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Our People Technological Advances

Our Places Reports Our Stories Excerpted from the Forest Service Newsletter, Dec. 1956 (No. 121) p.12 Timeline

Technological Advances Radio communication, which has long been the medium for the acceleration and co- Photo Gallery ordination of all phases of Forestry, is in the process of a complete change-over from the old to the new method of transmission and system planning. This Calendar of Events conversion made measurable progress in 1955, and field work carried out by the Links & Resources Radio Section in 1956 has paved the way for significant improvements planned to Promotional Materials start in 1957 and to continue for at least 5 years.

Site Map The fact is that the medium channels between 2 and 3.5 megacycles, which have served us for twenty years, have outworn their usefulness in the face of New modern expansion in power lines and many other noise-creating electrical devices. Camera Booms National and international crowding of stations on these bands has added to the already near-impossible electrical noise level, to produce a transmitting medium The original MoF which frequently prevents the operation of even our headquarters stations. Inventory Branch

camera boom was ... During the past year, Kamloops district network virtually went off the air for three read more > weeks due to a newly-erected power line. Many Nelson Ranger Stations can no longer use radio due to the radiation of high-level transmission lines and, during the 1956 fires season, Prince George District was crowded off the air by a multiplicity of Forest Service radio stations working on channels to either side of the District Featured Items frequency.

This situation will deteriorate steadily each year and in common with all other services we must employ modern methods to cope with changing conditions.

Send Your Artifact The answer to the problem is the use of Very High which are immune to Submission all ordinary sources of interference, and which are seldom troubled with interference read more > from other stations because the range is limited to horizon-distance. By careful system-planning and by the use of stations, these short-range signals can

be sent over long distances and can be guided in any required direction.

Forest Service Information Related to this Technology:

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http://www.bcfs100.ca/bscripts/technologies-expanded-view.asp?item_id=18 2010-12-06

Radio Operations Overview Page 1 of 9

Hoeft Repeater in a Comshel Steelhead Repeater in a building

M.o.F. RADIO OPERATIONS

Updated Apr 22, 2009

Our Mission

Provide and maintain a reliable VHF radio communications service for Ministry of Forests personnel throughout the entire province of British Columbia.

Overview

The Ministry of Forests, Information Management Group, Radio Operations, provides reliable two way VHF radio communications in the Province of British Columbia. Ministry of Forests staff use their handheld and vehicle mounted for "safety check-in's" when working in the forest, for passing information back to the District Office and other personnel working elsewhere in the district, and to call for assistance.

The ruggedness of the Province of British Columbia presents a formidable challenge to provide reliable year round communications to people working in the field. At this time, approximately 80% of the Province is adequately covered by the MoF . The network consists of about 329 mountain top repeater sites, arranged into district systems, about 100 base stations and 6 Regional Fire Centers, each with multiple stations. As the network is always undergoing changes approximate figures are given. Most of the mountain top Repeater Sites are solar powered which restricts the type of equipment that we can use. Also the are limited to 5 watts. Our equipment is very reliable so failures are usually caused by ice and snow blocking the solar panels and lightning strikes.

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During Fire Season (April to October), the radio network is heavily used by Forest Protection Branch, to assist Firefighters in locating fires and directing equipment and personnel. It is also used to direct Air Tankers on the fire.

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The Ministry of Forests (B.C. Forest Service), Radio Operations, maintains all of the MoF radio network equipment. The cost per user of this network, is quite high and would probably not be financially viable in the Private Sector, but is necessary for safety and exchange of information for MoFR and other Provincial Government Personnel. Occasionally nature destroys a site, as happened to Kellough. See Photos in the Northern Interior Region, Prince Rupert. Repairing or relocating a site also adds to the operating cost.

Narrowbanding The Mover radio network has been completely narrow banded, as required by , to increase the number of channels available to other users in the 138 to 174 MHz band. Narrowbanding of a current channel, will allow another channel on either side to be used. Unfortunately, older radio equipment may not capable of being narrowbanded and must be replaced.

As of April 1, 2004, the entire MoFR Radio Network is now narrowband. All users of this network must have their radio equipment in narrowband for all MoFR Radio Channels.

The next round of narrowbanding is scheduled for 2012. We anticipate that our radio network will be changing over from analog to digital at this time. This will allow us to transmit data as well without interfering with the voice transmissions.

Contractors Please Note: Your radio equipment will not receive or transmit properly on MoFR Channels if not narrowbanded. Some or all of the messages may be lost and transmission will be choppy. You will be held responsible for any damage, or injury to personnel caused by your failure to comply. An adjustment by a qualified Radio Tech (or Avionic Tech for aircraft) is all that is required and only takes a few minutes.

Ministry of Forests Radios

Standard issue Forest Service portable radio is now the Icom F30GT. The Icom F3 is being reserved for Fire Stock and Firefighters only. While the F3 has only 32 channels, it can run up to 16 hours on its AA battery pack. The TAD M8 mobile (truck) radio has been replaced by the Kenwood TK780 and TK7180. The Forest Service issued radio equipment is serviced and maintained by Radio Operations staff.

The Icom H12, H16, H18 and H19 portable radios are not being supported.

For Radio Operator Training, see the Power Point presentation on the index page. The MoFR Radio Communication Field Handbook also contains a wealth of useful information.

Other Ministries and Private Contractors, who provide services to Ministry of Forests, and have need, can apply to access the radio network by submitting the form FS 1109 (Application for Access to the MoFR Radio System). This

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application should be submitted to the Forest District Manager or Fire Center Manager.

Also, please refer to our policy manual at: www.for.gov.bc.ca/tasb/manuals/policy/mngmtsrv/ms9-1.htm.

Editors Note: Radio manufacturers have stopped producing 12 volt portable (handheld) radios like the Icom F3. This is unfortunate as the F3 would run up to 14 hours on a pack of AA cell batteries (tested at maximum duty cycle of 5%, 5%, 90%). Portable radios now run at 7.5 volts which are designed around the ni-cad and lithium ion batteries. Our testing shows that they will deliver 8 or 9 hours of operation at the maximum duty cycle but, this means that we must use rechargeable batteries and chargers. It is unclear at this point what effect international disasters such as the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean and Hurricane Katrina in the U.S.A. will have on radio design. Rescuers are definitely hampered by portable radios that cannot operate for very long on AA type batteries.

Also Note: All radio communications in Canada are regulated and monitored by Industry Canada.

Radio Repeater Sites

VHF radio is "line of site" communications. If the person that you want to contact is behind a hill or in the next valley then you need to transfer your radio signal through a repeater to contact him / her. Our are linked into Ministry of Forests & Range Forest District systems and Fire Centers. This works like a "Party Line" and anyone in the district can receive and return your call. We use "call signs" to connect with the correct person.

This is an aluminum housing that is used in some locations.

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Messachi Repeater /2002

Sometimes we have to find it before we can fix it! This is a Comshel (Communication Shelter) type repeater housing. The Radio Tech's are digging their way down to the door just to get inside to repair the . Hard work at high altitude, plus the possibility of being stuck there if the weather closes in. Many older sites are being refurbished and converted to Comshel's.

FIRE REPEATERS

Fire Repeaters (designed and built by Radio Operations personnel) are quick deploy units that are used to temporarily enhance radio communications for fire fighters, where coverage in the area is poor. They can be linked into the MoFR network; or when additional radio channels are required, to work as a stand alone unit. It

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consists of the radio repeater (receiver, and duplexer) in the orange box, magnetic mount (on top of orange box), battery (in silver box) and solar panel (to charge the battery during the day). The duplexer allows the radio to transmit on one frequency and receive on another frequency at the same time. See photo of a Fire Repeater in operation near Westbank (August 2003) in the Southern Interior Region (Nelson). We now have two types of Fire Repeater. The type A can be linked to others of the same "A" type to form a small independent radio network. However the Type A Repeater cannot be linked into the MoFR radio network. The type B or "Rainbow" Fire Repeater uses Ministry of Forests & Range colour channels and can be linked into the District Network and to the Fire Centers.

A typical fire repeater setup where there are no trees.

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A Victoria Headquarters radio technician hard at work tuning a duplexer. Maintenance and repair are vital to keep the system working reliably. This includes environmental testing of repeater equipment to confirm its operation between minus 40 degrees C. and plus 60 degrees C. (before installation or after repairs.) When you are working out in the back country, sometimes alone, and need to communicate or call for help, a fully functioning radio network is a must have service.

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The Ministry of Forests Radio Operations Radio Tech's 2003

These are the people who service and maintain the B.C. Forest Service Radio Network. You can tell by the smiles that they are true professionals and proud of their work.

Editors Note: The next round of narrowbanding will require replacing our analog equipment with digital. While this will be expensive, it will also allow the passing of data without interfering with quality of the voice transmissions. Something that we are unable to do now. The addition of transferring data on our network opens up a world of additional possibilities for us.

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http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/his/radio/Overview/overview.htm 2010-12-03 Radio & Electronics Operations Index Page 1 of 1

Please Note: This information is intended for Ministry of • IMG Home Forests and Range Staff and Contractors.

z Overview (what we do) z News z Radio FAQ's z Authority Letters z Radio Repeater Site Photos z Rules and Regulations z Radio Maps 2010 z Radio Handbook NEW 2010 z Road Safety Channels Logging Roads z Radio Operator Training z Form FS1109 Application to Access the MOF & R Radio Network (in Adobe pdf format) z Radio Operations Internal Site (requires I D and password) z PETUNIA (Provincial Emergency Trailer Unit No Available) Ministry of Forests Repeater Sites z Fire Camp Communications z IRIS (communication trailer with internet) z How we choose a site

Form FS 1109 when completed, must be submitted to the Forest District Manager or Fire Center Manager for approval.

Please NOTE: The 100 Hz Tone has been removed from the network. Please refer to Radio Maps for the correct District Tone in your area. The Radio Handbook has information on changing tones on Ministry of Forests and Range radios.

For more information please contact HQRADIO (250)387-6650 Email: [email protected]

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Amateur radio From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a hobby and a service in which participants, called "hams", use various types of radio communications equipment to communicate with other radio amateurs for public services, recreation and self-training.[1] Amateur radio operation is licensed by an appropriate government entity (for example, by the Federal Communications Commission in the [2]) as coordinated through the International Union.[3]

An estimated two million people throughout the world are An example of an amateur radio regularly involved with amateur radio.[4] station with three , amplifiers, and a computer for The term "amateur" does not imply a lack of skill or quality, but logging and for digital modes. On rather that the is not paid for his efforts. the wall are examples of various awards, certificates, and a reception report card (QSL card) from a Contents foreign amateur station.

„ 1 History „ 2 Activities and practices „ 3 Licensing „ 3.1 Newcomers „ 3.2 Call signs „ 3.3 Privileges „ 3.4 Band plans and frequency allocations

„ 4 See also „ 5 References „ 6 Further reading „ 7 External links

History

Main articles: and Etymology of ham radio

Although its origins can be traced to the late 19th century, amateur radio, as practiced today, did not begin until the early 20th century. The first listing of amateur radio stations is contained in the First Annual Official Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America in 1909.[5] This first radio callbook lists wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, including eighty-nine amateur radio stations. As with radio in general, the birth of amateur radio was strongly associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Throughout its history, amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to , , industry, and social services. Research by amateur radio operators has founded new industries,[6] built economies,[7] empowered nations,[8] and saved lives in times of emergency.[9] Activities and practices

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Amateur radio operators use various modes of transmission to communicate. Voice transmissions are most common, with some, such as (FM) offering high quality audio, and others, such as single (SSB) offering more reliable communications, often over long distance, when signals are marginal and is restricted, at the sacrifice of audio quality.

Radiotelegraphy using (also known as "CW" from "") is an activity dating to the earliest days of radio. It is the wireless extension of land line (wire based) developed by and was the predominant real time long-distance communication method of the 19th century. Though computer-based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, many amateur radio operators still enjoy using the CW mode, particularly on the shortwave bands and for experimental work such as earth-moon-earth communication, with its inherent signal-to-noise ratio advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the Q code, enables communication between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with homebrewers as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct. A similar "legacy" mode popular with home constructors is (AM), pursued by many vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and aficionados of vacuum tube technology.

For many years, demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was a requirement to obtain amateur licenses for the bands (frequencies below 30 MHz), but following changes in international regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency.[10] As an example, the United States Federal Communications Commission phased out this requirement for all license classes on February 23, 2007.[11][12]

Modern personal computers have encouraged the use of digital modes such as (RTTY), which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment.[13] Hams led the development of in the 1970s, which has employed protocols such as TCP/IP since the 1980s. Specialized digital modes such as PSK31 allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands. Echolink using Voice over IP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes,[14] while IRLP has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area. Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441 using software such as WSJT, are used for weak signal modes including meteor scatter and moonbounce communications.

Fast scan amateur has gained popularity as hobbyists adapt inexpensive consumer electronics like camcorders and video cards in PCs. Because of the wide bandwidth and stable signals required, is typically found in the 70 cm (420 MHz–450 MHz) frequency range, though there is also limited use on 33 cm (902 MHz–928 MHz), 23 cm (1240 MHz–1300 MHz) and higher. These requirements also effectively limit the signal range to between 20 and 60 miles (30 km– 100 km), however, the use of linked repeater systems can allow transmissions across hundreds of miles. [15]

These repeaters, or automated relay stations, are used on VHF and higher frequencies to increase signal range. Repeaters are usually located on top of a mountain, hill or tall building, and allow operators to communicate over hundreds of square miles using a low power hand-held . Repeaters can also be linked together by use of other amateur radio bands, landline or the Internet.

Communication satellites called OSCARs (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio) can be accessed, some using a hand-held transceiver (HT), even, at times, using the factory "rubber duck" antenna.[16] Hams also use the moon, the aurora borealis, and the ionized trails of meteors as reflectors of radio

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waves.[17] Hams are also often able to make contact with the International Space Station (ISS),[18] as many astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed as amateur radio operators.[19]

Amateur radio operators use their to make contacts with individual hams as well as participating in round table discussion groups or "rag chew sessions" on the air. Some join in regularly scheduled on-air meetings with other amateur radio operators, called "nets" (as in "networks") which are moderated by a station referred to as "Net Control".[20] Nets can allow operators to learn procedures for emergencies, be an informal round table or be topical, covering specific interests shared by a group. Licensing

Main article: Amateur radio license

In all countries that license citizens to use amateur radio, operators are required to pass a licensing exam displaying knowledge and understanding of key concepts.[21] In response, hams are granted operating privileges in larger segments of the radio frequency spectrum using a wide variety of communication techniques with higher power levels permitted. This practice is in contrast to unlicensed personal radio services such as CB radio, Multi-Use Radio Service, or /PMR446 that require type-approved equipment restricted in frequency range and power.

In many countries, amateur licensing is a routine civil administrative matter. Amateurs are required to pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements in order to avoid interference with other amateurs and other radio services. There are often a series of exams available, each progressively more challenging and granting more privileges in terms of frequency availability, power output, permitted experimentation, and in some countries, distinctive call signs. Some countries such as the and have begun requiring a practical training course in An amateur radio antenna addition to the written exams in order to obtain a beginner's license, called tower a Foundation License.

Amateur radio licensing in the United States serves as an example of the way some countries award different levels of amateur radio licenses based on technical knowledge. Three sequential levels of licensing exams (Technician Class, General Class and Amateur Extra Class) are currently offered, which allow operators who pass them access to larger portions of the Amateur and more desirable call signs.

Newcomers

Many people start their involvement in amateur radio by finding a local club. Clubs often provide information about licensing, local operating practices and technical advice. Newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials, sometimes with the help of a mentor, teacher or friend. Established amateurs who help newcomers are often referred to as "Elmers" within the ham community.[22][23] In addition, many countries have national amateur radio societies which encourage newcomers and work with government communications regulation authorities for the benefit of all radio amateurs. The oldest of these societies is the Wireless Institute of Australia, formed in 1910; other

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notable societies are the Radio Society of Great Britain, the American Radio Relay League, , the Association of Radio Transmitters and South African Radio League. (See Category:Amateur radio organizations)

Call signs

Further information: ITU prefix - amateur and experimental stations

Upon licensing, a radio amateur's national government issues a unique to the radio amateur. The holder of a call sign uses it on the air to legally identify the operator or station during any and all radio communication.[24] In certain jurisdictions, an operator may also select a "vanity" call sign although these must also conform to the issuing government's allocation and structure [25] used for . Some jurisdictions, such as A handheld VHF/UHF transceiver the U.S., require that a fee be paid to obtain such a vanity call sign; in others, such as the UK, a fee is not required and the vanity call sign may be selected when the license is applied for.

Call sign structure as prescribed by the ITU, consists of three parts which break down as follows, using the call sign ZS1NAT as an example:

1. ZS – Shows the country from which the call sign originates and may also indicate the license class. (This call sign is licensed in , and is CEPT Class 1). 2. 1 – Gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part (this one refers to the Western Cape). 3. NAT – The final part is unique to the holder of the license, identifying that person specifically.

Many countries do not follow the ITU convention for the numeral. In the United Kingdom the calls G2xxx, G3xxx, and G6xxx may be issued to stations, these are Full License Holders. Additional licenses are granted in respect of Foundation Licensees M3xxx and M6xxx, Intermediate Licensees 2E1xxx and 2E0xxx and Full License Holders M0xxx and M1xxx. In the United States, the numeral indicates the geographical district the holder resided in when the license was issued. Prior to 1978, US hams were required to obtain a new call sign if they moved out of their geographic district.

Also, for smaller entities, a numeral may be part of the country identification. For example, VP2xxx is in the British West Indies (subdivided into VP2Exx Anguilla, VP2Mxx Montserrat, and VP2Vxx British Virgin Islands), VP5xxx is in the Turks and Caicos Islands, VP6xxx is on Pitcairn Island, VP8xxx is in the Falklands, and VP9xxx is in Bermuda.

Online callbooks or callsign databases can be browsed or searched to find out who holds a specific callsign.[26] Non-exhaustive lists of famous people who hold or have held amateur radio callsigns have also been compiled and published.[27]

Privileges

Unlike other RF spectrum users, radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the

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equipment.[28][29] Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium to high-powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies[30] so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth, power, and maintenance of spurious emission.

As noted, radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, enabling choice of frequency to enable effective communication whether across a city, a region, a country, a continent or the whole world regardless of season or time of day. The shortwave bands, or HF, can allow worldwide communication, the VHF and UHF bands offer excellent regional communication, and the broad bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for television (known as FSTV) transmissions and high-speed data networks.

Although allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards, they are sufficient to enable global communication. Power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country. For example, the power limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are: 2.25 kW in Canada, was 2 kW in the former Yugoslavia, 1.5 kW in the United States, 1 kW in Belgium and Switzerland, 750 W in , 500 W in , 400 W in Australia, and the United Kingdom, and 150 W in Oman. Lower license classes usually have lower power limits; for example, the lowest license class in the UK has a limit of 10 W. Amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication.[31]

When traveling abroad, visiting amateur operators must follow the rules of the country in which they wish to operate. Some countries have reciprocal international operating agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license. Other host countries require that the visiting ham apply for a formal permit, or even a new host country-issued license, in advance. The international symbol Many jurisdictions issue specialty vehicle registration plates to licensed for amateur radio, included amateur radio operators often in order to facilitate their movement during in the logos of many IARU an emergency.[32][33] The fees for application and renewal are usually member societies. The less than the standard rate for specialty plates.[32][34] diamond holds a circuit diagram featuring components common to Band plans and frequency allocations every radio: an antenna, inductor and ground. Main article: Amateur radio frequency allocations

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide, with participation by each nation's communications regulation authority. National communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference. In some countries, specific emission types are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum, and in most other countries, International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum.

In a few cases, a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of

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the internationally allocated amateur radio bands. In Trinidad and Tobago, hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148.800 MHz. This repeater is used and maintained by the National Agency (NEMA), but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills. This repeater can also be used by non-ham NEMA staff and REACT members. In Australia and New Zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the UHF TV channels. In the U.S., in cases of emergency, amateur radio operators providing essential communication needs in connection with the immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of property when normal communication systems are not available may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire communications [citation needed] and the Alaska statewide emergency frequency of 5167.5 kHz.

Similarly, amateurs in the United States may apply to be registered with the Military Auxiliary Radio System (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services. See also

„ List of amateur radio magazines „ List of amateur radio modes „ List of amateur radio organizations „ Maritime mobile amateur radio References

1. ^ "Ham Radio Frequently Asked Questions". ARRL.org. http://www.arrl.org/ham-radio-faq-s. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 2. ^ "Amateur Radio Service". U.S. Federal Communications Commission. http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=amateur. Retrieved 2010-08-16. 3. ^ "Amateur and Amateur-satellite service". International Telecommunication Union. http://life.itu.int/radioclub/ars.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-16. 4. ^ "What is Ham Radio?". ARRL.org. http://www.arrl.org/what-is-ham-radio-1. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 5. ^ Gernsback, H (May 1909) (PDF). First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America. New York: Modern Electrics Publication. http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~uparc/documents/First% 20Annual%20Official%20Wireless%20Blue%20Book%20-%201909.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-19. 6. ^ THE INFLUENCE OF AMATEUR RADIO ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMERCIAL MARKET FOR QUARTZ PIEZOELECTRIC RESONATORS IN THE UNITED STATES. (1996) By Patrick R. J. Brown, Hewlett Packard Company, Spokane Division 7. ^ Inventor of IC "chip", Nobel Prize Winner Jack S. Kilby Credits Amateur Radio for His Start in Electronics. 8. ^ Role of Amateur Radio in Development Communication of . Information & Communication Technology for Development. By Bazlur Rahman 9. ^ Canadian Amateur Radio Bulletin, Amateur Radio "Saved Lives" in South Asia (2004-12-29). Retrieved 2010-05-23. 10. ^ "FCC Report and Order 06-178A1" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. 2006-12-19. p. 7. http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-06-178A1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-16. 11. ^ Federal Communications Commission (2007-01-24). "47 CFR Part 97" (PDF). Federal Register (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office) 72 (15): 3081–3082. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2007/pdf/E7-729.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-18. 12. ^ "FCC to Drop Morse Testing for All Amateur License Classes". ARRL.org via UnwiredAdventures.com. 2006-12-15. http://www.unwiredadventures.com/unwire/2006/12/fcc_to_drop_mor.html. Retrieved 2010-05- 17. 13. ^ "KH6BB USS Missouri Radio Room Photos". KH6BB USS Missouri Battleship Radio Room, kh6bb.org. http://www.kh6bb.org/photos1.html. Retrieved 2010-05-23.

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14. ^ HowStuffWorks "Use of VoIP in Amateur Radio" 15. ^ Taggart, Ralph E (April 1993). "An Introduction to Amateur Television" (PDF). QST via ARRL.org: 19–23. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605111732/http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/49319.pdf. 16. ^ Holmstead, Stephen (30 December 1994). "Amateur Satellite FAQ". The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. http://www.amsat.org/amsat/intro/sats_faq.html. Retrieved 14 March 2010. 17. ^ Taylor, Joe (December 2001). "WSJT: New Software for VHF Meteor-Scatter Communication" (PDF). QST via ARRL.org: pp. 36–41. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5n7b4aGqW. 18. ^ "ARISS: Amateur Radio on the International Space Station". ARRL.org. http://www.arrl.org/ARISS/. Retrieved 2007-01-10. 19. ^ Jurrens, Gerald. "Astronaut (and Former Astronaut) Hams". gjurrens at Tellurian.com. http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/astrohams.html. Retrieved 2007-01-10. 20. ^ Haag, Jerry. "Principles of Amateur Radio Net Control". SCC-AREA-RACES.org. http://www.scc-ares- races.org/mtnview/principles-of-net-control.html. Retrieved 2007-01-10. 21. ^ International Telecommunication Union, Minimum Qualifications For Radio Amateurs 22. ^ "ARRL Mentor Program". ARRL.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014063645/http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/club/mentor/. 23. ^ Wilson, Mark J; Reed, Dana G (2006). The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2007 (84th ed.). Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. ISBN 0872599760. 24. ^ "Amateur Radio (Intermediate) Licence (A) or (B) Terms, Provisions and Limitations Booklet BR68/I". Ofcom.org.uk. http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/publication/ra_info/br68i/br68i.htm. Retrieved 2007- 06-02. 25. ^ "Common Filing Task: Obtaining Vanity Call Sign". FCC.gov. http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm? job=cft&id=amateur&page=cft_get_call_sign. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 26. ^ "License Search". Universal Licensing System. US Federal Communications Commission. http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/searchLicense.jsp. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 27. ^ "Famous Radio Amateurs 'Hams' & Call Signs". Bedworth Lions Club. http://www.bedworthlionsclub.co.uk/abtamfam.htm. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 28. ^ OFTA, Equipment for Amateur Station: Radio amateurs are free to choose any radio equipment designed for the amateur service. Radio amateurs may also design and build their own equipment provided that the requirements and limitations specified in the Amateur Station Licence and Schedules thereto are complied with. 29. ^ FCC.gov, About Amateur Stations They design, construct, modify, and repair their stations. The FCC equipment authorization program does not generally apply to amateur station transmitters. 30. ^ "Australian Radio Amateur FAQ". AMPR.org. June 24, 2006. Archived from the original on July 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080718193714/http://vkfaq.ampr.org/faq2lic.html. 31. ^ "FCC Part 97 : Sec. 97.313 Transmitter power standards". W5YI.org. http://www.w5yi.org/page.php? id=142. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 32. ^ a b "ARRL Web: Amateur Radio License Plate Fees". Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804045533/http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/local/plates.html. 33. ^ "Ham Radio Callsign License Plates (Canada)". http://plates.hfradio.net/plate1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-04. 34. ^ "ICBC - HAM radio plates". http://www.icbc.com/registration/reg_spec_lic_plates_ham.asp. Retrieved 2008-12-03. Further reading

„ Bergquist, Carl J (May 2001). Ham Radio Operator's Guide (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Prompt Publications. ISBN 0-7906-1238-0. „ Dennison, Mike; Fielding, John, eds (2009). Radio Communication Handbook (10th ed.). Bedford, England: Radio Society of Great Britain. ISBN 9781-9050-8654-2. „ Haring, Kristen (2007). Ham Radio's Technical Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0262083558. „ Poole, Ian D (October 2001). HF Amateur Radio. Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England: Radio Society of Great Britain. ISBN 1-872309-75-5.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio 2010-12-03 Amateur radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 8 of 8

„ Rohde, Ulrich L; Whitaker, Jerry C (2001). Communications Receivers: DSP, Software Radios, and Design (3rd ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-136121-9. „ The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2010 (87th ed.). Newington, CT: American Radio Radio Relay League. November 2009. ISBN 0-87259-144-1. External links

„ Amateur Radio at the Open Directory Project

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio 2010-12-03