Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Smart Cities Edited by Burak Kantarci and Sema Oktug Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks www.mdpi.com/journal/jsan Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Smart Cities Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Smart Cities Special Issue Editors Burak Kantarci Sema Oktug MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Burak Kantarci Sema Oktug University of Ottawa Istanbul Technical University Canada Turkey Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (ISSN 2224-2708) in 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi. com/journal/jsan/special issues/wireless smart cities) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-423-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-424-6 (PDF) c 2018 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Burak Kantarci and Sema F. Oktug Special Issue: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Smart Cities Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 49, doi:10.3390/jsan7040049 . 1 Augusto Ciuffoletti Low-Cost IoT: A Holistic Approach Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 19, doi:10.3390/jsan7020019 . 6 Adil Hilmani, Abderrahim Maizate and Larbi Hassouni Designing and Managing a Smart Parking System Using Wireless Sensor Networks Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 24, doi:10.3390/jsan7020024 . 25 Nargis Khan, Jelena Miˇsi´c and Vojislav B. Miˇsi´c Priority-Based Machine-To-Machine Overlay Network over LTE for a Smart City Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 27, doi:10.3390/jsan7030027 . 45 Ahmed Omara, Damla Gulen, Burak Kantarci and Sema F. Oktug Trajectory-Assisted Municipal Agent Mobility: A Sensor-Driven Smart Waste Management System Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 29, doi:10.3390/jsan7030029 . 67 Shun Chiba, Tomo Miyazaki, Yoshihiro Sugaya and Shinichiro Omachi Activity Recognition Using Gazed Text and Viewpoint Information for User Support Systems Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 31, doi:10.3390/jsan7030031 . 96 Faisal Arafsha, Christina Hanna, Ahmed Aboualmagd, Sarah Fraser and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik Instrumented Wireless SmartInsole System for Mobile Gait Analysis: A Validation Pilot Study with Tekscan Strideway Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 36, doi:10.3390/jsan7030036 . 107 Himanshu Sharma, Ahteshamul Haque and Zainul Abdin Jaffery Modeling and Optimisation of a Solar Energy Harvesting System for Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 40, doi:10.3390/jsan7030040 . 123 Shaza Hanif, Ahmed M. Khedr and Zaher Al Aghbari, Dharma P. Agrawal Opportunistically Exploiting Internet of Things for Wireless Sensor Network Routing in Smart Cities Reprinted from: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2018, 7, 46, doi:10.3390/jsan7040046 . 142 v About the Special Issue Editors Burak Kantarci, Dr., Asst. Professor: Burak Kantarci is an Assistant Professor with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Ottawa. From 2014 to 2016, he was an assistant professor at the ECE Department at Clarkson University, where he currently holds a courtesy appointment. Dr. Kantarci received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in computer engineering from Istanbul Technical University, in 2005 and 2009, respectively. During his Ph.D. study, he studied as a Visiting Scholar at the University of Ottawa. He has co-authored over 150 papers in established journals and conferences and contributed to 12 book chapters. He is the Co-Editor of the book Communication Infrastructures for Cloud Computing. He has served as the Technical Program Co-Chair of ten international conferences/symposia/workshops. He has been the PI/co-PI of several federally/provincially funded research projects supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE). He is an Associate/Area Editor of IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. He also serves as the Chair of the IEEE ComSoc Communication Systems Integration and Modeling Technical Committee. He is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the ACM. Sema Oktug, Dr., Professor: Sema Oktug is a Professor with the Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Technical University. She also serves as the Dean of the Faculty of Computer and Informatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University. She received her B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in computer engineering from Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1987, 1989, and 1996, respectively. She was a postdoc researcher in the Department of Electrical Engineering at New York Poly (currently, Polytechnic Institute of NYU) in 1996. Her research interests are in modeling and analysis of communication networks, wireless networks, low power WANs, and smart city applications. She is the author of more than 100 journal and conference papers. She is also the partner/leader/coordinator/researcher of the international and national research projects funded by EU, CNRS, TUBITAK, Istanbul Technical University, and other distinguished organizations. She is a member of the IEEE Communications Society. vii Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks Editorial Special Issue: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Smart Cities Burak Kantarci 1,*,† and Sema F. Oktug 2,*,† 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada 2 Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer and Informatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.K.); [email protected] (S.F.O.); Tel.: +1-613-562-5800 (ext. 6955) (B.K.); +90-212-285-3584 (S.F.O.) † All authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 14 November 2018; Accepted: 15 November 2018; Published: 17 November 2018 1. Introduction Our lives are being transformed by the interplay between mobile networks, wireless communications, and artificial intelligence. This transformation is an outcome of the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) concept, and the advancements in computer architectures that translate into high computing power, high-performance processing, and huge memory capacities. In addition to the IoT, as a very close concept, cyber–physical systems target seamless integration of physical systems with computing and communication resources. Furthermore, in urban areas, the integration of the “software-defined sensor networks” and “sensing as a service” concepts with legacy Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based systems is leading to the transformation of conventional city services towards smart cities. Smart energy, smart driving, smart homes, smart living, smart governance, and smart health are just a few services that can be offered by smart cities. Furthermore, while these concepts are major application areas, smart citizens close the loop by participating in sensing, actuating, and decision-making processes. In smart cities, legacy WSN-based services are extended by having citizens that act as sensors. Opportunistic or participatory sensing models enable groups of individuals to collaboratively work toward the same goal with strong interaction links, even though this does not always require strong social links between them. Thus, dedicated and nondedicated wireless sensors form communities, and collaborating communities form social networks where interaction can occur in the form of software-defined sensing. This transformation in WSNs introduces unique solutions for the communication plane of smart cities. In addition to communication-plane challenges, smart environments require IoT and WSN sensors to report massive amounts of unstructured data in a heterogeneous format, which, in turn, leads to the big sensed data phenomenon. Additionally, addressing the high volume by effective machine-learning or data-mining techniques, novel data-acquisition and -processing methodologies for big sensed data are emergent in order to address the high-velocity, -variety, and -veracity aspects. Moreover, in order to effectively offer smart-city services, it is viable to envision a massive amount of connected wireless/wired sensors/IoT devices. Thus, scalability remains an open issue when integrating the components of a smart city that are mentioned above. While ensuring the scalability and connectivity of this infrastructure remains an open issue, the battery limitation of wireless sensors