalf of the non-ham borders 8-9 8-8 490 491 492 Third-party within US Third-party Across Borders Third-party Across Borders

• Make sure that third-party • No special rules agreement exists • During station identification say ƒ Check for current third-party both station’s call signs • Make sure the message is agreements from FCC sources if non-commercial in nature in doubt “DL2XYZ this is K4US” ƒ You might be surprised at the countries that we do not have third-party agreements with

493 494 495 Chapter 8.5 Remote and Automatic Control Chapter 8.6 Operating Regulations • Some stations, repeaters and Operating Regulations Control Operators beacons operate without the control Control Operators operator physically present at the Identification Identification control point Interference • These stations must still comply Interference Third-Party Communications with control operator stipulations Third-Party Communications Remote and Automatic Operation ƒ Local Remote and Automatic Operation ƒ Remote Prohibited transmissions Prohibited transmissions ƒ Automatic 8-10 8-10 8-11 496 497 498 Prohibited Transmissions No Business Communications No Encrypted Transmissions • Unidentified transmissions • Encryption involves (not giving your call sign) • You can not make a profit encoding information for • False or deceptive signals through the use of transmission that must be (using someone else’s call sign) transmissions made via ham decoded upon reception to • False distress or emergency signals interpret the information (fake calls for help) radio • Obscene or indecent speech • The exceptions are teachers • Encryption is okay if: (up to interpretation) using ham radio in their ƒ Coding is open source • Music classrooms and certain ƒ Intention is not to hide the message or deceive 8-11 emergency drills 499 500 501 No Broadcasting Special Circumstances • Broadcasting is sending one- • Ham communication is way transmissions with no generally intended for hams expectation of getting a • Emergencies and critical response situations create special Questions? ƒ News, Music circumstances • Exceptions • Special commemorative events ƒ Code practice may qualify as special ƒ Ham radio related bulletins circumstances ƒ Re-transmission of shuttle • Normal rules return when the communications situation returns to normal

502 503 504 Electrical Safety Chapter 9 Electrical Injuries • Avoiding contact is the most • Shocks Electrical and RF Safety effective way of practicing electrical safety • Burns Electrical Safety • Most modern radio equipment • Even small RF Exposure uses currents that are not as currents dangerous as older equipment can cause Mechanical but precautions still must be problems taken 9-1 9-1 9-2 505 506 507 Mitigating Electrical Hazards Mitigating Electrical Hazards • TURN OFF power when • If power is required: ƒ Remove jewelry working on equipment ƒ Avoid unintentional touching of (inside the case) circuitry • Make sure the equipment ƒ Never bypass safety interlocks is PROPERLY GROUNDED ƒ Capacitors hold a charge even when power is off and the circuit is ƒ Storage batteries are dangerous protected by a fuse, when shorted

508 breaker, etc. 509 510 Mitigating Electrical Hazards Electrical Grounding and Respond to Electrical Injury Circuit Protection •Use only one hand • REMOVE POWER! • This is in your best so your body does ƒHave ON/OFF switches interest not complete a and circuit breakers • In the home clearly marked circuit • In the car • Leather shoes, dry floor • Call for help • Learn CPR and first aid

511 512 513 In the home In the car Do it SAFELY in the car • Make sure your home is “up to code” • Car batteries hold lots of • Fuse positive and negative leads • Most ham equipment does not require • Connect radio’s negative lead to special wiring or circuits special wiring or circuits energy – shorting a battery where the battery ground ƒ Use 3-wire power cords could cause a fire connection is made – not to the ƒ Use circuit breakers, circuit breaker • There are many good ways battery outlets, or Ground Fault Interrupter • Use grommets or sleeves to prevent (GFI) breakers to do it safely chafing ƒ Use proper size fuse or circuit breaker • All metal in the car is not grounded, cars are as much plastic as metal ƒ Don’t overload outlets 514 515 516 RF Exposure Lightening Safety • Antennas are not struck more • Proper Grounding frequently than trees or tall structures • Important for protection of structures • Ground all antennas ƒEquipment ƒEquipment • Use lightening arrestors ƒPeople • Disconnect antenna cables and ƒ Wires connected to the radio power cords during storms become part of the antenna - can • Disconnect telephone lines from radiate RF – RF can burn you computer modems 9-5 517 518 519 RF Exposure RF Intensity RF Intensity • Exposure to high levels of RF can cause problems •Power Density •Power Density • If equipment is operated ƒTransmitter power ƒActual transmitter properly, RF exposure is minimal and not dangerous ƒAntenna gain and power • RF energy can heat body tissues proximity •Higher power is higher risk ƒHeating depends on the RF ƒMode and duty cycle risk intensity and frequency 9-5 520 521 522 RF Intensity RF Intensity We are concerned about • Power Density • Power Density • Where the antenna is located ƒAntenna gain and proximity ƒMode and duty cycle • How close can people get to •Beam antennas focus •The more time the power the antenna available energy available energy output is at a high level, ƒ Controlled Environment •Being physically close or the higher the risk standing in the beam ƒ Uncontrolled Environment direction increases risk •CW, Voice, RTTY

523 524 525 Antenna Proximity Antenna Proximity Mode and Duty Cycle • Controlled Environment • Uncontrolled Environment • The more time the ƒYou know where people are ƒYou have no idea or control of transmitted power is at high standing in relation to your people near your antenna levels, the greater the duty antenna and you can do cycle, and the greater the something about it ƒLess power is allowed something about it exposure risk ƒMore power is allowed because you have to assume because you can make the worse case scenario adjustments if needed

526 527 528 Mode and Duty Cycle RF Exposure and Frequency Maximum Permissible Exposure

• Body parts are like antennas - absorb RF energy at certain frequencies (wavelengths) more efficiently • RF exposure risk varies with frequency HF VHF & ƒMore caution is required at How much RF the body can How body much RF the without damage withstand UHF 9-8 some frequencies than others 529 530 9-6 531 Physical Safety Copyrights and Distribution

• Mobile Installations As noted at the beginning of The ARRL Instructor's Manual, ƒSecure all equipment this publication is copyrighted material. ƒLocation, location, location You are free to reproduce and distribute limited portions of Questions? The ARRL Instructor's Manual or The ARRL Ham Radio • Antenna installation License Manual as needed for the purposes of instruction of • Antenna installation your class. ƒClear of trees and power lines However, please do not scan or post copies of this material, ƒIf it falls it won’t hit anyone including photos, drawings and illustrations on the Web. This would be considered an infringement of the provision or cross power lines of the ARRL copyright. • Tower climbing considerations

9-11 532 533 Practice Exams February 14 Exam Please let me know if need to have Practice Exams February 14 Exam the exam read to you and allow extra time • On Line • Please bring the following: • 1) Picture ID or a DMV "child's ID" Must have SSN (card is not required) • CD based which looks like a drivers license. or FRN • How did you do? OR a parent with the same last name Must have Picture ID - Government, and address AND info that only a Student, or parent with same last • What are you going to parent would have such as a birth name - School ID with picture will certificate - parent ID IS NOT the work do this week? preferred ID preferred ID Forms must be done in black or blue • 2) SSN ink (we will have pens)

535 536 537 February 14 Exam

• If you hold any FCC license and have a FRN please bring that also • Such as GMRS

538