The Varieties of Ecstasy
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RBTH llf I I Copyright and use of this thesis This thes1s must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copynght owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisf1es the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a • number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of mtegrity. You may infringe the author's moral rights if you: • fail to acknowledge the author of this thes1s if you quote sections from the work • attribute this thesis to another author • subject th1s thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author's reputation For further information contact the University's Director of Copyright Services Telephone: 02 9351 2991 e-mail: [email protected] • • • • THE VARIETIES OF ECSTASY EXPERIENCE: Ecstasy an Exploration of Body, Mind and Person in Sydney's Club Culture. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) By Sean Leneghan At the Department of Anthropology University of Sydney, Australia August 2010 2 Statement of Authorship I hereby certify that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted for a higher degree or diploma at any other tertiary institution. Information extracted from other published and unpublished sources has been properly referenced in the text and included in the bibliography. Sean Leneghan 3 Abstract This is a phenomenologically grounded ethnographic study of the life world of ecstasy users in the socio-cultural contexts of raving and clubs in Sydney, Australia. The thesis espouses existential-phenomenology as a framework for describing and understanding these experiences. I argue against and reject the widespread mechanistic-materialist paradigms that inform bio-medical and bio-psychological interpretations of drug-use and non-ordinary states of consciousness. As an alternative to these dominant reductionist perspectives I draw on a holistic organismic approach and the application of phenomenology to ethnographic field research. More specifically, my exploration of the experiences of ecstasy is based upon a dialogal phenomenology which enabled me to generate a processual morphology of the varieties of ecstasy experience and the users' mode ofbeing-in-the-world. Through this endeavour I also argue for a phenomenological foundation of the study of drug-use and non-ordinary states of consciousness in general. 4 Contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Introduction 16 1.0 The theoretical itinerary of this project 1.1 The cosmo-ontology of mechanism 1.2 Von Uexkiill's' biological thought 1.3 A defence of existential-phenomenology 1.4 Dialogal phenomenology 1.5 Overview of thesis Chapter 2. The Socio-Cultural Context ofUse: Raves and PC 41 1. Introduction 2. Rave 2.0 Powerhouse Productions 2.1 St Johns Ambulance 2.2. Police and Security 2. 3. Dropping 2. 4. Raves General 2.4 I. The Entrance to Events 2.4.2 Some stalls 2.4.3. The Drinking area 2. 4. 4. Rave Commercialisation 2. 5. Groups at Raves 2.5.1. Photography in Clubs 2.5.2 CDs given out in venues 2.5.3. Candy or Kandy Ravers 2. 5.4 "Feral ravers" 2. 5. 5 Godspeed- an ethnographic sketch 2. 6. PC: a venue for pleasure 5 Chapter. 3 Experiencing Ecstasy: A Dialogal Phenomenology 58 Section 1. General Phenomenology 60 0. 0.1 The Prologue: the Origin(s) ofEcstasy 1.1. 0 Digestive terms among ravers 1.2.0 Heat Transformation after Use 1.3.0 Initial Preconceptions 1.4.0 Preloading, Preparation and Post-loading 1.4.1 Preloading 1. 4. 2 Orange juice - Vitamin C 1.4.3 Magnesium 1. 4. 4 Preparation 1.4.5 No Preparation 1.5.0 Brain Chemistry: Explanations and Interpretations 1. 6. 0 Different Stages ofEffects 1. 7. 0 Ecstasy: Some General Effects 1. 7.1 Background Influences on the Conceptualisation of the Experience 1. 7.2 Factors Irifluencing the Experience 1. 7.3 Amplification ofEmotions 1. 7.4 Changes to Personality 1. 7.5 Focus Gain and Loss 1.8.0 Fun and PlayfUlness 1. 9. 0 Missions 1.1 0. 0 Ecstasy and Working 1.10.1 Photographing in a Club 1.10.2 Selling CDs at a Venue 1.10.3 Turning up to Work 1.11. 0 Memory Changes- Losing Recollection 1.12. 0 Breathing Intensification 1.13.0 Eye Wobbles (Nystagmus) 1.14.0 Honesty, Truth Serum 1.15.0 internal Monologue- knowing you're on drugs 1.16. 0 Mind-Body Dissonance 1.17.0 Active Touch 6 1.18.0 Gurning, Facial Contortions, Pacifiers 1.19.0 Chewing Gum 1.20.0 Control Loss and Gain 1.21.0 Fuckedness and Being Fucked Up 1.22.0 Freaking Out 1.23.0 Snapping Out of it- to Help Others 1.24.0 Losing it 1. 2 5. 0 Hallucinating Section 2. Peaks, Plateaus and Comedowns 86 2.1.0 The Good, the Bad and the Dud 2.1.1 Bad Pills 2.1.2 Dud Pills 2. 2. 0 Different Pills - Different Effects 2. 2.1 Taxonomies ofPills 2. 2. 2 The Question ofPurity 2. 2. 3 Mood (Stimmung) 2.2.4 Smacky Pills 2.3.0 Purity: Changing Composition ofEcstasy 2. 4. 0 Composition ofPills 2.5.0 The Normal Life World Compared to Ecstatic Life World 2.5.1 The Everyday World 2.5.2 Normality on Ecstasy 2.6.0 Onset to Peaking 2. 7. 0 Desensitization to Surroundings 2. 8. 0 Opening up and Decreased Defensiveness on Ecstasy 2.9.0 Peace/ Love/ Unity/ Respect or 'P.L. U.R' 2.1 0. 0 Moods and Emotions on Ecstasy 2.11.0 Crying on Ecstasy 2.12. 0 Massaging 2.13. 0 Being offyour Head/ Chops/ Face/ Dial 2.14. 0 Religious and Metaphysical Experiences 2.14.1 Non-Spiritual 7 2.14.2 Other Drugs are More Spiritual and/or Philosophical 2.15. 0 Sexuality and Ecstasy 2.15.1 Private Sexuality 2.15. 2 Platonic Ecstasy Experiences 2.15.3 Sexual Ecstasy Experiences 2.16. 0 The Comedown Section 3. Altered Bodies and Minds 108 3.1. 0 Internal Monologue- the 'Little Voice' 3. 2. 0 Spatial Changes - Ego Boundaries 3.3. 0 Synchronising Use 3.4.0 Changes in Temporal Experience 3.4.1 Existing in the World-Mood ofNowness 3.5.0 Child-Like Wonder 3. 6. 0 Aesthetic Modes 3. 7.0. Heart rate- Blood Flow Increase 3.8. 0. Changes in Body Image 3.9.0. Walking- Locomotive Changes 3.10.0. Defecation and Urination 3. 10.1 Defecation 3. 9. 2 Urination 3. 10.0 Jaw clenching (Bruxism) 3.11.0 Oral Cravings 3.12. 0 Salivation 3.13. 0 Sweating and Dehydration 3.13.1 Sweating 3. 13. 2 Dehydration 3.14.0 Wanting "Something" on Ecstasy 3.15. 0 Gastrointestinal Changes 3.16. 0 Kidneys and Lower Back Pain from Excessive and Heavy use 3.17.0 Fatigue, Tiredness 3.18. 0 Altered Muscle Tone and Atrophy 3.19. 0 Penile Shrinkage 8 3. 20.0 Phosphenes: 'Static' 3.21.0 Sleeping Patterns 3.22.0Emesis 3.23.0 Good Pills Make you 'Spew' 3.24.0 Spinal Fluid 3.25. 0 Appetitive Changes 3.25.1 Appetites on Ecstasy 3.25.2 Able to Eat After Repeated Usage 3.26.0 Hydration 3.27. 0 Maintaining Hydration 3.28.0 Hospitals and Ambulances 3.29.0 Looking at Oneself in the Mirror Section 4. Peaks and Nadirs 131 4.1.0 The Ecstasy 'Honeymoon' 4.2. 0 Initial Reactions and Peaking 4.3.0 Peaking- The Rush 4. 4. 0 Letting Go 4. 5. 0 Euphoria, Happiness and Bliss 4. 6. 0 Active Touch in the Rush 4. 7. 0 Plateau 4. 8. 0 Rolling 4. 9. 0 Washing Over and 'Chargyness ' 4. 10.0 Smoking Pleasures 4.11.0 Drug Induced Paranoia 4.12. 0 Afterglow 4. I 3. 0 Top Shelfing 4.14. 0 Negative Drug Experiences 4.14.1 Fatigue 4. 14.2 Postloading Sickness 4.14.3 Saying 'Goodbye' when Coming Down 4.14.4 Stress on the Body 4.14. 5 Gurning Out 9 4.I4. 6 Fighting on Drugs 4.I5. 0 Radical Collapse Experiences 4.I6. 0 Drug Induced Psychosis Section 5. Social Interaction 150 5.I. 0 Ecstasy Interaction 5.2.0 Intimacy on Ecstasy 5.3.0 E-Talk 5.3.I Compulsion to Talk and Nonsense 5.3.2 Random £-Conversations 5.3.3Random Things 5.3.4 Talking Shit 5.4.0 'Cracking' when Talking 5.5.0 Connections on Pills 5. 5.I Deeper Connections 5.5.2 Connections Leading to Bonds 5. 6. 0 Empathy and Sympathy 5. 6.I All Encompassing Empathy 5.6.2 Ambiguous Empathy 5. 7. 0 Inhibitions and Blockages: Maximum Restraint and Reduction ofInhibitions 5. 7.I Maintaining Control 5. 7.2 Losing Inhibitions and Ego Selectivity 5. 7.3 Further Ego Softening 5.8.0 Strangers: Randoms 5. 9. 0 Kissing and Pashing 5.IO.O Voyeurism 5.I O.I Heightened Visual Perception 5.I0.2 Watching Others 5.I 0. 3 Watching and Analysing 5.II.O Drug Etiquette 5.I2. 0 Sitting Down 5.I3.0 Positive Evaluations ofAuthenticity 5.I4.