The Reality of German Development Policy COM P a S S 2019 Compass 2019 CONTENT Publication PREFACE Details

The Reality of German Development Policy COM P A S S 2019 Compass 2019 CONTENT Publication PREFACE Details

PREFACE 03 COMPASS 2019 The Reality of German This is the 26th time that Welthungerhilfe and terre des hommes POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE Development Policy FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 04 Germany are publishing their report on the reality of German PUBLISHED BY development policy. Compass 2019 offers an analysis of the latest terre des hommes Deutschland e. V. & Deutsche data on public expenditure for development cooperation as well as Part I Welthungerhilfe e. V. Analysis a critical assessment of two current topics: the German Federal GERMAN ODA — DATA, FACTS, EDITED BY Government’s Africa policy and its strategy for protecting children TRENDS 06 Marion Aberle, Matthias Amling, Lena Bassermann, Thomas during armed conflict. Berthold, Jan Fahlbusch, Janik Feuerhahn, Daphné Lucas, Part II Jonas Schubert, Andrea Sonntag, The Federal Government is a key actor that has the ability to improve Commentary on the Federal Justyna Szambelan, Constanze Government‘s Africa Policy living conditions for many people around the world through devel- von Oppeln, Ulrich Post AFRICA NEEDS BOLD SOLUTIONS 15 opment cooperation and coherent political action as set out in Agen- IN CONJUNCTION WITH Tobias Debiel, Arne da 2030. It has just ten years left to achieve the Sustainable Develop- Sönnichsen, Axel Dockhorn, ment Goals on schedule, and progress is currently being hamstrung Part III Till Behmenburg Commentary on the Federal Government‘s Role in Supporting Children and Young People in (Post-) by insufficient ambition and vision along with far too little emphasis Conflict Situations DESIGN Katharina Noemi Metschl on long-term and sustainable solutions in governance. MORE COHERENCE, MORE VEHEMENCE, MORE SUSTAINABILITY 24 PRINTING Despite the fact that development cooperation is now more impor- Offset-Druck Schöneseifen tant than ever, it cannot overcome today‘s global challenges on its Appendix PUBLICATION DATE 22. März 2019 own. Commercial, economic, domestic, and security policies must ABBREVIATIONS 32 ISBN NUMBER: be firmly aligned with Agenda 2030 and human rights standards. In END NOTES 33 978-3-941553-30-9 the much-needed debate about the role, organisation, and strategies

This report is available of development cooperation in the context of current global chal- online at: lenges, Compass 2019 offers a critical voice from the perspective of WELTHUNGERHILFE.DE/ civil society. KOMPASS2019 TDH.DE/ Berlin, Bonn, and Osnabrück, April 2019 KOMPASS2019

Berlin, Bonn, Osnabrück. April, 2019 CC $ MATHIAS MOGGE ALBERT RECKNAGEL Secretary General of Welthungerhilfe Spokesperson for the Executive Board of terre des hommes

02 03 Compass 2019 Compass 2019

plementation of the African Union’s investing eight percent of the German Creating Political itiatives and commitments as well as its Federal Foreign Office’s humanitarian POLICY and Financial Free- Agenda 2063 plan. At the same time, it assistance budget in education. needs to call on its African partners to dom for Civil Society promote participation by civil society. RECOMMENDATIONS Organisations The fight against hunger and pover- Doing More ty calls for civil society organisations Refraining to Advocate for Chil- that can effectively represent the in- from Subordinating dren’s Rights in the TO THE terests of the people affected in the political arena. Despite this need, the Development UN Security Council political and legal spheres of action of In its position as a temporary member such organisations are diminishing Policy to Migration of the UN Security Council, the Fed- FEDERAL GOVERNMENT in many countries. The Federal Gov- Reduction eral Government should be a more ernment must implement an interde- Development, migration, and securi- vocal advocate of concrete initiatives partmental strategy to counteract the ty policy are threatening to coalesce to protect children during wars and erosion of their influence. At the same as part of the effort to address the conflicts. This includes the systemat- time, funding for the development aid root causes of refugee displacement. ic prosecution of governmental and efforts of civil society organisations Development assistance should not non-governmental actors for severe must be increased and restructured in be weaponised for use in domestic children’s rights abuses, such as re- a more flexible and sustainable way. politics, nor should border protection jecting humanitarian assistance for measures be labelled as development children and targeting essential infra- assistance. ODA cannot be allowed to structure for destruction (e.g. hospi- beyond the current legislative pe - serve as leverage during negotiations tals, health clinics, schools, food sup- Observing riod, and funds for fighting hunger Applying ODA Compelling on migration and refugee policy. plies, and drinking water supplies). International ODA and poverty have to be increased Markers for Food and in the long term. Programmes Companies and Obligations need to place greater emphasis on Nutrition Security Development Banks Greater ambition will be required if vulnerable demographics while re - In 2018, the OECD standardised the to Observe Paving the Way Reinforcing the UN‘s Agenda 2030 development inforcing rural economic develop- way in which expenditure for the fight for Implementing Reintegration Efforts goals are to be achieved and the ment and sustainable, innovative against hunger and malnutrition is re- Human Rights “leave no-one behind” principle is to agriculture. corded. The Federal Government must The Federal Government must issue a UN Resolution 2250 for Child Soldiers and be upheld. The Federal Government apply this nutrition policy marker in the binding resolution to ensure that com- The Federal Government should set needs to meet its international obli- next ODA report. In addition, reporting panies respect human rights at every an example to the world with regard Protecting Children gations and set aside 0.7 percent of practices that conform to the standards link of the supply chain. Human rights to reinforcing the role of young peo- from Recruitment the GNP for ODA, with at least 0.2 Reinforcing of the International Aid Transparency regulations must be adapted to encom- ple in conflict management as set out Children must be better protected percent of GNP going to the least-de- Human Rights- Initiative (IATI) must be expanded to pass foreign business transactions con- in UN Resolution 2250. This will re- from being recruited as soldiers, and veloped countries. It should develop include all ministries that provide ODA. ducted by development banks. In addi- quire an interdepartmental strategy programmes to reintegrate former a binding, step-by-step plan for meet- based Instruments tion, there needs to be more monitoring that provides for the development child soldiers require better and more ing this voluntary commitment in the A coherent federal development to ensure that social, ecological, and and implementation of measures and reliable funding. For peaceful develop- medium term. policy should focus more on hu - human rights standards are observed funding instruments for young people ment to be successful, young people man rights, including economic, Improving during public procurement procedures. in the field of conflict management. need prospects other than violence. social, and cultural rights as well as the human right to food. Pro - Conflict and Disas- An Explicit Focus grammes for implementing the ter Prevention on Fighting Voluntary Guidelines with regard Funds for civil conflict prevention and Building on Increasing Fund- Stopping Arms to the right to food and the re - disaster risk reduction should be in- African Initiatives ing for Education Exports Hunger and Poverty sponsible management of land-use creased, especially in fragile countries. It is time to scale up the fight rights need to be expanded. The Prevention and resilience building Germany’s Africa policy requires part- in Conflict Zones The export of armaments to conflict against hunger and poverty. The Committee on World Food Securi - should form part of all humanitarian nership-based approaches to account Education is key to offering children zones – including small arms and One World – No Hunger special ty (CFS), which serves as the cen - and development aid programmes in for political and economic differen- a way out of violence and poverty. their associated munitions – should be initiative launched by BMZ (Ger - tral committee for developing and particularly vulnerable regions. Ger- tiation throughout the African conti- The Federal Government should im- categorically prohibited. The Bunde- man Federal Ministry for Econom - consulting on food policy, must be many should also provide more politi- nent. The Federal Government must prove access to education by making stag, the German federal parliament, ic Cooperation and Development) strengthened both institutionally cal support for early conflict solutions offer more concrete measures through available additional resources for should pass a restrictive and enforcea- must be institutionally extended and financially. within the UN Security Council. which to build on and promote the im- multilateral education funds and in- ble law controlling arms exports.

04 05 Part I — Analysis Compass 2019 GERMAN ODA — DATA, FACTS, TRENDS

This chapter provides an overview of its contribution is also below average. Germany‘s public expenditure for Of- The Scandinavian countries form the PERCENTAGE ficial Development Assistance (ODA) global vanguard, either meeting or OF GERMAN ODA in 2017 as defined by the Development exceeding the target. Germany, with FOR DOMESTIC Assistance Committee (DAC) of the its contribution of 0.67 percent, is REFUGEE COSTS Organisation for Economic Co-oper- well placed in the rankings, just be- IN 2017 ation and Development (OECD). The low the UK and close to the target Source: OECD OECD-DAC provides criteria for eval- rate of 0.7 percent. Date: January 2019 uating public funds for development After six years of growth, Germa- assistance. The OECD published its lat- ny’s ODA rate peaked at 0.7 percent est available data, namely for the year in 2016. Even in absolute terms, its 24 % 2017, on 20 December 2018. 2017 ODA spending falls short of 2016 figures. The latest values therefore represent a reduction that can REDUCTION IN be expected to continue in the com- ANNUAL ing years. GERMAN ODA Expenditure for refugees in Ger- FIGURES many, which increased significantly starting in 2015, played a major role At USD 147 billion in 2017, the ODA in the record-setting ODA values of of all OECD-DAC donor countries recent years. has stagnated at 2016 levels. In ab - At EUR 5.37 billion, it represent- solute terms, the largest donors are ed a quarter of German ODA in 2017. the USA, Germany, Japan, the Unit- Germany’s ODA rate is set to fall in ed Kingdom, and France, comprising line with the projected reduction in other sectors are expected to grow approximately three quarters of the expenditure in this field. Accord - sufficiently to fill this gap. Although DAC members’ total ODA contribu- ing to the latest budget plans, no spending on development coopera- tions. However, a different picture tion has been significantly increased emerges when ODA expenditure is for 2019, the federal budget for 2018 examined in relation to the size of to 2022 indicates that reductions will the respective donor country’s na- be made in the coming years. 01 tional economy. In 1972, the world‘s industrialised countries – under the auspices ODA OBJECTIVE of the UN – committed to spending FOR LEAST DEVELOPED 0.7 percent of their gross national COUNTRIES product (GNP) on development as- 22.18 NOT YET ACHIEVED sistance for poorer countries. The BILLION EURO USA, although globally the largest WAS SPENT BY GERMANY In the Istanbul Programme of Ac - I donor in absolute terms, falls well ON DEVELOPMENT tion, the Federal Government un- Part I: Analysis short of this target. At 0.18 percent, COOPERATION IN 2017 dertook to spend between 0.15 and

06 07 Part I — Analysis Compass 2019

0.2 percent of GNP on the least de- of governmental control led to dis - LDC FUNDING velopment Co-operation (GPEDC), veloped countries (LDC). This sta- ease, displacement, extreme poverty, FAVOURS CONFLICT GERMAN ODA TO LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Germany is not giving sufficient tus is awarded to countries that are and food and nutrition insecurity. The COUNTRIES Percentage of gross national product; Source: BMZ; consideration to these priorities. Al- deemed to require special assistance large-scale grants being sent to Turkey Date: January 2019 though four out of five German de - in accordance with UN criteria due are also related to the crisis in Syria. By a large margin, the LDC currently velopment cooperation programmes to significant economic, social, and Meanwhile, India, the largest recip- receiving the most support is Afghan- = TOTAL ODA = ODA TO LDC conform to the respective partner ecological challenges. However, only ient of German ODA, is home to an istan. Torn apart by civil war, the country’s development strategies, EUR 3.62 billion of Germany’s ODA estimated 48 million people 02 living country (where German troops have 0,8 they rarely observe the correspond- went to LDCs in 2017. This amounts on less than two dollars per day, which long been stationed) accounts for al- ing accountability framework. On to little more than one sixth of Ger- brings down the per capita spending most one fifth of ODA expenditure average, only half of the success in - many’s ODA as a whole, correspond- for one of the world’s most populated for LDCs, at USD 478.43 million. The 0,6 dicators for these interventions cor- ing to approximately 0.11 percent of countries. 2017 Conflict Barometer published respond to the indicators for nation- GNP. Although this figure indicates a Even so, both India and China are by the Heidelberg Institute for In - al and local development strategies. 0,4 slight upward trend, Germany is still receiving ODA based primarily on op- ternational Conflict Research (HIIK) Similarly, only half of the data is not fulfilling its commitment to the portunities to mobilise market funds shows that Germany’s ODA for LDCs acquired through government-based Istanbul Programme of Action. rather than on the number of people displays a strong bias towards coun- 0,2 TARGET 0,2 % sources. Of the top ten recipients of Ger- living in poverty. 03 In a similar vein, tries ravaged by war or conflict. In Furthermore, only one third of many’s ODA, Afghanistan is the only it is notable that Morocco and Mexi- principle, this is a reasonable and ODA is implemented through the LDC. The other nine countries have co are major recipients despite their natural point of focus. 0 public financial and procurement a mid-level income or can be classed relatively low poverty rates. Since the However, LDCs not in the throes structures established in the part- as emerging economies. The highest national economies of both countries of violence also need support, often 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ner countries 04. Said structures are amount per capita goes to Syria. Al- fall on the larger side of the scale, the in order to recover from a recent known to pose various challenges though categorised as a lower mid- proportion of ODA to the respective conflict or to prevent one from devel- and risks. However, avoiding these dle-income country, Syria has been GDP is small. This raises the question oping. In Sierra Leone or Liberia, for uting causes for the civil wars in the ting their own priorities. According risks altogether would mean losing a major recipient of humanitarian of how much value this expenditure example, the underlying assumption 1990s and 2000s. Many of the sys - to the latest data published by the the chance to help partner countries assistance since war and the collapse can add in the first place. is that land conflicts were contrib - temic causes for these land conflicts Global Partnership for Effective De- develop the ability to implement (including disputed property borders, multiple sales, forged ownership documents, and unclear government PRIMARY RECIPIENT OF GERMAN ODA IN 2017 ODA OF OECD-DAC DONOR COUNTRIES IN 2017 purviews) remain unresolved, threat- In USD million; Source: OECD (ODA), IMF (GDP), CIA World Factbook Percentage of gross national product (left axis); in USD million (blue); Source: OECD; (population); Date: January 2019 Date: January 2019 ening to spark further social conflict and political instability. External sup-

563 563 port could contribute to the estab -

125 GERMAN SHARE OF ODA PER 5 lishment of functioning institutions 1,0 4 424 424 in areas such as land administration, O D A GDP* CAPITA in Mio. US-$ in percent in US-$ thereby helping prevent the recur- rence of violent altercations. 1 INDIA 1 181,8 0,05 0,91 0,8 448 103 103 005 005 2

TARGET 0,7 % 18 2 SYRIA 879,8 1,98 45,22 25 958 958 HIGHER 0,6 4 EFFECTIVENESS 3 CHINA 710,3 0,01 0,51

138 138 IS REQUIRED 196 196 331 331

084 084 4 TURKEY 657,9 0,08 8,10 3

2 FROM GERMAN ODA 11 1 0,4 5 IRAQ 534,3 0,28 13,29 859 859 251 251 305 838 838 When it comes to the effectiveness 5 1 036 463 463 68 68 732 732 4 560 560 of German development coopera- 6 AFGHANISTAN 478,4 2,36 13,69 3 11 450

2 201 201

0,2 381 34 tion, quantity is not the only con - 75 75 313 304 304

2 7 MOROCCO 459,3 0,42 13,39 679 679 119 cern. Quality matters too. At the 149 Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Ef- 8 INDONESIA 332,8 0,03 1,27 0 fectiveness in 2011, Germany joined the Busan Partnership for Effective 9 JORDAN 332,1 0,83 31,75 Italy Spain Japan Korea Development Co-operation. One of Greece France Poland Austria Ireland Iceland Sweden Canada Finland Norway Belgium Portugal Slovenia Slovakia Hungary Australia Germany Denmark the guiding principles of effective 10 MEXICO 317,5 0,03 2,52 Switzerland Netherlands Luxembourg New Zealand New United States United development cooperation asserted

United Kingdom United at the forum in Busan was that part- * GDP of recipient countries ner countries are responsible for set-

08 09 but higher than the other two cat two other the than higher but tutions”,quartile lowest the in still Germany21st“Fosteringis in Insti cooperation.development German in involved bodies government of number sheer the to due partially 26th, also is Germany category, Burden”“Reducing the In small. ly comparative is LDCs for spending Germany’sthat ODAis this for son rea major a countries; 27 of out 26th ranks Efficiency”,it imising “Max of terms In pack. the of rest the behind is Germany respects, other all In OECD-DAC. to mitted general quality of the ODA data sub Initiative(IATI)theency as well as TransparAid International the in membershipits by boosted is score “Transparencyly Learning”.and Its public administration. and governance of quality the to ly process could contribute significant implementationthe in moreclosely actorssociety civil and government localInvolving projects. own their listed in the QuODA Index, name Index,QuODA the in listed categories four the of one only in highly scores Germany countries, In comparison to other donor other to comparison In 500 300 200 400 100 In USDmillion;Source: OECD(ODA), Heidelberg Institute forInternational 0 PRIMARY RECIPIENTOFGERMANODA FORLEAST 478

Afghanistan Conflict Research2019 (conflictstatus);Date: January DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN2017 249 Yemen

Somalia 223

Ethiopia 155 ------South 152 development cooperation. effectiveof principles Busan the to adherence its of virtue by egories Sudan 141 TRANSPARENCY AND LEARNING = = =

DR Congo = WAR ODA ACCORDING TO THEFOURCATEGORIES OFTHE 88 NOVIOLENCE LOCALISED WAR VIOLENTCONFLICT

Bangladesh Part I — Analysis 74 DIAGRAM OFEFFECTIVENESS OFGERMAN 10

0,25 Mali 68 = Uganda AND 13MULTILATERAL DONORS AVERAGE VALUE FOR27DONORCOUNTRIES 67 Malawi MAXIMISING EFFICIENCY Source: CGD;Date:2018

QUODA INDEX – 0,55 REDUCING BURDEN another, it can help give both gov both give help can it another, Forothers. in duplicated needlessly and areas some in underfunded is work which in situations preventing organisations,implementing thereby and donors between coordination better to lead can it thing, one For ways.multiple in cooperation ment develop of effectiveness improvethe help can groups target and regions, much funding goes to which projects, how about Information operation. co development in transparency to commitment a includes which initiative, Partnership Government Open the joined also Germany san. Bu in forum the at reinforced ples princi the of Transparencyone was public funds. of use effective more and spending local for planning budget improved include governments local for efits country.Ben own their in projects development financed externally of overview useful a South Global the in actors society civil and ernment – 0,70 PROGRESS INTERMSOF TRANSPARENCY – 0,20 INSTITUTIONS FOSTERING

------FederalForeign theOffice, is which example,this thefollow particularly ODAprovide that shouldministries Other format. IATI the with ance accord in and basis monthly a on – KfW and GIZ through expenditure including – spending own its on data published has (BMZ) opment Devel and Cooperation Economic 2017,Since Federalthe for Ministry areunable to otherwise be reviewed. commitmentscountries’ donor the prerequisiteaccountabilityfor since a also is information this to Access The QuODA Index isbasedonthedataandindicesofrelevant The Quality of Official Development Assistance(QuODA) ofOfficialDevelopment IndexThe Quality values deviating inbothpositiveandnegativedirections.values deviating This means that the values reflect the relative position of one country means thatthevaluesreflect the relative positionofonecountry for theindividualdimensions,givingcontext toanindividual ing data from theGlobalPartnershiping datafrom for Effective Development institutions, suchasinformation provided bytheOECD, monitor indicators: institutions in terms of donor fulfilment ofobligationsthathaveinstitutions intermsofdonorfulfilment to theothersrather thanabsolutedevelopments. this index 27donorcountriesand13 evaluates multilateral takes acloserlookatthestandard assistance ofdevelopment Co-operation (GPEDC),andtheWorldCo-operation Bank Worldwide Gov been proven tocontributetheeffectiveness ofODA. The2018 bytheCentrebeing provided. Devised for GlobalDevelopment, country’s figures. Thenumberzero (0) represents themean, with ernance Indicators. Thecollectedvaluescanbeeasilycompared edition oftheQuODA Index explores four dimensionsusing24 “Transparency of theODA andLearning” assessesthequality In the“Reducing Burden” category, adonorreceives agood “Fostering Institutions” thedonor’s evaluates contribution “Maximising Efficiency” assessesstrategic decisions to recipient’s priorities. to long-term institutional development inrelation totheto long-terminstitutionaldevelopment distribute ODA throughout countriesandsectorsaswell data aswellthescopeofdonors’ evaluations. availability for recipientavailability countries. coordinating withotherdonors. score if they prevent ODAscore prevent ifthey redundancies andfragmentation by QuODA-Index - - countries. Since 2003, the Center the 2003, Since countries. partner the in development on ence influ an have countries donor the in policy of fields other Manyalone. ODA through met be cannot tives objec cooperation Development Germany. eodlret ore f D in ODA of source second-largest REQUIRES POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT COHERENCE Compass 2019 11

- - and malnutrition by 2030.by malnutrition and hunger from people million 500 saveto countries G7 other the with work to undertook government the Elmau, in Declaration Summit G7 sued at the International Conference is was which Nutrition, on ration achieved. arebeinggoals actually the whether assess to able are that mechanisms accountability sufficient or plans implementation any by backed not are understanding of memoranda However,these agreement. alition co 2018 the in promise this erated 2020.by nutrition offield the in interventions for lion mil 200 EUR additional an pledged it example, for 2013, in Summit Growth for Nutrition the At years. five past the in occasions multiple onmalnutrition and hunger ducing re to strongly more commit to ised FederalThe prom has Government cooperation. development its of effectiveness the to addition in environment the and security,fields, including cy finance, poli these of several in provements im make potentially could it yet, Better place. third for Finland with tying high, remarkably ranks many Ger 2018), (for CDI current the In trade,ment, security, migration.and technology,finance, environ ation, cooper development assessed: are fields policy Seven countries. alised industri of orientation development theevaluating to approachbroader a takeswhich Index(CDI), velopment published the Commitment to De to Commitment the published has (CGD) Development Global for targets defined in the Rome Decla Rome the in defined targets theto commitment its declared also AND NUTRITIONSECURITY, h Fdrl oenet has Government Federal The RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOCUS NEEDSTO BE AND HUMANITARIAN GROWTH INFOOD AGRICULTURE, ASSISTANCE; IMPROVED 05

06 In 2015, in theIn2015,in

It reit It

------Part I — Analysis Compass 2019 on Nutrition in 2014, as well as the irrigation, marketing, land rights, are represented by Green Innovation novation and adaptation to local con- objectives set out in Agenda 2030, agricultural research, soil fertility Centres founded in 14 countries as ditions 11 in particular the second objective, improvement, financial services for part of the initiative. Their goal is to Despite being in need of some which aims to eliminate all forms of IATI — New Technological farmers, and capacity building for increase crop yields, raise income, amendments, SEWOH remains a cru- malnutrition by 2030. groups such as cooperatives. This up- and create food processing jobs. They cial instrument for fulfilling the Fed- It is a challenge to calculate the Standard for Greater ward trend can be largely attributed prioritise market-based value chains, eral Government’s commitment to re- expenditure involved in achieving to the international commitments which predominantly help farming ducing hunger and malnutrition; this sustainable food and nutrition securi- Transparency in Development that Germany accepted and fulfilled operations that already fulfil the con- is particularly the case with regard to ty. This term encompasses two types under the auspices of the G8/G7 and ditions for a market-oriented busi- the second sustainable development of measure: nutrition-specific meas- Cooperation the G20. This expenditure includes ness approach. goal, namely “Zero Hunger” (SDG 2). ures, which deal with direct causes of major contributions to multilateral To help reduce malnutrition For this reason, the initiative should In the past, OECD-DAC statistics have served as the main source malnutrition, and nutrition-sensitive institutions, such as the Interna - on a meaningful level, one explicit be extended to 2030. of data regarding public expenditure on development coopera- measures, which have an indirect ef- tional Fund for Agricultural Devel- goal for these measures should be The Rural Development category tion. OECD-DAC is also the forum in which donor countries set fect on nutrition. opment (IFAD). German financing to bring about improvements to the encompasses projects located in rural uniform reporting standards. However, these donor countries Direct causes include both in- has helped IFAD to structure its aid nutrition situation of the most vul- areas that address issues beyond food report to OECD-DAC only once a year. The International Aid adequate nutritional intake in terms policies and measures along nutri- nerable groups. The cultivation and production while potentially affect- Transparency Initiative (IATI) was founded in 2008 to facilitate of quantity and/or quality as well as tion-sensitive lines. 09 consumption of nutritious and local- ing rural food and nutrition security a decentralised reporting system. illnesses that prevent the body from BMZ’s One World – No Hunger ly available food should be promoted (whether directly or indirectly). Al- IATI developed an open data format that can be used by properly absorbing nutrients, e.g. di- special initiative (SEWOH) has been more strongly, as should rapid, local though rural development expend- any donor, whether public or private. Data sets are entered into arrhoea. Projects that address these contributing to increases in expend- marketing options for fresh, afforda- iture has fluctuated in the past ten the IATI register and can be updated by the donor at any time. problems fall under the OECD-DAC iture in the food and agricultural ble food. 10 The farmers’ expertise years, a steady increase in funding for This offers all donors the opportunity to publish data at their category of “Basic Nutrition”. How- sector since 2014. Its flagship pro - and potential should be utilised even rural development has materialised discretion. Additional information about financed projects can ever, this category does not provide grammes in the agricultural sector more thoroughly in order to drive in- starting in 2015, with spending rising also be entered. At the same time, this format is compatible with the full picture since several relevant OECD-DAC reporting standards, meaning that nothing needs measures are part of larger, integrat- to be repeated. The publication of data in the IATI format gives ed programmes and are therefore civil society actors and scientists a simple way to access, analyse, GERMAN ODA FOR BASIC NUTRITION, AGRICULTURE, placed in other categories. and compare current data AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Germany’s expenditure in this In USD million; Source: OECD Creditor Reporting System; sector is in a state of flux. Until 2012, Date: January 2019 it stagnated at an insignificant level of between USD 3 and 4 million. In ing nutrition-sensitive measures. The The agricultural sector warrants a 2013, it suddenly shot up by a factor Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) network closer look because investments in 1 000 of ten to around USD 32 million, addressed this issue by developing a nutrition-sensitive measures are not peaking at USD 52 million in 2015. marker similar to the one used for reflected in past OECD-DAC data, Afterwards, it fell again to a moderate projects relevant to the climate. This and sufficient quantity and quality in USD 18 to 19 million. The 2015 spike marker was accepted by the OECD in terms of food production represent a 800 can largely be attributed to spend- 2018 and is set to be implemented by basic requirement when it comes to ing in conjunction with the conflict donors by no later than 2020. It ac- food security. The International Food in Yemen. All the same, the Federal counts for projects that target nutri- Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 600 Government’s investment in basic tion status improvements in sectors contends that growth in the agricul- nutrition measures increased sixfold such as agriculture, the drinking wa- tural sector has three times the effect between 2008 and 2017. In the past, ter supply, social security, and wom- on reducing hunger and poverty in no shared system existed for assess- en’s empowerment. comparison to other sectors. 08 400 In contrast to the global trend, which shows this expenditure to be stagnating, Germany more than 200 tripled its ODA in the agricultural “We aim to lift 500 sector from USD 178 to 620 million between 2008 and 2017. These in- 0 million people in developing creases were already significant by 2014; in the three years after that, the countries out of hunger amount more than doubled. This has 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 secured Germany a prominent posi- and malnutrition by 2030.” tion among the DAC countries. = AGRICULTURE = RURAL DEVELOPMENT = BASIC NUTRITION This is a wide-ranging catego - G7 SUMMIT DECLARATION IN ELMAU, 2015 ry, encompassing measures such as

12 13 Part I — Analysis Compass 2019

GERMAN ODA FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE In USD million; Source: OECD Creditor Reporting System; Date: January 2019

2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

= EMERGENCY AID AND RELATED SERVICES = RECONSTRUCTION AID AND REHABILITATION MEASURES = DISASTER PREVENTION AND RISK REDUCTION

from USD 128 to 150 million in 2016 INCREASE the observation that funds for dis - and then again to USD 169 million in IN HUMANITARIAN aster prevention and risk reduction 2017. This rise bucked the downward ASSISTANCE are lagging behind, comparatively trend among DAC countries. COMPONENT OF speaking. In light of current and In 2017, these funds financed ru- GERMAN ODA developing conflicts due to climate ral infrastructure and programmes for change-related resource shortages, creating employment and alternative The past five years have seen a steady prevention programmes are becom- sources of income. Efforts to create fu- rise in the funds provided by Germa- ing ever more important. Develop- ture prospects in rural areas are cate- ny for emergency aid. In 2017, this ing countries have the greatest need gorically beneficial. However, it is im- figure amounted to USD 1.93 billion of increased funding for conflict portant to ensure that such measures or approximately nine percent of the prevention and early-warning sys- reach vulnerable groups, in particular total German ODA. Between 2012 tems so that potential emergencies young people and women. 12 Projects and 2017, while global humanitarian and crises may be warded off more focussing on food security were also assistance was doubling. 13 Germany’s successfully. Prevention before the prominently represented in this ex- contribution increased nearly eight- fact is much more cost effective than penditure category in 2017. Integrated fold. Expenditure for reconstruction dealing with damage repair after- approaches that combine measures has recently also risen, albeit less sig- wards. 14 from various sectors are especially nificantly. The OECD’s latest State of Fra- promising, incorporating health, so- These figures demonstrate that gility report 15 reveals a similar trend. cial security, water supply, hygiene, Germany recognises its global re - ODA is focussed on just a few coun- Part II: and education while pursuing coop- sponsibilities and does indeed help tries in crisis, with only two percent eration with governments and decen- people in need. However, it is cru - of ODA going towards conflict pre- IICommentary on the Federal tralised management structures. cial to qualify this statement with vention and peace promotion. Government‘s Africa Policy

14 15 Part II — Africa Policy Compass 2019

Federal Government at both the in- of Economics and Technology, the tions. In addition to the initial three tra- and interdepartmental levels. Federal Ministry of Economic Co - Reform countries (Côte d’Ivoire, AFRICA NEEDS BOLD Due to the current direction taken operation and Development (BMZ), Ghana, and Tunisia), partnerships by domestic political discourse, these the Federal Ministry of Education negotiations with three more coun- papers are increasingly addressing and Research, and the Federal Minis- tries (Ethiopia, Morocco, and Sene- migration and refugees issues, with try of the Environment, Nature Con- gal) began in autumn 2018. SOLUTIONS the result that measures to reduce servation and Nuclear Safety. The Federal Ministry of Edu - migration and the promotion of pri- In the new BMZ strategy paper cation and Research and the Fed - vate investment are gaining traction. titled “Development Policy 2030” eral Ministry of the Environment, Specifically, the Marshall Plan (November 2018), it announced that Nature Conservation and Nuclear with Africa (January 2017) is a BMZ development assistance will be re - Safety are also pursuing their own initiative intended to establish a structured in favour of an approach political strategies for Africa. The “new partnership with Africa” where focussing on “funding and promot- guidelines for the Africa policy, re - a comprehensive approach based ing” and that the number of part - vised under the direction of the Fed- on three pillars is pursued: “Econo- ner countries will be reduced ac - eral Foreign Office, are intended to Africa has been a priority for the with impoverished populations de- areas) are not benefiting from the my, Commerce, and Employment”, cordingly. A variety of development constitute the Federal Government’s Federal Government since 2015. spite a wealth of natural resources economic upswing. The primary “Peace and Security”, and “Democra- measures have now been combined primary strategic document. The re- Issues relating to migration and ref- (Nigeria, Mozambique) to extreme- problem is jobless growth, i.e. too cy and the Rule of Law”. under the label “A Future at Home” vised and expanded guidelines were ugees – including migration from ly fragile countries 16 wracked by few jobs being created 20. This makes Under the direction of the Fed- (German: Perspektive Heimat) in not yet available as of the time of go - Africa via the Mediterranean – have war and violence (DR Congo, South the growing number of young people eral Ministry of Finance, the Com- order to encourage people to remain ing to press. become increasingly visible in poli- Sudan). Africa simply cannot be without any future prospects one of pact with Africa was initiated during at home or return to their place of From Welthungerhilfe’s per- tics and the media. The Federal Gov- reduced to the stereotype of being the continent’s greatest challenges. Germany’s G20 presidency with the origin. spective, these new strategy papers ernment issued guidelines for Africa a place of either pure disaster or Estimates project that half of Africa’s goal of creating jobs and improving The Federal Government is en- and initiatives do not follow Agen- policy during the preceding legisla- boundless opportunity. population will be under 18 years of conditions for private investment, tering new partnerships with Com- da 2030 or human rights closely tive period, and BMZ has increased age by 2035. 21 especially for infrastructure projects. pact countries (headed by BMF) and enough. How they fall short is de - its focus on the African continent Welthungerhilfe believes the The Federal Ministry of Eco - Reform countries (headed by BMZ) to tailed below. through a series of special initiatives. HUNGER REMAINS Federal Government’s Africa policy nomics and Technology’s Pro! Afri- implement its new Africa policy. 22 The current Federal Government has A PROBLEM DESPITE should address this complex prob - ca initiative combines measures for Governments seeking to join the On promoting private investment: expanded its level of political en - PROGRESS lem with an approach adapted to the economic development with part- Compact must commit to a policy It is encouraging that German busi- gagement in Africa. respective context. This approach nerships in areas such as energy and matrix 23 with macro-economic indi- nesses want to become more in - Working with other wealthy The nutrition situation also calls for a should pursue the Sustainable De - digitalisation. cators. So far, twelve countries have volved in Africa; private investment countries, the Federal Government nuanced approach. Since the turn of velopment Goals set out in Agenda In an effort to connect German joined the initiative: Benin, Burkina is indispensable for socio-economic can help mitigate and overcome the the millennium, hunger and under- 2030 and observe human rights, in- companies with African govern - Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, development. However, more must key political, socio-economic, and nutrition in Africa South of the Sa- cluding economic, social, and cultur- ments, the Federal Government Senegal, Togo, Ethiopia, Rwanda, be done if such investments are to environmental challenges faced by hara have been reduced by a total of al rights as well as the human right organised a major investment sum- Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. clearly promote development. The Africa – and which also affect Eu - one third, as evidenced by the Global to food. The Africa policy should be mit and announced a development Reform countries must meet ad- Federal Government should ensure rope. However, priority should be Hunger Index 17. However, the rates of based on partnerships and build on investment fund that includes the ditional criteria 24 in the areas of that investments made abroad by its given to the people of Africa, who undernutrition, growth stunting, and the commitments and programmes AfricaConnect fund for German and corruption, good governance, and own departments or by German de- are seeking opportunities to lead a child mortality remain very high in adopted by the African Union in the European investment in Africa, Afri- business-friendly framework condi- velopment banks do good work, help life of dignity and freedom. many countries, such as the Central form of Agenda 2063, and should ca Grow for small and medium-sized African Republic and Chad. A total bolster the population’s stake in po- African enterprises, and the Africa of 236 million people in Africa South litical, social, and economic process- commercial network. NO SUCH THING of the Sahara do not have enough to es. Finally, Germany’s Africa policy The Federal Government’s inter- AS “AFRICA” eat 18. In Somalia, South Sudan, and should be coherent, consistent, and departmental benchmark paper “Afri- Nigeria, more than ten million peo- in agreement with other donor coun- can Economic Development: Challeng- One of the greatest challenges is ple were threatened by famine in tries, especially from those within es and Options” (June 2017) describes “One of the stems from the immense complex- 2017–2018 due to a potent combina- the EU. how the various initiatives can be greatest challenges ity and diversity of the continent; tion of armed conflict and drought 19. consolidated and presented as Ger- “Africa”, as such, does not exist. The By contrast, Ghana, for example, was many’s contribution to the Compact for any Africa continent consists of 54 countries, able to significantly improve its nutri- A RANGE with Africa. For this purpose, an each of which faces different obsta- tion situation as a whole. OF INITIATIVES interdepartmental group for Africa policy is posed by cles requiring different solutions. The development of poverty AND NEW was formed, comprising permanent The spectrum ranges from countries is comparably complex. Although POINTS OF FOCUS secretaries from the German Chan- the continent’s enjoying extended economic growth poverty has been reduced in many cellery, the Federal Foreign Office and a higher level of development African countries, broad swathes of Many new strategy papers and ini- (FFO), the Federal Ministry of Fi - immense complexity (Botswana, Ghana) to countries the population (especially in rural tiatives have taken shape within the nance (BMF), the Federal Ministry and diversity.”

16 17 Part II — Africa Policy Compass 2019 reduce poverty, and comply with studies have reached the conclusion aid objectives and commercial and ical dialogue has led to better com- International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Agriculture (BMEL), for exam- social, environmental, and human that the EUTF’s partner countries agricultural policy. The future re - munication and integration into the and the African Development Bank ple to include programmes whose rights standards. and projects are selected not on lationship between the European global market has improved, the de- (AfDB) – and investors. 30 This is aim is to revise national policies This is why the transformation the basis of need in terms of fight - Union and Africa (as well as other pendency on a limited number of ag- hardly the way to achieve inclusive and laws using these human rights- towards positive social change 25 also ing poverty, but according to their countries in the African, Caribbean, ricultural products and raw materials growth with equitable distribution based instruments. includes bolstering the efforts of migration profile. 28 and Pacific communities) will be persists. Development cooperation and a broad societal base. The One World – No Hunger spe- small and medium-sized enterpris- decided primarily by the post-Coto- has indeed succeeded in significant- cial initiative (SEWOH) should be es in the investment countries, e.g. On coherence: For Germany’s Afri - nou Agreement. An impact analysis ly reducing poverty, but incomes are developed as a strategic priority for through the transfer of technology. ca policy to correspond to the goals commissioned by the EU regarding still distributed unevenly. 29 THE POINTS MADE BMZ and extended beyond the cur- It would therefore constitute an ad- of Agenda 2030, coherence must the Cotonou Agreement to date drew ABOVE INSPIRE SIX KEY rent legislative period. SEWOH calls vantage for the development invest- be achieved between development mixed conclusions: although polit- On coordination: An interdepartmen- DEMANDS TO BE for capacity building and a more in- ment fund to support small and me- tal group for Africa at the permanent MADE OF THE FEDERAL tensive focus on the most vulnerable dium-sized enterprises, too. secretary level is tasked with coordi- GOVERNMENT demographics. Investment and inno- nating the various activities. How- WITH REGARD TO ITS vation in rural areas continue to be On migration reduction: The purpose ever, the African partner countries AFRICA POLICY: urgently needed in order to develop of development policies is to fight are currently being visited by dele - a productive, innovative, and ecolog- poverty. As a result, border enforce- gations from a range of federal min- ically sustainable agricultural sec- ment should not be implemented What the istries, indicating a lack of coordina- Explicitly Focussing on tor 34 (see Part I). using development assistance funds tion. An absence of unity regarding Fighting Hunger and Poverty: and, in particular, it should not be African Union‘s Agenda which direction to take is evident at Although representatives of the Fed- made a prerequisite for maintaining the EU level, too, especially between eral Government tend to refer to the Providing More Support to the latter. 2063 Says Germany and France. A unified, fight against hunger and poverty as the Least Developed Countries: The increasing entanglement of partnership-based European Africa something natural and obvious, it The focus on champions of reform domestic, refugee, and development policy would send a strong signal, continues to require explicit action entails the risk that more official policies is reflected in the Federal including to the new actors on the in order to avoid falling behind the development assistance (ODA) will Ministry of the Interior’s Migration One of the key normative operational frameworks for African African continent. other priorities. The basis for the go to relatively developed countries, Master Plan. The paradigm shift in countries is Agenda 2063, which has been adopted by the fight against hunger should be the leaving the least developed coun - development policy, which favours African Union (AU). This document also serves as a central On partnerships with Africa, building right to food as defined in the 1976 tries (LDC) much further behind migration management and combat- reference point for the political activities of civil society on Agenda 2063, and the participation International Covenant on Econom- and with an ever-diminishing level ting the root causes of displacement, organisations in Africa. Agenda 2030 was adopted in 2013 of civil society: Although the Federal ic, Social and Cultural Rights as well of support. Of the world’s 47 LDCs, is most clearly visible in the new to mark the 10th anniversary of the AU and was updated in Government acknowledges the Afri- as the Voluntary Guidelines in sup- 33 are in Africa. The OECD’s latest European development fund, the 2015. Based on Agenda 2030, it presents the African vision can Union’s Agenda 2063 in its strat- port of the same goals (FAO 2004) 31, States of Fragility report confirms EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa for the socio-economic transformation of the continent with egy papers, especially BMZ’s Mar- which offer guidance for fighting this picture. 35 It reveals that the ma- (EUTF), whose largest donor by far concrete goals for the next 50 years. Close consultation was shall Plan, it has so far shown little hunger from the victims’ point of jority of fragile states are in Africa, is Germany 26. The EUTF also serves sought with African civil society actors when Agenda 2063 indication of where and how its prac- view while taking their rights and while global ODA is focussed on a to finance the migration partner - was drafted. 57 tical implementation connects to the needs into consideration. few politically visible countries such ships introduced in 2016; to date, The seven objectives of Agenda 2063 include: growth African Union’s First Ten Year Imple- The Federal Government had as Syria and Afghanistan, leaving these partnerships have been estab- and sustainable development; good governance, respect mentation Plan, which is based on significantly advanced the devel- African countries such as Chad, Bu- lished with Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, for human rights, and the rule of law; security and peace; Agenda 2063. Instead, the Compact opment of the Voluntary Guide - rundi, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, and Senegal. According to and the political unity of the continent based on a common is based primarily on macro-econom- lines to support the right to food Mali, and Congo far behind. this arrangement, the provision of pan-African vision and identity. The New Partnership for ic and investment opportunity indi- and launched a variety of related Countries with a good level of development assistance hinges on Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is central to the implemen- cators, and is therefore paying too programmes; as a result, this pio - development and stable political improved migration management tation of Agenda 2063. At the 31st AU Summit in Nouakchott little attention to the environmental, neering effort deserves recognition. framework conditions are able to and the repatriation of refugees and in 2018, the African representatives decided to create a new socio-economic, and human rights The same goes for the UN coun - successfully fight hunger and pover- migrants. AU Development Agency (AU DA) as a successor to NEPAD. effects of the resulting activities in try guidelines 32 (FAO/CFS 2012), ty independently, as is demonstrated This approach contradicts the Going forward, AUDA will – as an autonomous agency and the respective country. which established the affected in the case of Ghana. Since 2006, 2017 27 EU consensus on develop - technical organ – be responsible for implementing all AU The lack of perspective could population’s right of ownership in Ghana has managed to cut rates of ment policy, which is based on the programmes, including the Comprehensive African Agricul- be offset by civil society organisa - terms of agricultural investment in extreme poverty in half. 36 Major Treaty of Lisbon and confirms that ture Development Programme (CAADP). 58 As the bridge be- tions from the partner countries or order to prevent land grabbing. 33 contributing factors to the coun - the overriding objective of develop- tween continental development strategies and their regional non-governmental organisations These human rights-based instru- try’s success included agricultural ment policy is to fight poverty. Even and national implementation 59, AUDA will serve as the point active in development aid. The ments should continue to form the investment and social security pro- if measures funded by the EUTF of contact for any external bilateral or multilateral partners Compact calls for broad stakeholder strategic framework for a coherent grammes37. In a multi-sectoral effort are all intended to improve living in the future. participation but limits the same par- anti-hunger policy. Furthermore, led by the National Development conditions and create food security, ticipation exclusively to the respec- the implementation of these instru- Planning Commission, the govern- the instrument’s objectives remain tive government, three international ments should be expanded by BMZ ment implemented anti-malnutrition in significant conflict. A variety of organisations – the World Bank, the and the Federal Ministry of Food measures in the sectors of health, ed-

18 19 Part II — Africa Policy Compass 2019 ucation, and agriculture. Strategic from the funded investment should ahead of Germany, having institut- for domestic security and national have been an integral component long-term structural development lessons learned in pilot programmes be substantiated and formalised ed legislation to regulate a duty of police organisations; activities in- in these countries in particular giv- measures in order to create sustaina- were then applied to other parts of in the agreements. To avoid dead care for human rights. 42 clude forensics training for fighting en their substandard human rights ble prospects for a dignified life. Pol- the country in conjunction with de- weight, government support should Observing the human right to transnational organised crime and records. 46 icy cooperation programmes should velopment partners. 38 primarily cover additional costs, food should be a binding compo - for border security as well as the Even if the ODA classification be structured to prioritise human Circumstances are much dif - for example training expenses for nent of sustainability strategies in construction of police and border is made in accordance with OECD- rights-based reforms within the se- ferent in countries that are mired small-scale farmers or for workers both the public and private sectors. guard outposts, police academies, DAC regulations, the benefit this curity sector with an emphasis on in armed conflict or led by gov - who would not otherwise have had To meet this requirement, public and forensics laboratories. This presents in terms of development reinforcing good governance and the ernments unwilling or unable to the chance of finding a job due to and private procurement practices took place in DR Congo, Côte d’Ivo - aid is highly questionable. More in- rule of law. guarantee basic social services for a lack of qualifications. In addition, should be systematically monitored ire, Cameroon, Mauritania, Niger, tensive border protection will not their citizens in terms of nutrition, the funding provided cannot be per- for compliance with standards at Nigeria, and Chad. Measures to re - dissuade people from leaving their education, and healthcare. Devel- mitted to damage the partner coun- each link in the supply chain. In con- inforce human rights were not list- country due to hunger, poverty, and/ Building on the African Un- opment cooperation helps save tries’ economies. junction with the Centre of Develop- ed despite the fact that they should or war. By contrast, this requires ion’s Programmes and Commit- lives and create prospects. With re - When investing in authoritar- ment Research (ZEF) and the World ments: The development frame- form-minded partners in positions ian countries that lack effective Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Wel- work for Africa is defined by Agenda of power, it can also help to bring control by parliament, media, or an thungerhilfe is developing the Food 2063, as adopted by the African Un- about structural change. This means independent justice system, human Security Standard (FSS), which ad- ion (AU). Programmes and commit- that Germany has to meet its in - rights should be considered very dresses the right to food at the local ments based on this document offer ternational obligation to spend be - carefully, especially for major invest- level in export-based agriculture, i.e. numerous concrete opportunities tween 0.15 and 0.2 percent of GNP ments in infrastructure, mining, or the first link of the agricultural value Welthungerhilfe for Germany and the EU to enter on LDCs, and should establish a large-scale agriculture. Although the chain. 43 Consulted on BMZ into development partnerships with step-by-step plan in order to achieve development banks KfW and DEG Africa. These opportunities should this goal. Food and nutrition secu - are well equipped to assess social, Strategy for be better reflected in the Feder - rity and the fight against poverty environmental, and human rights Not Subordinating Devel- al Government’s programmes and should be a focus for bilateral coop - standards, they should commission opment Policy to Migration Re- “Development Policy strategies. eration in the LDCs. an additional independent impact duction: Flight and migration from In the AU’s 2003 Maputo Decla- analysis for human rights in critical Africa through the Mediterranean 2030” ration, 47 which is part of its devel - cases. The affected population must have led the EU to attempt to ex - opment strategy titled “New Part- Structuring Private Invest- be clearly informed and involved in pand its border security activities nership for Africa’s Development” ment to Promote Development the planning process. 40 Information to incorporate countries in north - (NEPAD) and its Comprehensive Aid and Human Rights: More ef- about investing public funds must be ern African as well. German bilat - Based on a translation of the original text, Welthungerhilfe Africa Agriculture Development fort is required to structure private made available in Germany as well eral cooperation is also resulting in consulted on behalf of representatives of African civil society Programme (CAADP), African gov- investment in order to promote de - without recourse to banking confi- more projects for border manage - and other dialogue partners in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia. 60 ernments declared their commit- velopment aid. Following multiple dentiality. ment, 44 which are focussed on the The participants criticised the paper’s assumption that ment to fighting hunger by invest- evaluations, the German Institute The primary guidelines for the countries of origin, those along the resources are scarce, stating that the real problem is resource ing ten percent of their budgets in for Development Evaluation (DE- human rights obligations to be migration route, and the ones bor- distribution, which is also largely responsible for emigration. agriculture by 2025. In the “Malabo val) 39 reached the conclusion that met by the governments of the in - dering the Mediterranean. The participants further criticised the increasingly Declaration on Accelerated Agricul- although involving companies can, vestors’ countries of origin are de - Collaboration with authoritari- restrictive conditions attached to development assistance, tural Growth and Transformation in theory, lead to development goals fined by the UN Guiding Principles an and corrupt regimes constitutes proposing to instead build on AU initiatives and provide for Shared Prosperity and Improved being reached more effectively and on Business and Human Rights 41, a problem. Since 2016, for example, support for reform projects. The civil society organisations Livelihoods”, 48 they also set a new quickly, promises have thus far rare- which should be incorporated into Egypt has received EUR 2.8 million often refer to AU initiatives and commitments and would target in the fight against hunger: ly been kept. Entrepreneurial and every business strategy for Africa and Nigeria EUR 3.3 million for po- like to see their profile raised among the international public Stunting, a symptom of chronic un- development goals are generally not and elsewhere. Germany is imple - lice programmes and equipment. and African citizens. dernourishment in children under congruent, and the target groups menting the Guiding Principles Measures for border management On the topic of private investment, the participants five years of age, is to be reduced to for development aid are usually not through its National Action Plan for that serve to repel migration should underlined that the goal must be a “win-win” situation. ten percent, and underweight rates the preferred clientele or business Business and Human Rights; in this not be equated with development They consider the observation of human rights as well as to five percent. partners of such companies. On the context, the Federal Government is measures or classified as ODA. environmental and social standards to be a key issue. In The Federal Government places contrary, the companies receiving still counting on voluntary compli- By way of example, the fol - Burkina Faso, they pointed to the negative consequences great importance on fighting corrup- advice from GIZ, KfW, and DEG are ance and intends to anonymously lowing was counted as ODA in of unregulated gold mining in rural areas. In Ethiopia, tion. In this context it could partner primarily interested in risk minimi- audit individual companies at ran - 2017 45: support for Nigeria, the the hazardous working conditions in the country’s new with the AU Advisory Board on Cor- sation related to market develop - dom. Quite apart from this, the introduction of biometric person- textile industrial parks were mentioned. Private investment ruption, which has developed na - ment or to the procurement of raw Federal Government should work al identification, data programmes should offer dignified employment opportunities to young tional model legislation to facilitate materials. towards legally binding standards, for monitoring Nigeria’s land and people in particular. the adoption of the AU Convention Due to the variety of goals and as recommended in a BMZ report sea borders, and phase three of on Preventing and Combating Cor- interests, the social and ecologi - for a draft law. Other countries the Africa Police Programme. Tar- ruption at the national level. 49 Using cal benefit expected to be gained such as France are already one step get groups include the ministries this legislation as a basis, several Af-

20 21 Part II — Africa Policy Compass 2019 rican countries have already estab- mands were incorporated into the it is based on better knowledge and lished anti-corruption authorities, legislative process for the new land increased inclusion of African issues judicial instruments, and/or educa- laws, making it one of the most pro- and initiatives”. 54 The era in which tional campaigns. In discussion with gressive pieces of legislation on the ideas and programmes developed in Welthungerhilfe, the President of continent. 53 the Global North are simply tran - the Advisory Council, Bégoto Mari- Such success can be achieved scribed to Africa should be over by am, lamented that there is too little only if national civil society or - now. 55 It is similarly not enough for awareness of such initiatives in do - ganisations have the requisite re - heads of state and ministers to mere- nor countries and that they attract sources and freedom of action. The ly talk about cooperation and sign insufficient political and financial Federal Government should ensure various declarations. Civil society, support. that the issue of shrinking space is young people, and the economy in The Federal Government should consistently represented in polit- Africa and Europe should be much offer more technical and financial ical discourse, make better use of more involved in the dialogue about TUNISIA measures to build on and promote the tools available for defenders of the future of relations between the MOROCCO the implementation of the African human rights, and guarantee the two continents. Union’s initiatives and commitments protection of individual actors, for The countries of the Global ALGERIA LIBYA as well as its Agenda 2063. At the example via humanitarian visas. It North have lost a great deal of cred- EGYPT WESTERN same time, it should call on its Af - should therefore develop a coher - ibility in Africa, not only because of SAHARA rican partners to promote participa- ent strategy for protecting the free - their colonial history but due to their tion by civil society. doms of civil society based on regu - policies in more recent years. Other lar reporting by German diplomatic actors have long since entered both MAURITANIA missions. the political and economic arenas, NIGER Creating Political and Finan- Furthermore, development with the diplomatic vacuum in the ERITREA SENEGAL CHAD cial Freedom for Civil Society work conducted by civil society AU and elsewhere being filled by GAMBIA MALI SUDAN BURKINA FASO Organisations: The curtailment of organisations should receive more other countries, in particular Chi- DJIBOUTI GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA civil society’s freedoms (“shrinking financial support. Many German na 56, Turkey, and Russia. BENIN NIGERIA SOMALIA space”) also poses a major politi - non-governmental organisations In this regard, current President ETHIOPIA SIERRA CÔTE GHANA D’IVOIRE CENTRAL AFRICAN cal challenge on the African con - have expanded their capacities and of Germany Frank-Walter Steinmei- LEONE REPUBLIC SOUTH SUDAN 50 TOGO tinent. In virtually every African can now assume a greater role in er set the right tone in his address LIBERIA CAMEROON country, the sphere of action of civil implementing Agenda 2030 in ad - in Addis Ababa during his latest trip EQUATORIAL society groups is shrinking to a less- dition to bi- and multilateral devel- to the African continent, saying: GUINEA UGANDA CONGO KENYA er or greater degree. 51 Sierra Leo- opment cooperation. They can do a “We Europeans need new, trusting SÃO TOMÉ GABON AND PRÍNCIPE RWANDA ne’s new Development Cooperation great deal to help build the capaci - partnerships with Ethiopia and as = LDC = NOT LDC BURUNDI Framework, for example, circum- ties of civil society organisations in many other African countries as DR CONGO scribes national and international partner countries and develop an - possible. We will only be able to find TANZANIA non-governmental organisations’ ti-poverty programmes that address solutions to global challenges if we = G20 COMPACT freedom to pursue political action the needs of the poorest members work together with you.” However, COUNTRIES and advocacy for disadvantaged de- of society. This is especially impor- this spirit is hardly reflected in Ger- = MARSHALL PLAN ANGOLA mographics. 52 tant in fragile and corrupt countries many’s current political discourse, MALAWI REFORM PARTNER ZAMBIA Civil society organisations in where opportunities for bilateral which is often dominated by inter- developing countries are often also cooperation are limited or absent ests pertaining to domestic, security, COUNTRIES* hampered by meagre revenue and entirely. and economic policies. As a nation, = EU MIGRATION ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA MOZAMBIQUE weak organisational structures. This we do not seem to understand that PARTNERSHIPS leads to competition for donations, Germany – which, unlike the UK BOTSWANA a lack of specialisation, and few op- FOR COOPERATION or France, was never a major actor *Ethiopia, Morocco, and portunities in terms of the long-term IN AFRICA in Africa – is continuing to lose im - Senegal have been MADAGASCAR SWAZILAND supervision of political processes. ON AN EQUAL portance on the continent and is negotiating for a reform LESOTHO Welthungerhilfe has first-hand expe- FOOTING therefore in no position to dictate partnership since 2018 SOUTH rience with how effective a well-or- conditions to its African partner AFRICA ganised civil society can be, with As former President of Germany countries. Solutions to the com - Liberia serving as a prime example: Horst Köhler asserted in a speech, plex challenges can only be found With the support of international “expanding political and economic in partnership with African coun - partners (namely financing from EU differentiation on the African con- tries, in dialogue with civil society, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT‘S PARTNERSHIPS and BMZ), the Liberian Civil Socie- tinent is pushing Germany’s Africa and in communication with other WITH AFRICAN COUNTRIES ty Working Group on Land Reform policy towards greater strategic dif- governments that are active on the Source: Generated by Welthungerhilfe using the following sources: BMZ (Marshall Plan with Africa, Com- was able to ensure that its key de - ferentiation. This can only work if continent. pact with Africa, Strategy Paper 2030), EC (Migration Partnership Framework) 61

22 23 Part III — ChildrenTeil III and — BeitragYoung Peoplevon terre in (Post-)des hommes Conflict Situations Compass 2019 MORE COHERENCE, MORE VEHEMENCE, MORE SUSTAINABILITY

Armed conflict threatens the lives There are a variety of government or post-conflict situations and there- of nearly one in five children 62 and civil society initiatives and aid fore categorised as politically fragile around the world. In this context, programmes that address the liv - (cf. chart on p. 10). ‘life-threatening’ means that combat ing situation of children and their is taking place within 50 kilometres families in conflict countries, with of the child’s residence. Since 1990, existing measures showing ways to FIGURES AND the number of children affected by support children and young people DATA war and violence has risen from in conflict situations on their path to around 200 million to 420 million. 63 leading a life without violence. Ger- Every war is a war against chil - In 2016, one in four young people man development cooperation often dren. 66 The United Nations defines (ages 15 to 29) was affected by vi - provides a successful and exemplary the most severe violations of chil - olent conflict; this equates to 408 contribution in this regard; howev- dren’s rights during armed conflict million people. 64 Children make up er, it does not always pursue a clear to be killing and maiming, recruit- around 40 to 50 percent of the total strategy, lacking clarity, coherence, ing and employing child soldiers, population of nine of the ten most and transparency in conflict manage- sexual violence, kidnapping, at - dangerous countries on earth for ment with and for children as part tacking schools and hospitals, and children (cf. chart on p. 27). 65 of an overarching operational peace denying access to humanitarian In addition to being victims of policy framework. Compatible meas- assistance. Following multiple reso- armed conflict, children and youths ures are often implemented individ- lutions by the UN Security Council, are often forced to participate in ually and in isolation, and some are these abuses are now being docu - violence, thereby becoming perpe- counteracted by the goals set in other mented via a global reporting and trators as well. Armed conflicts con- areas of policy. monitoring system supported by the stitute a heavy burden for people to This is despite the fact that fi - Federal Government. The UN Secre- bear in the future, too: Children who nances, at least, are not a problem, tary General’s annual report on the grow up in the midst of violence do with German ODA prioritising sup- situation of children in armed con- not develop a positive perspective port for countries caught up in war flict is based on this data. either for themselves or for the so - In 2017 alone, more than 21,000 ciety in which they live and become such severe abuses of children’s rights of age. This makes it very important were recorded by the UN. This repre- for peace and development policy, sents an increase of around 35 per- humanitarian assistance, and secu- cent compared to the approximately rity policy to protect children and 15,500 cases recorded in 2016. 67 young people from violence and to Due to a lack of access to con - offer them the opportunity to take on flict zones, limited legal recondi - a peacemaking role. Several aspects tioning, and the taboo nature of cer- Part III: Commentary on the Federal from policy fields with particular rel- 21 000 tain types of violence (in particular evance for children have been select- SEVERE ABUSES that of a sexual nature), the number Government‘s Role in Supporting ed for discussion below. This is not OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS of unreported cases is likely much intended to serve as a comprehen - WERE COMMITTED higher. This becomes evident when ChildrenIII and Young People in (Post-)Conflict sive report on the topic but rather to DURING CONFLICTS considering the example of the Situations highlight current gaps and problems. IN 2017 forced recruitment of child soldiers:

24 25 Part III — Children and Young People in (Post-) Conflict Situations Compass 2019

While the United Nations was able non-governmental organisations of humanitarian assistance is just as DANGEROUS COUNTRIES FOR CHILDREN, DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION to verify more than 56,000 cases warn of the consequences of the deadly as a bullet. FOR CONFLICT COUNTRIES, AND ARMS EXPORTS of child recruitment between 2005 rising number of famished and un - Wars and conflicts have a broad, Sources: OECD, CIA Factbook, Campaign Against Arms Trade; Date: March 2019 and 2017, non-governmental or - dernourished children in conflict intense impact on children’s chances ganisations are operating on the as- regions. 68 Children and young peo- to develop and survive. They suffer sumption of figures of up to 250,000 ple in South Sudan and Yemen are the physical effects of war wounds, children under 18 years of age based especially hard-hit, as are those in limited medical care, and poor nu - German ODA for fragile Percentage of overall population Recipient countries of on their many years of experience Syria, Mali, and Myanmar. Under- trition, and this is exacerbated by and conflict countries (2017) made up by children under 15 years arms exports (2000–2017) in project and advocacy work. The nutrition, a lack of drinking water, the trauma caused by the violence, in USD million of age (in white) 98 in EUR million 99 exponential increase in the denial the resulting diseases, and poor which can lead to a wide variety of of access to humanitarian assistance medical care are now killing more mental illnesses. 70 Negative coping Central African has had drastic consequences for children than bombs, grenades, and mechanisms are no less relevant; 46,6 40 % 2,7 2007-17 the survival of children. A range of bullets. 69 For children, the blockade for example, war and conflict have Republic resulted in a renewed increase of forced marriages for young girls in such regions. This phenomenon CASES OF GRAVE ABUSES OF can be observed in South Sudan and Afghanistan 478,4 41 % 390 2002-17 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS CONCLUSIVELY VERIFIED Yemen as well as among Syrian ref- BY THE UNITED NATIONS ugees and the Rohingya in Bangla - Source: CAAC reports; Date: December 2018 desh. 71 The consequences of war and violence follow children into adult- Somalia 39 % 11 hood and often for the rest of their 222,9 lives. They affect the parenting of ~ 83 000 KILLING AND their own children later on, thereby 2005 - 2017 including approx. 10,000 MUTILATION in each of influencing the lives of subsequent 3700 Saudi Arabia 2016 and 2017 alone generations as well. Yemen 249,0 43 % 2800 UAE The cited figures and data reveal 64,5 Bahrain (2001–2017) 14,5 Yemen an urgent need for action with re - gard to implementing the numerous FORCED 2005 - 2017 56 140 UN resolutions on the protection of RECRUITMENT children and young people in con - South Sudan 151,5 42 % 9 2011-17 flict zones. The Federal Government must wield its influence to ensure that child protection regulations are SEXUAL 900 observed during armed conflict. It Democratic 2017 plus many unreported Republic of the 41 % 4,3 VIOLENCE should use its time as a member of 141,2 cases Congo the UN Security Council specifically for this purpose. ~ 16 000 Mali 74,1 48 % 24 2006-17 KIDNAPPING 2005 - 2017 including 1,600 in 2017 alone by STRATEGIES AND al-Shabaab in Somalia INITIATIVES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 16,7 Syria (2002-17) 2400 Qatar Syria 31 % ATTACKS ON 879,8 3700 Saudi Arabia SCHOOLS AND 2005 - 2017 15 890 In the past two decades, the Federal (see above) HOSPITALS Government has signed significant UN resolutions for the protection of children in armed conflict while Nigeria 280,5 42 % 57,4 DENYING ACCESS actively participating in the revi - TO HUMANITARIAN 2010- 2017 69 1 014 1 436 sion of standards at the diplomat - 2010 2016 2017 ASSISTANCE ic level. During Germany’s term as head of the UN Security Council in 2011/2012, the decision was made to Iraq 534,3 39 % 728,9 2003-17 also include militias and government armies responsible for attacks on hos-

26 27 Part III — Children and Young People in (Post-) Conflict Situations Compass 2019 pitals and schools in the Council’s tion and describe in great detail how ernment projects for development emphasised at the Munich Security list of shame. 72 The Federal Govern- to approach each phase of a conflict cooperation, thereby strengthening Conference, German defence spend- ment is currently advocating for the and what the areas of activity and the active role of children and young ing is projected to grow from 1.18 to UN RESOLUTION 2250 empowerment of women and girls instruments for promoting peace people. The action plan presents 1.5 percent of GDP between 2015 in conflict situations. 73 Despite this are in the partner countries. The several projects and measures in the and 2024. Under current conditions, step in the right direction, there are role of children and young people, areas of “Peace, Security, Flight”, this would mean a jump from EUR still key standards and agreements re- however, is barely acknowledged. “Protection from Violence and Dis- 33 billion to approximately EUR 60 01. Urges Member States to garding human rights and children’s Concrete measures to empower crimination”, “Participation”, and billion. 79 However, more money for consider ways to increase rights that the Federal Government them and enable them to assume an “Poverty and Nutrition” in the re - defence alone will not bring about has chosen not to sign or observe. active role in long-term crisis pre - gions of Africa, MENA, Asia and world peace, as the Chancellor also inclusive representation of youth This includes the Straight-18 vention efforts, non-violent conflict Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and pointed out. Leaving aside the polit- standard, which prohibits the re - management, and peace promotion the Caucasus. These projects and ical considerations that come from in decision-making at all cruitment of minors into armies and are relegated to the margins. The na- measures extend the opportunities linking the defence budget to the levels in local, national, regional armed groups, 74 and ILO Convention tional action plan to implement UN and chances offered by German de- development budget as announced No. 169 on the protection of indige- Resolution 1325 is another relevant velopment cooperation to children in the Coalition Agreement, such a and international institutions nous peoples, who are generally left political programme, with its pur- in conflict situations. However, it rise in defence spending should be to the mercy of war and conflict. For pose being to give women and girls a is unclear whether the areas of ac - accompanied by a massive increase and mechanisms for the prevention a long time, the Federal Government greater role in conflict management. tivity and components of conflict in funding for civil conflict manage- and resolution of conflict. sought to put the brakes on the Safe Although women and girls are fre - management will systematically ment in order to offer young people Schools Declaration, although it has quently referenced in the document, contribute to an overarching child in war and post-conflict situations The Resolution 2250 on calls for political, financial, since endorsed this commitment. they are virtually always referred to rights strategy comprising concrete, opportunities and hope for the future Youth, Peace and Security technical, and logistical The third International Congress for as a unit (“women and girls”) and feasible projects; similarly, there is a while contributing to international (2015) acknowledges the support for the participation Safe Schools is set to take place in almost never as the target group of a lack of clarity regarding what rela - security through development aid. central role played by young of young people in peace Spain in May 2019. The Federal Gov- specific measure. At the same time, tionship the action plan has to oth - people in peace processes. processes. It focusses on so- ernment could take this opportunity the action plan emphasises that boys er relevant guidelines issued by the Children and young people cial and political movements to demonstrate the concrete steps must be part of the effort to disman- ministry (e.g. Development Policy FINANCIAL are to be empowered as as well as pro-peace and 76 it has taken up to now as part of its tle violent gender role stereotypes. for Peace and Security) and other ENGAGEMENT agents of change with regard anti-conflict measures at 75 commitment to the Declaration. However, this action plan also lacks departments. to long-term approaches to the local and national levels A critical analysis of the Feder- a comprehensive conflict manage- UN Resolution 2250 on the role On the international stage, the crisis prevention and non-vi- that are led and implement- al Government’s course of action is ment policy focussed on children and of young people in peace processes Federal Government is performing olent conflict management ed by young people and con- presented below, addressing existing young people. (see inset on following page) along credibly in terms of crisis preven - while assuming a positive, tribute to the development political guidelines, financial engage- For its part, BMZ has devel - with a series of other UN resolutions tion and peace promotion. Between active role in preventing of more peaceful societies ment, and the focus on issues pertain- oped an action plan for the imple - regarding children’s rights clearly de- 2007 and 2016, Germany was the and counteracting violent characterised by democratic ing to education and arms exports. mentation of the rights of children fine a normative operational frame- third-largest ODA donor in this field extremism. The Resolution and integrative governance. and young people titled “Agents work that should be adopted as poli- (2017: USD 548 million). 80 Further- of Change”. Its objective is to use cy. Such a policy would be consistent more, the Federal Foreign Office POLITICAL various areas of focus and regional with similar obligations from other has a robust budget for humanitar- GUIDELINES priorities to integrate the rights of relevant areas, for example the Com- ian assistance and crisis prevention children and young people into gov- pact for Young People in Humanitar- that now amounts to EUR 2 billion Since 2016, BMZ has provided funds by tracking these efforts and making The rights of children and young peo- ian Action, which the Federal Gov- for 2019. Children and young peo - amounting to EUR 230 million to them visible, it opens the door for ple have long since received far too ernment signed in 2016. 77 ple also benefit from these funds, fight trauma and improve the mental further development. little consideration with regard to the The Federal Government should though it is difficult to estimate health of children. In total, the Feder- development of political government develop a clear strategy to imple - how much help they ultimately re - al Government has paid out EUR 1.51 programmes for conflict management UN Resolution 2250 compre- ceive because reporting is usually billion to UNICEF since 2015, noting MORE SUSTAINABILITY ment. This can be seen, for example, hensively and with sufficient finan- limited to global budgets and the that the organisation is especially ac- AND TRANSPARENCY in the Federal Guidelines published cial resources. The progress study budgets for individual initiatives tive in conflict zones. 82 ON THE TOPIC OF CHILD in September 2017 titled “Preventing “The Missing Peace” could serve as and programmes. In addition, BMZ All in all, however, the Feder - SOLDIERS Crises, Managing Conflicts, Promot- a blueprint for this process. 78 This provided financial support amount- al Government’s strategy lacks the ing Peace”. These guidelines are the 8.5 means that holistic, interdepartmen- ing to USD 289 million to the UN requisite interdepartmental trans- The reintegration of former child result of a debate conducted under BILLION USD IS tal approaches need to be developed Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in 2018 parency for empowering children soldiers is a key component of peace the motto of “PeaceLab2016: Inno- EDUCATION in accordance with the guidelines (budget for 2019: USD 509 million). and young people in the areas of processes and should receive in - vative Crisis Prevention!” and with FUNDING FOR HUMANI- titled “Preventing Crises, Managing The main recipients are Lebanon, conflict prevention, humanitarian creased and more liable funding. 83 broad participation from the spheres TARIAN ASSISTANCE Conflicts, Promoting Peace”, thus Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, South Sudan, assistance, and peace promotion in Between 2008 and 2017, Germany’s of politics, civil society, science, as- IN CONFLICT allowing relevant measures to be Somalia, Syria, and Yemen, all of (post-)conflict situations. Such trans- annual ODA for preventing and de- sociations, and the economy. The COUNTRIES SHORT BY adopted from other schemes. which are suffering from conflicts of parency should apply to all German mobilising child soldiers was quite guidelines prioritise crisis preven- PER YEAR As Chancellor Merkel recently varying intensity. 81 engagement in this important field; modest, averaging at USD 1.06 mil-

28 29 Part III — Children and Young People in (Post-) Conflict Situations Compass 2019

issue of child soldiers, a lack of trans- have gained traction in recent years, In light of the global need for educa- parency paired with unstable funding so the topic of education has been tion funding, BMZ should turn words GERMAN DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS are making it difficult to take a long- receiving more political attention as into concrete action by significantly (PREVENTION AND DEMOBILISATION) term approach to the issue. well, especially for Sub-Saharan Afri- increasing the resources available for In USD million; Source: OECD Creditor Reporting System; Date: January 2019 ca and the MENA region. Education this purpose. Ten percent of all ODA is a practical priority for BMZ in ten funds should go towards elementa- EDUCATION partner countries, several of which are ry education, especially in conflict affected by conflict, including Yemen, countries with particularly high drop- 2,5 In 2017, crises and conflicts 86 pre- Jordan, and Lebanon. Overall, there is out rates and children who have nev- vented 25 million children around more funding available for supporting er been able to go to school. the world from attending school and education in conflict and crisis areas, Outside of BMZ, the issue of ed- left around 75 million children in but binding targets for long-term sus- ucation is not yet being sufficiently 2,0 urgent need of help to gain access to tainability are lacking. 91 represented in the budget lines for education. Humanitarian assistance The Federal Government has humanitarian assistance. In 2016, the does not prioritise education enough. traditionally prioritised bilateral de- Federal Government invested 1.4 per- Only two percent of globally availa- velopment cooperation, which is cent of its humanitarian assistance 1,5 ble funding goes toward education, why it has been reluctant to invest in education projects. However, the resulting in an annual shortfall of in multilateral funds, allotting only Global Campaign for Education is around USD 8.5 billion. 87 Education ten percent of expenditure in 2016, calling for this figure to be increased 1,0 should also be a key component of including multilateral funds that to around eight percent in order to peace promotion. High-quality, con- focus on children in conflict zones. meet the existing need in conflict flict-sensitive approaches to educa- Germany is a founding member of situations. The immense challenges tion can greatly contribute to peace the Global Partnership for Education, that come with managing crises and 0,5 promotion and the creation of a safe to which the Federal Government conflicts mean that effective interde- environment. 88 Political priorities, provided 1.74 percent of the organi- partmental coordination and trans- lesson plans, materials, and teachers sation’s total contributions between parency are crucial for education all play important roles in education. 2005 and 2018. Since 2018, the development. For its part, the Federal 0 Germany’s coalition agreement Federal Government has paid EUR Foreign Office must begin visibly pro- lists education as one of the priorities 18 million into the fund per year moting education. 93 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 for German development coopera- – a fifth of the EUR 100 million re - tion. Federal Development Minister quired according to the Global Cam- Gerd Müller is seeking to invest 25 paign for Education (a civil society ARMS EXPORTS percent of the BMZ budget in formal network including organisations in lion. However, the specific figure reaching child soldiers. This is in ad- reporting and monitoring system to and professional education in the Germany). The Federal Government Germany is one of the five largest fluctuates significantly from year to dition to projects in three countries allow incidents involving the recruit- long term. This is a necessary step in is also the third-largest donor to the exporters of small arms, 94 one of the year, suggesting that the correspond- in which civil war has been over for ment of minors or involving military the right direction. Excluding costs Education Cannot Wait fund, which deadliest categories of weapons. They ing programmes are not designed to some time: reconciliation following violence against minors to be recog- for post-secondary scholarships in specialises in crisis and conflict situa- have been described by former UN be sustainable in the long term. In the Khmer Rouge dictatorship in nised, resolved, and penalised. Germany, BMZ distributed approxi- tions; to date, it has donated EUR 31 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as this regard, Germany is following an Cambodia and professional education Additional payments were made mately EUR 1 billion across the glob- million. 92 The Global Campaign for the “weapons of mass destruction of international trend that can be ob - for young people in Sierra Leone and to the UN Central Emergency Re - al education sector in 2017, which Education recommends an annual in- the 21st century”. They are relatively served in many DAC countries and Liberia. In total, the measures listed sponse Fund (CERF) and human - equates to almost twelve percent vestment of EUR 50 million. cheap, easy to procure, and simple to the G7, even if those fluctuations are by the Federal Government amount- itarian national funds for aid pro - of BMZ’s EUR 8.5 billion budget or use, even for children. The UN Child less extreme on the whole. ed to a value of EUR 27.05 million. 84 jects, with a particular focus on four percent of total German ODA. 89 Rights Committee has repeatedly It is difficult to assess whether It also listed the work of a high-level highly vulnerable groups. However, However, only ten percent (2016) of pointed out that the availability of this data properly reflects official expert in Afghanistan on questions there is no way to quantify what funding is being earmarked as finan- small arms favours the recruitment of development assistance in this field. pertaining to education, consulta- percentage of this is going to chil - cially crucial bilateral aid for elemen- child soldiers and is a prerequisite for For example, in response to a minor tion, and support for Afghanistan’s dren (child soldiers). 85 For its part, tary education. It is not immediate- their deployment. The Federal Gov- interpellation by the political par- defence and security forces related to the Federal Foreign Office will be ly clear how highly education rates ernment has declared its commitment ty The Left on 19 January 2018, the UN Security Council Resolution 1612 funding capacity building for Rwan- among the measures for transitional to exerting more control over the Federal Government revealed that on Children and Armed Conflict; this dan security forces to prevent the aid, i.e. the development of social in- distribution of small arms, including it is conducting measures related to work contributed to the adoption of recruitment of child soldiers and to frastructure by BMZ. 90 60 by ratifying the international Arms peace promotion and the social and a strategy by the Afghan Government protect child soldiers during armed BMZ funds a number of good, in- PERCENT Trade Treaty of 2014 and through the professional reintegration of former in December 2017 to protect children conflict beginning in 2019. novative education projects in conflict OF ARMS EXPORTS introduction of the post-shipment soldiers in South Sudan, DR Congo, during armed conflict. The Resolute The above shows that while the zones, as terre des hommes has expe- ARE NOT inspection pilot programme in July the Philippines, Colombia, and Af- Support Mission in Afghanistan also Federal Government’s various de - rienced at first hand. As initiatives to GOING TO EU OR 2015. Despite international efforts, ghanistan – these measures are also provided for the introduction of a partments are actively addressing the fight the root causes of displacement NATO STATES Germany’s monitoring system for

30 31 Part III — Children and Young People in (Post-) Conflict Situations Compass 2019 arms exports remains incomplete. by Heckler & Koch, which appeared The Federal Government follows the in a part of Mexico not approved for EU’s definition of small arms, which export, and Walther and SIG Sauer END NOTES actually excludes many kinds of small pistols that were delivered to Colom- Abbreviations arms such as pistols and firearms de- bia via the USA. 96 veloped for “civilian” purposes. This The Federal Government is cancel- AFDB African Development Bank allows exports of these weapons to be ling out its efforts to improve the living AU African Union governed not by the more restrictive situation of children in conflict zones BMZ Federal Ministry for War Weapons Control Act but rather through its arms export policy, which Economic Cooperation and by the Foreign Trade and Payments forms part of its foreign trade policy. Development Act, which permits the export of an- The high level of economic pressure BMEL Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture ything that is not explicitly forbidden. is evident from the efforts of the UK GNP Gross national product Many weapons that even children can and France to convince the Federal CERF Central Emergency use for the purpose of violence are Government to start exporting arms to Response Fund not subject to approval for export and Saudi Arabia again, as this affects other CFS Committee on World are therefore not inspected as weap- European businesses as well. 97 Food Security 01 Federal Finance Plan 2018–2022, p. 50: also be supported through the creation or ex- 18 FAO, 2018: The State of Food Insecurity https://www.bundesfinanzministerium. pansion of social security programmes, appro- in the World, 2018: http://www.fao.org/3/ ons of war. It is time for the Federal In her public speech at the Mu- DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee de/Content/DE/Downloads/Abt_2/Finan- priate healthcare, and assistance for pregnant I9553EN/i9553en.pdf Government to change its definition nich Security Conference, Chancel- DEVAL German Institute for zplan-2018-2022.pdf?__blob=publication- women, mothers, and their children. (Joachim 19 of small arms to more closely match lor Merkel remarked that a unified Development Evaluation File&v=2 von Braun, 2018: Innovations to Overcome the Global Humanitarian Overview 2019. In Increasingly Complex Problems of Hunger, ZEF 2017/18, famine was declared in parts of South UN standards, and to categorise pis- European defence policy should be EU European Union 02 cf. World Poverty Clock: https://world- Working Paper 167) Sudan (phase 5 of the Integrated Phase Classi- EUTF EU Emergency Trust tols and civilian firearms as weapons complemented by unified guidelines poverty.io/ (accessed: 2019-03-21) fication); people in Nigeria and Somalia were of war. Munitions exports allowing on arms exports. Such guidelines Fund for Africa 11 ibid. threatened by famine, i.e. a borderline hunger the use of small arms at all are also a would have to be based on Germany’s DC Official development 03 These is credit financed primarily with situation between phase 4 (emergency) and cooperation problem; there is virtually no official higher standards rather than the low- funds acquired by KfW on the capital market. 12 Center for Development Research PARI phase 5 (famine). GPEDC Global Partnership for They are offered to commercially viable projects Policy Brief No 6.: https://research4agrin- export data for munitions. er standards of other EU countries in Effective Development at near-market rates but sufficiently reduced so novation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ 20 African Development Bank Group. African Effective end-use control is lack- order to prevent even more German Co-operation that they also count as ODA. This provides an ZEF_Policy_Brief_No-6_eng_web.pdf Economic Outlook 2018: https://www.afdb. ing as well. In 2015, the ability to and European weapons from flooding G7 Group of the seven leading additional source for German ODA by incor- org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publi- conduct post-shipment inspections into war and conflict regions. industrialised countries porating market funds alongside budget funds. 13 ALNAP, 2015 and 2018: State of the cations/African_Economic_Outlook_2018_-_ in conjunction with the country of G20 Group of the 20 leading cf: https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/ Humanitarian System: https://www.alnap. EN.pdf DP_15.2018.pdf (pp. 20 et seqq., 2019-01-28) org/help-library/the-state-of-the-humanitari- destination was introduced, but the industrialised and threshold countries an-system-report-2015 and https://sohs.alnap. 21 For current analyses and predictions, implementation of these measures RECOMMENDATIONS IATI International Aid Transpar- 04 OEDC, 2016: Making Development Coop- org/help-library/the-state-of-the-humanitari- see: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (APuZ is not legally binding. In the years AND SUMMARY ency Initiative eration More Effective: 2016 Progress Report: an-system-2018-summary 43-45/2018); Development in Africa; ISS https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/mak- Policy Brief African Futures. Key Trends to since, only two inspectors have been IFAD International Fund for ing-development-co-operation-more-effective 14 Wilkinson et.al 2018: Forecasting hazards, 2035: https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/ Agricultural Development hired and they have conducted three The Federal Government is actively averting disasters: implementing fore- uploads/policybrief105.pdf 95 IFPRI post-shipment inspections. Under pursuing development cooperation International Food Policy 05 The Commitment to Development Index cast-based early action at scale https://www. current conditions, effective end-use and humanitarian assistance in var- Research Institute 2018: https://www.cgdev.org/commitment-de- odi.org/publications/11069-forecasting-haz- 22 See the Federal Government’s answers to INGO International non-govern- control is not possible. ious places in an attempt to moder- velopment-index-2018 ards-averting-disasters-implementing-fore- minor interpellations by the parliamentary mental organisation cast-based-early-action-scale -> Chapter 6, faction BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN, BT-Drs. Stricter regulations apply only ate the effects of war and to support IMF International Monetary 06 International Food Policy Research especially Box 4 19/5353 and the FDP faction, BT-Drs 19/6066 to the export of weapons of war and peace processes. However, making Fund Institute, 2015: Global Nutrition Report 2015: armaments to so-called third-party the world a more peaceful and live- LDC Least-developed country Actions and Accountability to Advance 15 OECD, 2018 States of Fragility Index 23 See for example: https://www.com- countries, i.e. countries outside of able place for children will require NGO Non-governmental Nutrition and Sustainable Development. 2018: http://www.oecd.org/dac/states-of-fra- pactwithafrica.org/content/dam/Compact%20 Washington, DC, S. 146: https://globalnutri- gility-2018-9789264302075-en.htm with%20Africa/Countries/benin/Benin_poli- NATO and the EU – at least on pa - a much more comprehensive, better organisation SDG Sustainable Development tionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-re- cy_matrix_28%20fev.pdf per. In practice, however, they are coordinated aid approach as well as Goals port-2018/ 16 ibid. similarly ineffective. In 2017, more a groundbreaking shift in political SEWOH One World – No Hunger 24 The Federal Government considers the than 60 percent of German arms ex- direction in favour of prioritising the special initiative 07 2015 G7 Summit Communique and other 17 The Global Hunger Index (GHI) value fell Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Transpar- documents: https://www.bundesregierung. from 43.6 percent in 2000 to 29.4 percent in ency International’s Corruption Perceptions OECD Organisation for ports went to third-party countries, protection of children during armed de/breg-de/service/datenschutzhinweis/ 2018. In consideration of the multidimensional Index, and the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Economic Co-operation including many conflict countries conflict. A crucial component here g7-abschlusserklaerung-und-weitere-doku- nature of hunger, the GHI is calculated on the Business Index to be indicators of good gov- and countries with a record of grave would be a systematic, controlled and Development mente-387344 basis of four indicators: the percentage of ca- ernance and the rule of law. ODA Official development human rights abuses, including Sau- arms embargo for conflict regions. loric undernutrition among the population, the assistance 08 IFPRI, 2013: Global Food Policy percentage of wasting among children under 25 On the topic of transformation, cf. Uwe di Arabia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, the Any government that is serious about UN United Nations Report 2012: http://www.ifpri.org/publica- five years of age, the percentage of stunting Schneidewind, Die große Transformation. Philippines, and Brazil. Without end- Agenda 2030’s guiding principle VENRO Umbrella organisation of tion/2012-global-food-policy-report among children under five years of age, and Eine Einführung in die Kunst gesellschaft- use control, durable and easily trans- of “leaving no one behind” and the German non-governmental the mortality rate for children under five years lichen Wandels. Wuppertal Institut, 2018; portable small arms end up in con- commitments of Sustainable Devel- organisations active in de- 09 Development Initiatives, 2018: 2018 of age. For more information, see Grebmer, Reza Hasmath (2015), Inclusive Growth, Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to K. et al., 2018: Global Hunger Index: Forced Development and Welfare Policy. flict zones in great numbers time and opment Goal 16 – “Peace, justice, and velopment and humanitarian aid spur action on nutrition. Bristol, UK. Migration and Hunger. Bonn and Dublin: Wel- time again. Examples include Ger- strong institutions” – must fulfil this 10 To improve the food security of the most thungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide (https:// 26 EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa: man G-36 assault rifles manufactured obligation. vulnerable groups, partner governments should www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2018.pdf) https://ec.europa.eu (accessed: 23.01.2019)

32 33 Appendix Compass 2019

27 The New European Consensus on Devel- 38 Malabo Montpellier Panel, 2017: Ernährt: 53 Nouwah, S. and Korleh, R.: Ein histor- Hamburg July 2017, https://www.com- 72 The list is published as part of the UN 87 See info on website of Education Cannot opment. Joint Statement by the Council and Wege in eine Zukunft frei von Hunger und ischer Schritt. In: E+Z e-Paper 2019/01: pactwithafrica.org/content/compactwithafri- Secretary-General’s annual report on children Wait: http://www.educationcannotwait.org/ the Representatives of the Governments of the Mangelernährung in Afrika. Dakar: https://www.dandc.eu/de/article/richtungs- ca/home.html in armed conflicts. the-situation/ Member States. European Parliament and https://www.mamopanel.org/media/uploads/ weisende-reform-schuetzt-die-landrechte-tra- European Commission, 07.06.2017. files/Nourished-German_version.pdf ditioneller-gemeinschaften-liberia Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation 73 See website of Federal Foreign Office: 88 See the manual titled “Be true not and Development, “Entwicklungspolitik https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussen- violent”, published by terre des hommes: 28 Castillejo, C., 2018: EU Engagement with 39 cf. “Zusammenarbeit mit der Privat- 54 Speech by former President of Germany 2030, Neue Herausforderungen, neue politik/themen/menschenrechte/05-frauen/ www.peace-manual.org. Africa on Migration: A Change of Approach wirtschaft im Agrarsektor in der deutschen tech- Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler on 2017-02-15 titled Antworten”, BMZ strategy paper, November frauen-konfliktpraevention-node Required, DIE Briefing Paper 9/2018: https:// nischen Zusammenarbeit.” German Institute for “Welt im Umbruch, Afrika im Aufbruch – 2018: 89 See donor tracker: https://donortracker. www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/BP_9.2018.pdf; Development Evaluation (2018): www.deval.org passt unsere Entwicklungspolitik noch ins 21. http://www.bmz.de/de/mediathek/publika- 74 The German armed forces are increasingly org/germany/education Castillejo, C., 2017: Der Nothilfe Treuhandfonds Jahrhundert?”. tionen/reihen/strategiepapiere/Strategiepapi- recruiting underage girls and boys as soldiers; der EU für Afrika und seine Auswirkungen 40 There are multiple guidelines for the er455_06_2018.pdf in 2017, a new record was set with 2,128 90 See BMZ website: https://www.bmz.de/de/ auf die EU Entwicklungspolitik, DIE Analyses implementation of the international law prin- 55 Robert Kappel, 2019: Raus aus dem underage recruits. themen/uebergangshilfe/index.html and Positions 20/2017: https://www.die-gdi. ciple of “free, prior and informed consent”, for Helfermodus! Deutsche Afrikapolitik braucht European Commission, Migration Partnership de/uploads/media/AuS_20.2017.pdf; Kipp D., example from the FAO. dringend einen Paradigmenwechsel. IPG Framework, a new approach to better manage 75 See press release dated 2018-09-25: 91 See: Bildung darf nicht warten. Analyse Koch, A.: Auf der Suche nach externen Lösun- 2019-08-29: https://www.ipg-journal.de/re- migration, June 2016, https://eeas.europa.eu/ http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/en/Sala- des deutschen Beitrags zur Förderung von gen: Instrumente, Akteure und Strategien der 41 UN Guiding Principles on Business and gionen/afrika/artikel/detail/raus-aus-dem-hel- sites/eeas/files/factsheet_migration_partner- DePrensa/NotasdePrensa/Paginas/2018_NO- Bildung in Krisen und Konflikten: migrationspolitischen Kooperation Europas Human Rights: https://www.ohchr.org/ fermodus-2946/ ship_framework_update13_12_2016.pdf TAS_P/20180925_NOTA089.aspx. https://www.bildungskampagne.org/sites/ mit afrikanischen Staaten, in: Koch, A. et al documents/publications/Guidingprinciples- default/files/download/Bildung%20darf%20 (Hg), 2018: Migrationsprofiteure? In SWP- Businesshr_eN.pdf 56 Since early 2018, the AU has maintained 62 According to the UN Convention on the 76 Federal action plan to implement UN nicht%20warten.pdf Studie 2018/S 03: https://www.swp-berlin.org/ a permanent diplomatic mission in Beijing Rights of the Child, all people under 18 years SC Resolution 1325 on women, peace, fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2018S03_ 42 Law no. 2017-399 of 27 March 2017 with the support of the Chinese government. of age count as children. and security between 2017 and 2020, 2017: 92 See press release by Education Cannot koc_web_wrf.pdf#page=11; De Guerry. O. (“Loi de Vigilance”) See: https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180902/ https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/ Wait: http://www.educationcannotwait.org/ et al 2018: Partnership or Conditionality? communiqu%C3%A9-participation-chairper- 63 Figures based on: Save the Children, blob/216940/dce24ab4dfc29f70fa088ed- government-of-germany-announces-15-mil- Monitoring the Migration Compacts and EU 43 Food Security Standard Project by son-commission-focac-summit 2018: The war on children: https://www.save 5363fc479/aktionsplan1325-2017-2020-data. lion-euros-pledge-for-education-cannot-wait/ Trust Fund for Africa. CONCORD. Welthungerhilfe: https://www.welthungerhilfe. thechildren.org.uk/content/dam/global/ pdf, pp. 8, 11 and 25. org/food-security-standard-project/ 57 https://au.int/: There were extensive con- reports/education-and-child-protection/ 93 Bildung darf nicht warten. Analyse des 29 EC, 2016: Executive summary on the sultations with African citizens. This enhances war_on_children-web.pdf, p.7; https://www. 77 See Compact for Young People in deutschen Beitrags zur Förderung von Bildung impact assessment: https://ec.europa.eu/euro- 44 See the Federal Government’s response to ownership of both the processes and outcomes savethechildren.de/krieggegenkinder/ Humanitarian Action: https://www.agenda- in Krisen und Konflikten: https://www.bil- peaid/sites/devco/files/executive-summary-im- the minor interpellation of the political party of the initiative for devising a continental forhumanity.org/initiatives/3829 dungskampagne.org/sites/default/files/down- pact-assessment-joint-communication-re- DIE LINKE, BT-Drs. 19/07113; the list includes agenda for socio-economic transformation. 64 “Armed conflict or organised violence”, load/Bildung%20darf%20nicht%20warten.pdf newed-partnership-acp-20161122_en.pdf border protection projects in the following It is not the work of bureaucrats but rather https://www.youth4peace.info/system/ 78 UNFPA, 2018: The Progress Study on countries: Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Burkina an agenda driven by the voices of the African files/2018-10/youth-web-english.pdf, p. 12 Youth, Peace and Security, p. 12. 94 It is also the fourth-largest exporter of 30 VENRO, 2018: Factsheet zum Compact: Faso, Chad, Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco. people indicating the ‘Africa They Want’. large arms: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/ https://venro.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ 65 cf. https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/ 79 See https://www.zeit.de/politik/aus- files/2019-03/fs_1903_at_2018_0.pdf. German Dateien/Daten/Publikationen/Factsheets/ 45 Adjusted with ODA data for 2017 by 58 The new mandate of AUDA has not content/dam/global/reports/education-and-child- land/2019-02/verteidigungspolitik-natoausga- arms exports were 13% higher between 2014 VENRO_Factsheet_G20CompactwithAfri- Welthungerhilfe. been published but has been provided to protection/war_on_children-web.pdf, p. 19 ben-bundeswehr. and 2018 than between 2009 and 2013. ca_Final.pdf Welthungerhilfe. 46 cf. GIZ police programme: https://www. 66 Freely translated based on Eglantyne Jebb, 80 OEDC statistics: https://stats.oecd.org/ 95 Answer of the Federal Government to 31 Voluntary Guidelines to support the Pro- giz.de/de/weltweit/15637.html 59 cf. Dr. Ibrahim Mayaki, CEO NEPAD, founder of Save the Children. Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1 the minor interpellation raised by rep- gressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Interview with ISS, 24 May 2018. resentative Sevim Dagdelen and others Food in the Context of National Food Security: 47 Maputo Declaration of 2003: http://www. 67 Report of the UN Secretary-General, 2018: 81 The UNICEF Transparency Portal: together with the party DIE LINKE, http://www.fao.org/3/a-y7937e.pdf nepad.org/publication/au-2003-maputo-dec- 60 Participants in Burkina Faso: SOS Sahel; Children and armed conflict: http://undocs. https://open.unicef.org/ dated 2017-12-28: http://dip21.bundestag. laration-agriculture-and-food-security Ligue des Consommateurs; FIAN; WANEP; org/s/2018/465, p. 2 de/dip21/btd/19/080/1908066.pdf, p. 33. 32 Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Centre d´Études et de Recherches sur le 82 Answer of the Federal Government to the 2018:http://dipbt.bundestag.de/extrakt/ba/ Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and 48 Maputo Declaration of 2014: Droit International Général et les Droits de 68 See UNICEF press release dated 2017- minor interpellation raised by representative WP19/2382/238202.html Forests in the Context of National Food Secu- http://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/ l´Homme (CERDIH); Confédération Paysanne 08-18: https://www.unicef.de/informieren/ Kai Gehring and others together with the rity. CFS, 2012: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2801e. Malabo%20Declaration%20on%20Agricul- du Faso; INERA; participants in Ethiopia: aktuelles/presse/2017/welttag-humani- faction BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN, dated 96 TV documentary by Daniel Harrich: Waff- pdf ture_2014_11%2026-.pdf AFSA; Oxfam UK; GOAL; HUNDEE; Forum taere-hilfe-unicef/148308 2019-02-28: http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/ en für die Welt Export außer Kontrolle, 2018: for Social Studies (FSS); Action for Develop- btd/19/080/1908066.pdf, p. 33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_con- 33 Marion Aberle, Land ist das neue Öl – 49 Conseil Consultatif de l´Union Africaine ment (AFD); Guts Agro Industry, PLC; CDI. 69 Save the Children, 2018: The war on tinue=17&v=iJwd1_FLBlw viele Agrarinvestitionen verletzen Landrechte. contre la Corruption: http://www.auanticor- children, pp. 19–20. 83 cf. petition by World Vision: https://www. Welthungerhilfe Brennpunkt, 2017. ruption.org 61 Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation worldvision.de/mitmachen/unsere-kam- 97 See Guardian website dated 2019-02-20: and Development, “Afrika und Europa – Neue 70 cf. Miller, K. E., and A. Rasmussen, 2010: pagnen/kein-kind-will-toeten#petitionswidget https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ 34 Iris Schöninger, Perspektiven für das 50 Hannah Smid, 2018: Shrinking Civic Partnerschaft für Entwicklung, Frieden und “War Exposure, Daily Stressors, and Mental feb/20/germany-resists-uk-plea-to-resume- Land. Wirtschaftliche Ansätze zur Überwind- Space in Africa: When Governments Crack Zukunft, Eckpunkte für einen Marshallplan mit Health in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings: 84 See written questions of German parlia- arms-sales-to-saudi-arabia ung von Hunger und Armut. Welthungerhilfe Down on Civil Society, GIGA Focus Africa IV: Afrika”, January 2017, https://www.bmz.de/de/ Bridging the Divide between Trauma-Focused ment (Bundestag): https://dipbt.bundestag. Standpunkt, 2018. https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/ laender_regionen/marshallplan_mit_afrika/ and Psychosocial Frameworks.” Journal of de/dip21/btd/19/004/1900484.pdf, p. 69f. 98 CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia. publications/gf_afrika_1804.pdf index,jsp. Social Medicine 70 (1): 7-16. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 35 OECD, 2019: States of Fragility Index 2019. 85 Answer of the Federal Government to the wfbExt/region_mde.html. 51 CIVICUS, Brot für die Welt, 2019: Federal Ministry of Economics and Tech- 71 See UNFPA News, 2017: https://www.unf- minor interpellation raised by representative 36 The Ghana Poverty and Inequality Atlas der Zivilgesellschaft 2019: https:// nology, benchmark paper “Wirtschaftliche pa.org/news/new-study-finds-child-marriage- Kai Gehring and others together with the 99 See website of Campaign Against Arms Report: Using the 6th Ghana Living Standards www.moewe-westfalen.de/wp-content/ Entwicklung Afrikas – Herausforderungen rising-among-most-vulnerable-syrian-refugees, faction BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN, dated Trade: https://www.caat.org.uk/resources/ex- Survey 2016: https://www.unicef.org/ghana/ uploads/2019/02/Brot_fuer_die_Welt_At- und Optionen”, June 2017 https://www.bun- https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/ 2019-02-28: http://dip21.bundestag.de/ portlicences-eu/licence.en.html?source=Ger- Ghana_Poverty_and_Inequality_Analysis_FI- las_der_Zivilgesellschaft_2019.pdf desregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/wirtschafts- south-sudan/,https://www.girlsnotbrides. dip21/btd/19/080/1908066.pdf many. NAL_Match_2016(1).pdf beziehungen-mit-afrika-staerken-411030 org/themes/conflict-humanitarian-crises/x, 37 FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2015: The State of 52 Press release of NGO Working Group and https://www.theguardian.com/global-develop- 86 UNICEF press release dated 2017-07-07: For some countries, exports to certain neigh- Food Insecurity in the World 2015: http:// INGO Steering Committee in Sierra Leone G20 Germany 2017, G20 Leaders’ Decla- ment/2017/nov/30/young-rohingya-girls-bang- https://www.unicef.de/informieren/aktuelles/ bouring countries involved in the conflict are www.fao.org/3/a-i4646e.pdf dated 18 January 2019. ration: Shaping an Interconnected World, ladesh-compelled-marry-food-rations presse/2017/bildung-muzoon-g20/146058 included.

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