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4.0 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Physical Environment

4.1.1 Atmospheric Environment

The north coast of Baffin Island is considered a polar desert. The annual snowfall in the area is approximately 72 cm, and the annual rainfall is approximately 8 cm. Winters temperatures in January and February range from -33 to -36 ºC (minimums), while summer temperatures in June and July range from 6 to 11 ºC (maximums). Relative humidity ranges from 75 to 85 percent throughout the year with generally no more than six wet days a month. The exception to this is in August where there can be as many as 10 wet days in the month. Ice will begin to form in October and will begin to thaw in mid-July. Total darkness occurs from mid-November for two and a half months, ending at the end of January. Total daylight occurs from the beginning of May for three and a half months until the middle of August.

The mean freezing index for Arctic Bay is calculated to be 5,200 degree days, and the thaw index is 430 degree days. Although there is climate data for Nanisivik Airport, at elevation 600 m, the Arctic Bay data near sea level is expected to be more representative of the Project site.

Air quality information is based on sampling that was conducted when the Nanisivik mine was operating. CanZinco Ltd. operated and monitored three air samplers for heavy metals at the Nanisivik mine between May 1997 and May 2001. One sampler (Sampler AS1) trapped total respirable particulates (TRP), commonly defined as particulates up to 10 microns in size. A total of 17 of 200 samples (8%) exceeded the total suspended particulate concentrations guideline at AS1 between May 1997 and May 2001 (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003). The two remaining samplers (Samplers AS2 and AS3) trapped all air borne particulates, referred to as total suspended particulates. None of the total suspended particulate concentrations recorded at AS2 between November 1997 and May 2001 exceeded the objectives. None of the concentrations of total suspended particulate concentrations recorded between May 1998 to May 2001 at AS3 exceeded the objectives, and they generally decreased over time (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003).

Noise levels are currently generally low at the Project site since mining operations have ceased and the mine and associated town have been decommissioned. While the mine was operating, the Project site was subject to routine noise from shipping activities to and from the mine and industrial activities related to the mining operation and nearby town site.

4.1.2 Geophysical Environment

The geophysical environment of the Project site is detailed in a geotechnical investigation report prepared by Stantec (2010). The surficial geology consists of alluvial fan deposits from Twin Lakes Creek on the western side of the site and beach terrace deposits of sand and gravel.

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Areas to the south are covered with coarse rock fragments, or talus, accumulated below the mountains that rise above Strathcona Sound.

The peninsula separating Nanisivik on Strathcona Sound from Arctic Bay comprises two relatively distinct geological formations within the Borden Rift Basin (Jackson and Berman 2000). The northern portion of the peninsula is underlain by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks dolomite and shale while the southern half consists of Mesoproterozoic carbonates and basal basalts. At higher elevations the bedrock becomes sandstone quartzite (de Ruiter 1984).

During the geotechnical investigation at the Project site, bedrock was not encountered within the depths drilled (Stantec 2010). Soil was predominantly sand (average 56%) with gravel (average 26%).

Baffin Island is located within the continuous permafrost zone of Canada (NRCan 2007). Permafrost is reported to reach depths of 600 m in the region. In summer, the active layer has a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the surface (Stantec 2009). Permafrost has been found at depths greater than 430 m in an underground borehole at the Nanisivik mine (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003). Surface materials such as glacial till and fill are generally frozen from the last week in September until late July, with melt beginning in the first week of June (Stantec 2009).

The Project site is relatively flat and was previously developed for the DFO wharf and the Nanisivik mine. The area south of the Project site is dominated by moderately steep high-relief hills with few areas of level ground (Figure 4.1). The hills rise from sea level at the Strathcona Sound to approximately 650 m near the site of the former Nanisivik Airfield. East Twin Lake (Quasaqtoq Lake) is located at an approximate elevation of 372 m (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003).

Soil samples collected at the Project site in 2008 were found to contain concentrations of substances exceeding the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Soil

Quality Guidelines for Industrial Use (SQGIL) including the following (AECOM 2009c):

 copper, lead and zinc  arsenic and cadmium  petroleum hydrocarbon constituents

Because of the results of soil sampling in 2008, an abandonment and reclamation plan for the former mine site was developed by Breakwater Resources (Stantec 2009) including remediation of contaminated soils. Petroleum storage tanks used for the Nanisivik mine are being removed from the Project site, along with the tank liners. Petroleum-impacted soils from the site will be remediated.

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4.1.3 Aquatic Environment

The closest bodies of water to the Project site include Twin Lakes Creek located along the western site boundary, and Strathcona Sound, on which the Wharf is located (Figure 4.2).

Surface water data is plentiful as a result of Water License requirements to operate the former Nanisivik mine. Studies were carried out in Twin Lakes Creek during 1988, 1989 and annually beginning in 1995 through 2000. These studies indicated that metal loadings in Twin Lakes Creek, and ultimately Strathcona Sound, increased as a result of mining activities. The dominant source of metal loadings was located in the west Adid area and resulted from both naturally occurring and anthropogenic sources of sulphides (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003).

Water samples collected from Twin Lakes Creek in 2008 suggested that concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, iron and zinc exceeded CCME Water Quality Guidelines for Freshwater

Life (WQGFL). Elevated concentrations of metals in Twin Lakes Creek were linked to source inputs and natural mineralization (runoff from Gossan areas) from elsewhere in the drainage area, and were not linked to source areas at the site (AECOM 2009c).

An Environmental Effects Monitoring Program was completed by Jacques Whitford in 2005 and included a water quality component at the water surface and at 10 m depth in the exposure and reference areas of Strathcona Sound. The results of the water quality monitoring indicated that there were no meaningful differences between the exposure and reference areas. Results of the water quality monitoring in Twin Lakes Creek during periods of low precipitation indicated a significant increase in zinc concentrations between the reference station (2 μg/L) and the terminal station (34 μg/L). This increase likely represented the contribution of the mine effluent (Jacques Whitford 2006).

It was found that a natural sulfide outcrop located in Twin Lakes Creek produced high loadings of metals including zinc, lead and cadmium. Zinc concentrations likely increased to acutely lethal concentrations to fish and aquatic life during periods of heavy rain. Additionally, domestic wastewater effluent was discharged into Twin Lakes Creek in the vicinity of the former mine site, introducing nutrients and organic material to the water (Jacques Whitford 2006).

Shallow groundwater flow was encountered at approximate depths of 0.7 to 2.5 m at the Project site and likely occurred seasonally (AECOM 2009c). Groundwater samples collected at the site had concentrations of cadmium and zinc exceeding the CCME WQGFL (AECOM 2009c).

Sediments sampled from Twin Lakes Creek exceeded the CCME Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) for aluminum, cadmium, lead and zinc in nearly all samples collected. Elevated concentrations of metals in Twin Lakes Creek were linked to source inputs and natural mineralization (runoff from Gossan areas) from elsewhere in the drainage area (AECOM 2009c).

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Sediments sampled from Strathcona Sound generally exceeded the CCME ISQG for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc (AECOM 2009b). As part of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program completed in 2005, none of the measured general chemistry parameters in Strathcona Sound were substantially higher in the exposure area when compared to the reference area (Jacques Whitford 2006). With the exception of zinc, none of the trace metal parameters measured in Strathcona Sound were substantially higher in the exposure area when compared to the reference area. For zinc, the exposure area concentration was 30 μg/L, whereas the reference area concentration was not detectable (<20 μg/L).

The maximum tidal range in Strathcona Sound has been reported as 2.5 m (Frederking and Nakawo 1984). Tidal processes in Strathcona Sound were described by BC Research (1975a). Surface currents in Strathcona Sound range from less than 3 cm/s to 29 cm/s and generally move in an easterly direction with prevailing winds. Below surface waters, currents range from approximately 3 m/s to 11 m/s to a depth of 20 m. Below 20 m, currents are weak. Tides measured in Strathcona Sound range from 2.5 m to 3.2 m.

Salinities range from 15 to 24 parts per thousand (ppt) in the surface waters (above 10 m) and from 31 to 33 ppt in the deep waters of the Sound (BC Research 1975a). Twin Lakes Creek has been reported to have a high flow rate in the springtime as the sea ice on Strathcona Sound is melting (JWEL 2003). The combined freshwater inputs from these two sources lead to the formation of a thin surface freshwater lens (1 to 2 ppt) on top of more strongly marine-influenced water. As a result of the halocline, freshwater discharged from Twin Lakes Creek does not mix rapidly with the marine waters of Strathcona Sound. Instead, the freshwater lens extends some distance (perhaps several km) away from the mouth of Twin Lakes Creek, and is advected east- west by tidal action.

Water temperatures have been observed to range from 0°C at bottom to 10°C at surface in the summer season (BC Research 1975a). Dissolved oxygen concentrations were observed to range from 7 to 13 ppm at depths of 5 to 30 m and were below 7 ppm at greater depths (BC Research 1975a).

The minimum water depth at the edge of the Nanisivik Wharf has been reported as 13.5 m (Frederking and Nakawo 1984). The bathymetry of Strathcona Sound displays a rapid drop off in depth from the water’s edge so that depths of 50 m or more are reached within approximately 200 m of the shoreline. The bottom is also exposed to erosional forces from tidal water movements in an east-west direction. Fine-grained (silty) sediment that does accumulate near the shoreline will be susceptible to periodic slumping into deeper waters or re-suspension by currents or wave action (JWEL 2003).

Land-fast, first-year ice generally covers Strathcona Sound to an average thickness of 1.6 m (Frederking and Nakawo 1984). Ice is present in Strathcona Sound from approximately mid- September to July (Frederking and Nakawo 1984).

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4.2 Biological Environment

4.2.1 Vegetation

The Project site is a heavily disturbed area and has been described as having sparse vegetation with pockets of persistent vegetation (AECOM 2009c). The vegetation at the site is primarily alluvial (willows and avens) and meadow (including sedges and cottongrass) ground cover (BC Research 1975b).

4.2.2 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

No evidence of mammals was observed at the Project site during 2008 field investigations (AECOM 2009c). Four species of mammals have been documented in the area: lemming, Arctic fox, Arctic hare and caribou (BC Research 1975b). The populations of terrestrial mammals are reported to be low (BC Research 1975b).

Wildlife areas of special interest to the Nunavut Department of Environment surrounding North Baffin are shown on Figure 4.3. Polar bear areas are found on Bylot Island in Baffin Bay, in Maxwell Bay on the north side of Lancaster Sound, as well as in Bellot Strait. Little has been documented on caribou on North Baffin Island. Caribou sea ice crossings are shown on Figure 4.4, along with muskox management areas, none of which are found on North Baffin Island. Currently, there are on-going research initiatives being conducted by the Nunavut Department of Environment to better understand polar bear and caribou distribution on Baffin Island.

The Project site is located within the known range of polar bears (Figure 4.5). Winter concentrations of polar bears occur in Admiralty Inlet. Summer retreats are shown just north of the Project site across Strathcona Sound (Figure 4.5).

4.2.3 Birds and Bird Habitat

Ten species of birds have been reported in or near the Project area: Glaucous Gulls, Thayer’s Gulls, Snow Bunting, Ptarmigan, Baird’s Sandpiper, Snow Goose, Eider Duck, Semipalmated Plover, Jaeger and Raven (BC Research 1975a, 1975b).

Important bird areas are shown on Figure 4.6. The closest important bird area is located approximately 35 km north of Nanisivik at Baillarge Bay along the shore near the entrance to Admiralty Inlet; this location is also shown as a key marine bird habitat site (Figure 4.7). Key terrestrial bird habitat sites are located approximately 120 km east of Nanisivik at South Bylot Island and approximately 95 km south of Nanisivik towards Berlinguet Inlet.

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4.2.4 Fish and Fish Habitat

Baseline studies related to the former Nanisivik mine determined fish populations were absent from East and West Twin Lakes, Twin Lakes Creek, and Chris Creek prior to mine development. The likely reasons were barriers to movement (i.e., steep gradient and waterfalls) and generally unsuitable habitat (Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003). The closest known freshwater fish community is in Kuhulu Lake, northeast of East Twin Lake (Quasaqtoq Lake).

Slimy sculpin, fourhorn sculpin, Arctic cod, Arctic char and lake trout are present in waters near Arctic Bay (Figures 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10). Traditional harvest data indicate that clams are harvested at Arctic Bay (Figure 4.11). Shorthorn sculpin, staghorn sculpin, bigeye sculpin, Arctic eelpout, leatherfin lumpsucker, Arctic cod and Greenland shark have been recorded in Strathcona Sound near the Project site (BC Research 1975a).

4.2.5 Benthic Habitat

The intertidal zone at the Project site has been described as “barren,” and substrate near the Wharf is gravel (BC Research 1975a). The subtidal zone has clay substrates, and benthic flora and fauna consists of brown algae and sea urchins (BC Research 1975a). Sea anemones, whelks, snails, limpets, starfish, clams, scallops, shrimp, barnacles and polychaetes have been recorded in Strathcona Sound (BC Research 1975a).

4.2.6 Marine Mammals

The Project site is within the known range of walrus (Figure 4.12). Summer concentrations of walrus are shown along the north shore of Lancaster Sound, approximately 140 km north of Nanisivik. Ringed seal likely occur in Strathcona Sound and high densities occur throughout Lancaster Sound and around Bylot Island (Figure 4.13). Bearded seal also likely occur in Strathcona Sound and high densities occur throughout Lancaster Sound and into Admiralty Inlet just to the mouth of Strathcona Sound and Navy Board Inlet (Figure 4.14). Strathcona Sound is within the summer range of harp seal (Figure 4.15).

Narwhal, killer whale and beluga are known to occur in Lancaster Sound, Admiralty Inlet and Strathcona Sound in the summer (Figures 4.16, 4.17 and 4.18). Bowhead whales have been observed in Lancaster Sound and high suitability habitat has been identified in Admiralty Inlet to the mouth of Strathcona Sound (Figure 4.19).

4.2.7 Species at Risk

Bowhead whale (Eastern Arctic population) is listed as Endangered under Schedule 2 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). As noted previously, bowhead whales have been observed in Lancaster Sound, and high suitability habitat has been identified in Admiralty Inlet.

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Ivory Gull is listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of SARA and Ross’s Gull is listed as Threatened under Schedule 1 of SARA. The distributions of Ivory Gull and Ross’s Gull are shown in Figure 4.20. Although the distribution maps include Nanisivik, neither Ivory Gull nor Ross’s Gull have been recorded in the vicinity of the Project site (AECOM 2009c). Historical and active Ivory Gull breeding colonies are found on the Brodeur Peninsula (Stenhouse 2004); the closest colony is approximately 50 km from the Project site.

4.2.8 Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Figure 4.21 shows the locations of National Wildlife Areas, National Parks and Migratory Bird Sanctuaries with respect to Nanisivik. The nearest National Wildlife Areas are located at Coburg Island (approximately 340 km north of Nanisivik) and Polar Bear Pass (approximately 480 km northwest of Nanisivik). Sirmilik National Park (approximately 50 km northeast of Nanisivik) covers much of the northern portion of the Borden Peninsula and all of Bylot Island. Migratory Bird Sanctuaries are located on Bylot Island (approximately 120 km northeast of Nanisivik) and Prince Leopold Island (approximately 200 km northeast of Nanisivik).

Figure 4.22 shows Ramsar sites and International Biological Program sites. Polar Bear Pass is the closest Ramsar site to Nanisivik. An International Biological Program Site is located approximately 25 km north of Strathcona Sound at the entrance to Admiralty Bay.

Lancaster Sound has been designated as a Marine Area of Importance (Figure 4.23), Marine Conservation Area and Ecological Marine Area (Figure 4.24).

4.3 Socio-economic Environment

The mine at Nanisivik was operated from 1976 to 2002. The Project site was operated as a storage facility for the mine. During that time, the town of Nanisivik was established to house mine personnel. In 2002, the mine and the town of Nanisivik were closed and decommissioning of the mine and associated sites have since been implemented.

4.3.1 Proximity to Communities

The nearest community to the Project site is the Hamlet of Arctic Bay, which is approximately 33 km southwest of the facility by road (Figure 2-4). Arctic Bay is currently accessible from Nanisivik via an all-weather road.

The next nearest communities are Pond Inlet, approximately 230 km east and Resolute, approximately 300 km northwest of Nanisivik. These communities are accessible from Nanisivik by marine transportation, snow mobile over ice or by plane via the Arctic Bay airport.

Based on 2006 Statistics Canada Census Data, the population of Arctic Bay is 690 and is approximately 93% Inuit (NPC 2011).

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4.3.2 Human Health

A comparative study of health in two Inuit populations (Arctic Bay and Inuvik) was previously conducted (Schaefer et al. 1980). Results suggested that overall health was better for residents of Arctic Bay than for residents of Inuvik, and that this was likely related to traditional food and lifestyle (Schaefer et al. 1980). Since the operation of the mine at Nanisivik, several changes have occurred in the lifestyles of the residents of Arctic Bay, including loss of jobs and income (Brubacher 2002). National Population Health Surveys have been conducted, which included information on alcohol consumption behaviour and mental and emotional attributes; however, they do not provide information for specific communities (Brubacher 2002).

4.3.3 Land and Resource Use

As part of an ecological and human health risk assessment conducted for the mine closure, residents of Arctic Bay were interviewed to collect information on hunting and fishing in the area (JWEL 2003). It was reported that hunters and fishermen from Arctic Bay harvest Ptarmigan, Arctic char, seal (bearded, ringed and harp), hare, fox, caribou and narwhal; hunting and fishing did not generally occur in the vicinity of the Nanisivik mine site. However, the Qikiqtani Inuit Association has learned that hunting conditions have changed since closure of the mine; waters around the Nanisivik Naval Facility are now used to hunt for whales and seals and the lands are traversed to hunt for caribou and geese (Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2011). A study by Priest and Usher (2004) indicated that residents of Arctic Bay also harvest muskox, caribou, polar bear, wolf, walrus, beluga, Snow Goose, Eider Duck, loons, lake trout, cod and sculpin. Some of these species are harvested far from Arctic Bay and Nanisivik. In addition to species already noted, Brubacher (2002) also reported harvest of clams and Long-tailed Duck. In 1999, 266 residents of Arctic Bay were registered as hunters (Brubacher 2002).

Local outfitters provide services to travel to Sirmilik National Park for hiking, backcountry camping, ski-touring and sea kayaking (NPC 2011). Arctic char are fished commercially at Arctic Bay (Figure 4.10).

Brubacher (2002) noted that cruise ships running cruises between Greenland and Nunavut used the facilities at Nanisivik. It is not known if this was a Government authorized activity. Currently, cruises arrive in Arctic Bay (Explore Nunavut undated).

4.3.4 Local and Regional Traffic Patterns

The Project site is accessible by water via the existing deep-water berth and by air via the Arctic Bay airport and existing road from Arctic Bay to Nanisivik. Within the region, the primary modes of transportation are by air or by sea during the summer (Terriplan Consultants 2008). Regional transportation routes are shown on Figure 4.25.

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4.3.5 National Parks and Areas of Natural Beauty

The closest National Park is Sirmilik National Park (Figure 4.21) established in 2001. The park covers 22,252 km2 and includes three separate areas representing the Eastern Arctic Lowlands and Northern Davis natural regions: Bylot Island, Oliver Sound and Borden Peninsula. The park features landforms and offers wilderness hiking and camping. There is a major seabird colony in Baillarge Bay. Bylot Island, has mountains, icefields and glaciers, coastal lowlands and seabird colonies (Parks Canada 2009).

4.3.6 Heritage Sites

Known archaeological sites on northern Baffin Island are shown on Figure 4.26. An archaeological assessment of the Project site was conducted in 2008 by Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. No archaeological sites were found; however, camp remains were observed along the shore west of the dock (Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. 2008). There is little likelihood of encountering intact archaeological sites within the Project area (Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. 2008).

4.3.7 Palaeoenvironment

The palaeoenvironment in the vicinity of Arctic Bay is described by Short et al. (1994). According to the authors, the Borden Peninsula is underlain by Precambrian and Paleozoic rock, predominantly quartz arenite, with outcrops of shale, limestone and dolostone. Deglaciation is reported to have commenced in 9000 BP, and the local environment was similar to that found now (grass, sedge and willow dominated vegetation).

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5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

The Nanisivik Naval Facility has the potential to interact with the biophysical and socio- economic environments during all phases of the Project. Potential environmental effects of the Nanisivik Naval Facility are identified in Table 5.1. Preliminary identification of environmental effects has considered site preparation, construction and operation, including vessel use of the Wharf and potential accidents and malfunctions. Decommissioning has not been planned at this time, but with the exception of decommissioning of the Wharf, it is expected to have similar effects on the biophysical environment as construction. Very little work will be carried out in or near the water as part of construction of the Project; decommissioning will likely result in a greater amount of in-water work.

The following components of the physical environment could be affected by the Nanisivik Naval Facility:

 Ground stability and permafrost  Water quality  Sediment and soil quality  Air quality  Noise levels

The following components of the biological environment could be affected by the Nanisivik Naval Facility:

 Wildlife and wildlife habitat  Birds and bird habitat  Aquatic species (fish and marine mammals) and habitat

The following components of the socio-economic environment could be affected by the Nanisivik Naval Facility:

 Employment  Community infrastructure

The following sections discuss the potential environmental effects of the Project and describe mitigation.

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5.1 Potential Environmental Effects on Physical Environment

5.1.1 Ground Stability and Permafrost

The following Project activities have potential to have environmental effects on ground stability and permafrost:

 Site Preparation  Quarry Development  Road Upgrades  Wharf Upgrades  Cargo Staging and Marshalling Areas  Bulk Liquids Storage Facility  Wastewater Treatment Lagoon (if required during construction)

The earthworks involved for these components/activities, particularly excavation, may result in thawing of permafrost and settlement of the soils. Project siting and design will minimize requirements for excavation (e.g., camp site and DND trailers will be located on the existing concrete slab, fuel tanks will be located within containment cells consisting of compacted gravel containment berms lined with an arctic-rated geomembrane liner, and the general purpose storage building will be unheated). Foundations and roads will be constructed on grade and will be designed to protect the permafrost. Design and construction of the site infrastructure will be completed by qualified personnel with experience in Arctic engineering, and detailed design of the facility will include collection of geotechnical information for stability. Existing thermistors and slope indicators will continue to be monitored. An Abandonment and Restoration Plan will be developed and implemented for all quarries.

The following mitigation measures will be implemented wherever technically and economically feasible to minimize potential adverse environmental effects on ground stability and permafrost:

 Heated camp structures will be elevated above ground surface.  Site grading will be conducted to avoid exposure and melting of permafrost (e.g., minimal excavation, addition of fill).  To prevent permafrost degradation, the depth of excavation will be limited to the active layer, surface water will be directed away from the site, and ice-rich material will be thawed at a location where meltwater will not re-enter the excavation.

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THE NUNAVUT IMPACT REVIEW BOARD PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION REQUIREMENT - PART 2 FORM Table 5-1 Identification of Environmental Impacts

migration/spawning

geology

ECONOMIC - air quality vegetation permafrost noise levels employment PHYSICAL water quality human health ground stability BIOLOGICAL climate conditions hydrology/limnology community wellness SOCIO wildlifeareas protected

quality sediment soiland community infrastructure

surface bedrock and tidal processesbathymetry and designated areas environmental e. Parks, Wildlife Protected areas) Wildlife Protected e. Parks, . (i archaeological and cultural historic sites cultural historicandarchaeological

COMPONENTS ENVIRONMENTAL birds, including habitat and migration patterns migration birds,and habitat including eskers and other unique orlandscapes fragileotheruniqueeskersand wildlife, including habitat and migrationand patterns habitatwildlife,including aquatic species, incl. aquaticspecies,and habitat PROJECT COMPONENTS/ACTIVITIES Site Preparation M M M M M M M P Quarry Development M M M M M M P

Construction Camp M M M M P M Road Upgrades M M M M M M P Wharf Upgrades M M M M M M M M M P Cargo Staging and Marshalling Area M M M M M M P Bulk Liquids Storage Facility M M M M M M P

CONSTRUCTION Pipelines M M M M P Helicopter Landing Area M M M M P Lighting M M M M P

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THE NUNAVUT IMPACT REVIEW BOARD PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION REQUIREMENT - PART 2 FORM Table 5-1 Identification of Environmental Impacts

migration/spawning

geology

ECONOMIC - air quality vegetation permafrost noise levels employment PHYSICAL water quality human health ground stability BIOLOGICAL climate conditions hydrology/limnology community wellness SOCIO wildlifeareas protected

quality sediment soiland community infrastructure

surface bedrock and tidal processesbathymetry and designated areas environmental e. Parks, Wildlife Protected areas) Wildlife Protected e. Parks, . (i archaeological and cultural historic sites cultural historicandarchaeological

COMPONENTS ENVIRONMENTAL birds, including habitat and migration patterns migration birds,and habitat including eskers and other unique orlandscapes fragileotheruniqueeskersand wildlife, including habitat and migrationand patterns habitatwildlife,including aquatic species, incl. aquaticspecies,and habitat PROJECT COMPONENTS/ACTIVITIES Water Supply M M M M M P Wastewater Treatment Lagoon M M M M M M M M M P Waste Disposal M M M M P Road Transportation M M M M

Marine Transportation M M M M M Fuel Transfer M M M M M M M Power Supply M M M M Wastewater M M M M M M OPERATION Solid Waste Disposal M M M M Facility Operation and Maintenance M M M M P

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THE NUNAVUT IMPACT REVIEW BOARD PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION REQUIREMENT - PART 2 FORM Table 5-1 Identification of Environmental Impacts

migration/spawning

geology

ECONOMIC - air quality vegetation permafrost noise levels employment PHYSICAL water quality human health ground stability BIOLOGICAL climate conditions hydrology/limnology community wellness SOCIO wildlifeareas protected

quality sediment soiland community infrastructure

surface bedrock and tidal processesbathymetry and designated areas environmental e. Parks, Wildlife Protected areas) Wildlife Protected e. Parks, . (i archaeological and cultural historic sites cultural historicandarchaeological

COMPONENTS ENVIRONMENTAL birds, including habitat and migration patterns migration birds,and habitat including eskers and other unique orlandscapes fragileotheruniqueeskersand wildlife, including habitat and migrationand patterns habitatwildlife,including aquatic species, incl. aquaticspecies,and habitat PROJECT COMPONENTS/ACTIVITIES

Removal of Infrastructure M M M M M M M M U U Remediation of Site M M M M M M M M U U

DECOMMISSIONING Notes: Please indicate in the matrix cells whether the interaction causes an impact and whether the impact is: P Positive M Negative and mitigatable N Negative and non-mitigatable U Unknown

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5.1.2 Water Quality

The following Project activities have potential to have environmental effects on water quality:

 Wharf upgrades  Wastewater treatment lagoon (if required during construction)  Fuel transfer

The existing Wharf structure will be used, as is, with very minor improvements to maintain or improve its functionality. Very little work will be carried out in or near the water. Upgrading of shoreline protection may result in the suspension of metal-contaminated sediments into the water column. During construction, the marine environment will be monitored for turbidity. If persistent turbidity plumes exist, mitigation measures to reduce or prevent potentially adverse environmental effects could include the use of silt curtains or silt booms (if practical or effective in the currents and tidal environment of the Wharf). Their use will be reassessed during further Project development.

During construction, the construction camp will require support from the local community for wastewater management via daily truck pick-up. However, if daily pick-up and management of wastewater places a burden on the local community, a facultative lagoon system will be constructed, and treated effluent will be discharged into an AANDC approved location. Water released will meet the effluent quality requirements of the water licence from the Nunavut Water Board. Samples will be collected and analyzed for biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, fecal coliform bacteria, pH and oil and grease prior to discharge of the effluent to verify that the effluent meets the conditions of the licence.

Fuel transfer to and from vessels at the Wharf will be conducted by qualified personnel following standard procedures. The facility design will include appropriate fuel transfer equipment to safely receive fuel from tankers and to refuel naval vessels; naval vessels will deploy a spill boom prior to all refuelling operations. An Environmental Management System will be developed and implemented to avoid accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons from the facility. Leak detection systems will be installed on storage tanks and will be monitored to detect leaks. All fuel storage areas will have secondary containment and sumps to collect oily wastewater for treatment. In the event that an accidental release of petroleum hydrocarbons occurs, the facility will have an emergency shut-off that can be activated at the Bulk Liquids Storage Facility, at the Wharf and from vessels. A Spill Contingency Plan (Appendix F) and Emergency Response Plan (Appendix G) have been developed and will be implemented as part of the Environmental Management System. Spill response equipment will also be available to contain and clean up the spill, whether it occurs on land or in the marine environment at the Wharf.

There will be no construction within 30 m of Twin Lakes Creek. Standard construction and engineering practices will be employed to avoid environmental effects of land-based

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5.1.3 Sediment and Soil Quality

The following Project activities have potential to have environmental effects on sediment and soil quality:

 Site preparation  Wharf upgrades  Wastewater treatment lagoon (if required during construction)  Fuel transfer  Wastewater (during operation)

During site preparation and throughout construction, small localized spills of petroleum hydrocarbons could occur due to equipment malfunction, accident or human error. All petroleum hydrocarbon storage will be located in an area designated for such with secondary containment and spill response equipment available.

As described in Section 5.1.2, the existing Wharf structure will be used, as is, with very minor improvements to maintain or improve its functionality. Very little work will be carried out in or near the water. Upgrading of shoreline protection may result in the suspension and redistribution of metal-contaminated sediments.

Releases from the facultative lagoon system (if required during construction) will meet the effluent quality requirements of the water licence issued for the Project. Samples will be collected and analyzed for biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, fecal coliform bacteria, pH and oil and grease prior to discharge of the effluent to verify that the effluent meets the conditions of the licence.

Leaks or spills from storage of petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel transfer can have an adverse environmental effect on soil quality. As described in Section 5.1.2, environmental effects of spills and leaks will be avoided or reduced through the following measures:

 Implementation of an Environmental Management System

 Monitoring of leak detection systems

 Secondary containment and sumps to collect oily wastewater

 Emergency shut-off systems

 Spill Contingency Plan

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 Emergency Response Plan

 Availability of spill response equipment

Uncontaminated wastewater collected at sumps during operation will be released to an AANDC approved location on land will require a water licence from the Nunavut Water Board and all conditions of such licence will be followed.

5.1.4 Air Quality

Each of the Project activities and components during construction and operation has potential to have environmental effects on air quality.

During site preparation and throughout construction, earthworks, the use of diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicles and equipment, and incineration of solid waste will result in emissions of air contaminants (including dust) to the atmosphere in the vicinity of the Project. Operation of the facility will involve the release of combustion gases from marine vessels, vehicles and equipment, and power generation during construction and operation will result in emissions of airborne particulates (including dust) and combustion gases. Storing petroleum hydrocarbons and using paints and corrosion-resistant coatings have the potential to result in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere.

The following features will be incorporated into the final design of the facility wherever technically and economically feasible to minimize potential adverse environmental effects on air quality:

 Design/selection of diesel generator to minimize emissions of particulates and combustion gases  Design of fuel storage tanks to minimize potential release of VOCs  Design of generator to comply with the Nunavut (2002a) Environmental Guidelines for Air Quality – Sulphur Dioxide and Suspended Particulates

The following mitigation measures will be implemented wherever technically and economically feasible to minimize potential adverse environmental effects on air quality:

 Implement proper equipment maintenance by following a program that respects equipment maintenance schedules  Use low volatile organic compound (VOC) coatings  Implement the following dust management procedures during construction and operation: o Keep roads and the helicopter landing area regularly compacted and in good repair o Apply dust suppressants (e.g., water) as required to roadways and helicopter landing area when ambient temperatures permit (dust suppression methods must be approved

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by the Government of Nunavut as outlined in the Nunavut (2002b) Environmental Guideline for Dust Suppression) o Minimize activities that generate large quantities of dust during high winds o Enclose or cover aggregate loads carried by vehicles o Apply water or dust suppressant to aggregate stockpiles or cover stockpiles

5.1.5 Noise Levels

Each of the Project activities and components during construction and operation has potential to have environmental effects on noise levels.

During site preparation and throughout construction and operation, the use of heavy machinery will result in increased noise levels in the vicinity of the Project. The greatest issue will be noise generation from heavy equipment. The nearest community is Arctic Bay, which is approximately 33 km away; there are no sensitive human noise receptors within an audible distance from Nanisivik. Noise from the facility construction and operation may disturb wildlife, fish and marine mammals. Potential environmental effects and mitigation for the biological environment are described in Section 5.2.

5.2 Potential Environmental Effects on Biological Environment

5.2.1 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

Each of the Project activities and components during construction and operation has potential for environmental effects on wildlife. No loss of wildlife habitat is anticipated as all of the construction will occur on previously disturbed and developed land. Without the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, Project activities during construction and operation may result in wildlife mortality, changes in behaviour and habituation to human presence. With the potential exception of lemmings, most wildlife that may be encountered at the Project site are expected to be transient.

Noise generated as a result of the Project may result in avoidance of the site by transient wildlife. However, the site has been used for more than 25 years as a mine and is currently being decommissioned. Wildlife is expected to be accustomed to the activity and noise at the Project site. The duration of construction and the level of noise associated with the construction will be isolated to two to three field seasons. The noise generated in the construction of the Nanisivik Naval Facility will be equivalent to the noise that is currently being generated by the mine remediation activities. There are no longer plans to have the facility manned all field season, which reduces the amount of noise generated by the facility during operation, and thereby mitigates the impact to terrestrial wildlife in the area. Furthermore, the generators will not be running when the facility is not manned or operating including over winter from October to June.

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To mitigate the potential impacts to terrestrial wildlife all activities at the Nanisivik Naval Facility will be confined to the footprint of the facility site, borrow area and roadway. Contractors will be expected to develop general guidelines and training for any wildlife encounters, which will include appropriate procedures and measures to prevent harm to wildlife during construction. Staff working on the site during operation will be provided with relevant training on traditional knowledge and wildlife. Wildlife mitigation measures will also be part of operating procedures. All wildlife observations will be recorded in a wildlife log and submitted to appropriate regulators annually.

Improper handling and disposal of waste, particularly food waste, has the potential to attract wildlife to the Project site. Appropriate storage, handling and disposal of waste will be implemented to avoid interactions with wildlife. A Waste Management Plan is provided in Appendix E.

Wildlife should be given right-of-way and vehicle movements should be restricted if large aggregations of wildlife are present at or near the Project area. A no hunting/no trapping policy will be implemented during construction and operation.

Flights to and from the Helicopter Landing Area will follow an established flight corridor.

A Wildlife Mitigation and Monitoring Plan is provided in Appendix H.

5.2.2 Birds and Bird Habitat

Each of the Project activities and components during construction and operation has potential for environmental effects on birds. No loss of bird habitat is anticipated since all of the construction will occur on previously disturbed and developed land. Like other wildlife, birds that may be encountered at the Project site are expected to be transient, and noise generated during construction and operation may result in avoidance of the site by birds. However, the site has been used for more than 25 years as a mine and is currently being decommissioned. Birds are expected to be accustomed to the activity and noise at the Project site.

Improper handling and disposal of waste, particularly food waste, has the potential to attract scavenger birds to the Project site. Appropriate storage, handling and disposal of waste will be implemented to avoid interactions with birds. A Waste Management Plan is provided in Appendix E.

Lights can disrupt migrating patterns for birds. Shielded downward-directed lights should be used for outdoor illumination. Lights will only be used when the site is occupied.

Although not recorded in the vicinity of the Project, two bird species at risk (Ivory Gull, Endangered under Schedule 1 of SARA; Ross’s Gull, Threatened under Schedule 1 of SARA) have distributions that overlap with the Nanisivik Naval Facility (Figure 4.20). In addition to the Wildlife Mitigation and Monitoring Plan in Appendix H, the following mitigation measures are recommended to mitigate effects to avian species at risk:

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 Construction should occur outside the migratory bird nesting period (between April 15 and July 31), unless the area has been pre-cleared before April 15, or a pre-disturbance migratory bird survey is conducted, with agreement and approval from Environment Canada.  If construction activities occur from April 15 to July 31, a qualified avian biologist should conduct a nest sweep of the area. If nesting activity is noted, additional mitigation measures may be required, or work in the area should be postponed until the nest is no longer active.  Noise abatement equipment (e.g., mufflers) on machinery will be kept in good working order to control noise levels. Reasonable measures will be taken to control construction-related noise.  If a species at risk is encountered during construction, construction of the affected portion of site will cease and Environment Canada and the Government of Nunavut will be consulted.

5.2.3 Aquatic Species (Fish and Marine Mammals) and Habitat

The following Project activities have the potential to have environmental effects on aquatic species:

 Wharf Upgrades  Water Supply  Wastewater Treatment Lagoon (if required during construction)  Marine Transportation  Fuel Transfer

Shoreline stabilization will result in the placement of riprap along the shoreline; however, the riprap may also function as fish habitat and may function as refuge for juvenile fish. The Wharf upgrades and shoreline stabilization may require a determination by DFO, and if DFO determines that they will result in a harmful alteration, disruption and destruction of fish habitat (HADD), the Project will require Authorization under the Fisheries Act.

Wharf upgrades during construction and marine transportation during construction and operation may injure or disturb marine mammals resulting in increased mortality or behavioural changes. Under the current scope, there will be no pile driving2 into the marine area or anywhere else. Most of the noise will come from heavy equipment. Each season there is heavy machinery at work in the area, either for cargo marshalling or environmental remediation work.

2 Pile driving may have had an impact on the marine environment, and this was likely going to be mitigated through the use of bubble curtains, as recommended by Environment Canada and acknowledged to the NIRB in March 2012. By removing pile driving from the scope of the Project (unless to conduct minor wharf repairs) the impact of noise on the marine environment during construction is significantly reduced or negligible.

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As the environmental remediation work winds down, the activity will be replaced with the building of the Nanisivik Naval Facility infrastructure, using much of the same type of equipment.

Quarry operations may generate some noise, but this site is over 3 km from the water line and the noise effects will be minimal.

Cathodic protection is a common method of corrosion protection that is used on jetties, ship’s hulls and pipelines throughout the world. From studies completed at the Wharf, DND has learned that the corrosion of the steel is caused by microbial action. The intent is to use passive cathodic protection, which means that no electric current will be applied at the wharf. A piece of metal which is more attractive to the corrosive bacteria present at Nanisivik will be attached to the steel sheet piles and will act as a “sacrificial anode”. The corrosive bacteria will “focus their attention” on the sacrificial anodes, thus preserving the main jetty structure. The corrosion caused by the bacteria is not fast acting. The structure has been in existence for over 30 years and none of the sheet piles have been worn through. The bacteria have caused pitting in some areas of the steel, which has resulted in some thinning of the metal, but the jetty remains structurally sound. The bacteria only occur in localized spots, so the sacrificial anodes need only be placed in a few areas.

Cathodic protection has been recommended to DND for use at Nanisivik by two separate marine engineering consultants. It is used on jetties elsewhere in Canada (e.g., Vancouver) and North America. Cathodic protection is also used on structures in Greenland. Nanisivik is believed to be the first Arctic wharf location where it will be used, mainly because there are nearly no other jetties of this type in existence in the north. As part of the annual inspection being planned for the jetty, DND will develop a monitoring program of anodes and the water.

As described in Section 4.2.4 (Fish and Fish Habitat), East Twin Lake and Twin Lakes Creek do not support fish. If water is drawn from East Twin Lake during construction, an end-of-pipe fish screen may be installed on the intake pipe for water withdrawals. All discharges will meet the effluent quality requirements of the water licence issued for the Project. Samples will be collected and analyzed for biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, fecal coliform bacteria, pH, and oil and grease prior to discharge of the effluent to verify that the effluent meets the conditions of the licence.

Accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons into the marine environment may result in adverse environmental effects to aquatic species and habitat; however, as described in Section 5.1.2, environmental effects of spills and leaks will be avoided or reduced through implementation of an Environmental Management System, monitoring of leak detection systems, secondary containment and sumps to collect oily wastewater for treatment, emergency shut-off systems, a Spill Contingency Plan, Emergency Response Plan and availability of spill response equipment. Naval vessels will deploy a spill boom prior to all refuelling operations; the boom will be in place for containment in the unlikely event of a spill.

As detailed in Appendix B, the Arctic Council (2009) completed a comprehensive Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment focusing on the impact of ships on the human and natural environment in

5.88 Revision 3: July 2013 NANISIVIK NAVAL FACILITY PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS Revision 3 the Arctic Ocean. The main threats to the marine environment from ships (Arctic Council 2009) are listed below:

 Oil spills or releases

 Vessel collisions

 Introduction of alien species

 Disruption of migratory patterns of marine mammals

 Noise from marine shipping activities

Arctic marine wildlife is particularly vulnerable to oil spills and may be at increased risk of mortality if exposed to oil. Oil spills can also affect the food chain in the Arctic, which can have long-term effects on marine wildlife.

A collision between a vessel and a marine mammal can result in death or severe injury to the mammal. The Arctic Council (2009) identifies vessel speed as a key factor in the occurrence and severity of vessel strikes with large marine species; reduced vessel speeds of 10-14 knots increase the probability that a whale will survive a collision with a ship.

The introduction of invasive species into the Arctic environment has not been extensively studied; potential environmental effects may include a decrease in native biodiversity (Arctic Council 2009).

Noise in the marine environment can disrupt the ability of marine wildlife to communicate, to find food and to avoid predators (Arctic Council 2009). Noise in the marine environment can also lead to behavioural changes and alteration of migratory patterns.

Mitigation Measures for Disturbance of Aquatic Animals:

The underlying principle of the Maritime Command (MARCOM) mitigation procedures (Maritime Command Order, MARCORD-46-13-Marine Mammal Mitigation Procedures) will be the extra measures implemented to identify low risk areas where active sonar or other underwater sound- generating systems may be used safely. This requires extra but reasonable efforts on the part of operational staff and planners given the potential for these mammals to be present but undetected. Planners and operators at all levels must heighten their awareness as to the likely location and presence of marine mammals in their operating locale and implement precautionary measures to avoid excessive sound exposures. These procedures will include taking into consideration marine mammal habitat and migration routes into exercise planning, focused attention on marine mammal visual and passive acoustic detection prior to the exercise, and the graduated increase in sound intensity from active sonar to reduce its possible negative impact on marine mammals.

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As much as possible, ships will avoid ice, which is where birds, animals and marine mammals are likely to be encountered near the surface. Ship’s personnel will be briefed on wildlife that could be encountered, with emphasis on marine mammals and endangered or threatened species. Ships will maintain vigilance and will avoid concentrations of wildlife subject to navigational safety. While operating near shore, ships will operate echo sounders and, if marine mammals are sighted, will operate echo sounders at low power, to warn marine life of the ship’s presence. Concentrations of wildlife will be recorded in the Officer of the Watch Notebook (Time, LAT/LONG, species and numbers). Concentrations of marine mammals or endangered species will be reported to Joint Task Force North Regional Joint Operations Centre and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) environmental staff.

Bowhead whale (Eastern Arctic population) is listed as Endangered under Schedule 2 of SARA. As noted previously, bowhead whales have been observed in Lancaster Sound and high- suitability habitat has been identified in Admiralty Inlet. The following mitigation measure is recommended to avoid potential environmental effects to marine mammal species at risk:

 During construction and operation, a safety radius of 500 m will be established around the Wharf to monitor for marine species at risk. During in-water construction activities and refuelling operations, the safety radius will be monitored. If a marine species at risk is observed within the 500-m radius, the activity will be temporarily stopped until the animal moves beyond the safety radius.

Ship-ice Collision:

In the unlikely event of a collision with ice that results in the breaching of the ship’s hull, the outcome could range from minor flooding, minor or major leaking of fuel, to sinking of the ship with possible loss of human life. Ship’s companies are well trained in the damage control procedures that would be called upon to minimize the impact of a collision. Minor fuel spills could be mitigated with the use of spill response kits, but additional resources would be required for major spills. Other ships in the vicinity would respond to provide aid to the stricken ship and a coordinated response would be developed.

The accidental release of oil or toxic chemicals can be considered one of the most serious threats to Arctic ecosystems as a result of shipping. The release of oil into the Arctic environment could have immediate and long-term consequences. As a part of normal operations, ships produce a range of substances that must eventually be eliminated from the ship through discharge into the ocean, incineration or transfer to port-based reception facilities. Referred to as regular discharges these include oil, ballast water, bilge water, tank washings (oily water), oily sludge, sewage (black water), garbage and grey water. Regular ship discharges are regulated through the International Maritime Organization (IMO’s) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto (MARPOL 73/78) and other IMO conventions, as well as through domestic regulation by coastal states. MARPOL has effectively reduced pollution in the marine environment by regulating the release of regular discharges.

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Figures 4.12 to 4.19 show the local area populations of marine mammals (walrus, ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal, narwhal, killer whale, beluga, and bowhead whale) including known range, summer concentrations, and year-round concentration. As DND proceeds with this project, additional traditional knowledge will be obtained to confirm that the correct mitigation measures are in place to protect marine mammals in the local area.

DND and the Canadian Forces are accountable for the impact that defence activities have on the environment. The intent of this policy is to ensure DND employees and Canadian Forces members respect the environment, exercise environmental stewardship, and protect public and non-public properties and assets held in trust (Defence Administrative Orders and Directives, DAOD 4003-0, Environmental Protection and Stewardship).

Code of Environmental Stewardship:

As part of this objective, DND and the Canadian Forces adopted the following code of environmental stewardship. DND and the Canadian Forces shall:

 Integrate environmental concerns with other relevant concerns including those from operations, finance, safety, health and economic development in decision-making

 Meet or exceed the letter and spirit of all federal laws

 Improve the level of environmental awareness throughout DND and the Canadian Forces through environmental awareness training, and encourage and recognise the actions of personnel leading to positive impacts on the environment

 Recognize that the life cycle aspects of hazardous material management (initial selection, procurement, use, handling, storage, transportation and disposal) is an essential factor in all planning with particular emphasis on determining whether the material should even be acquired given its characteristics (see DAOD 4003-1, Hazardous Materials Management)

 Ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into procurement policies and practices

 Practise pollution prevention in day-to-day activities and operations by seeking cost-effective ways of reducing the consumption of raw materials, toxic substances, energy, water, and other resources, and of reducing the generation of waste and noise

 Acquire, manage and dispose of lands in a manner that is environmentally sound, including the protection of ecologically significant areas

The Royal Canadian Navy has several protocols and Standard Operation Procedures in place that will be followed while at sea. Some of these include:

 MARCORD-46-13-Marine Mammal Mitigation Procedures (Appendix I)

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 MARCORD 4-12 MARCOM Policy on Environmental Protection (Appendix J)

 MEPC 57/6 Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Ice and Snow Conditions (Appendix K)

Once the AOPS have been built, the Royal Canadian Navy will create the unique Operations Manuals associated with this Class of vessel. These manuals will contain Standard Operating Procedures that deal with Arctic operations and wildlife monitoring. Further to this, the current MARLANT Op Area Management Plan will be updated to include Canadian Arctic Waters Considerations to be developed using information from consultations with community members on traditional knowledge. The expansion will include best practices, procedures, activities and mitigation measures to protect wildlife in Arctic waters.

It is anticipated there will be only four to ten visits per season from AOPS vessels. This is a small number of visits in comparison to the previous mining activity operations and to other projects in the Arctic. Naval activities will be provided to NIRB via Joint Task Force North, which already has a detailed consultation, information and communication process in place regarding the deployment of DND and Canadian Air Force personnel and equipment to the Arctic; allowing for case-by-case screening reviews of proposed mitigating strategy. The AOPS ship operations and maintenance manuals and practices will be governed by current Joint Task Force North practices to ensure DND and Royal Canadian Navy operations in the North reflect and consider the laws and best practices for the North.

5.3 Potential Environmental Effects on Socio-economic Environment

5.3.1 Employment

During construction and operation, there is a potential for economic benefits to the community of Arctic Bay. During construction, there may be opportunities to employ members of the Arctic Bay community as labour or contractors, and during operation there may be opportunities to employ members of Arctic Bay for facility operation and/or maintenance.

5.3.2 Community Infrastructure

During construction, there will be up to approximately 50-60 persons occupying the construction camp. During this phase of the Project, there will be a need for potable water and wastewater management services from the community of Arctic Bay. If the community of Arctic Bay is able to supply water to the construction camp and receive the wastewater from the construction camp then those arrangements will be made. However, if the volume of water required or wastewater generated by the construction camp would place a burden on the community, then the alternative would be for the construction camp to obtain its own potable water from Twin Lakes and build on-site sewage lagoons. The construction contractor will ensure the camp is self-sufficient for firefighting and medical services.

During operation, the Nanisivik Naval Facility will require support from the local community for potable water and wastewater management. The facility will be equipped with power generation,

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DND has determined that there is no requirement for policing, medical or fire response from the community of Arctic Bay. During construction, the construction contractor will be responsible for their work force, similar to other DND projects across the North (e.g. DEW Line Clean Up projects). There will be a paramedic on site during construction and fire response will be a part of the contractor’s safety plan.

During operation, DND will consider tasking the Canadian Rangers for routine patrols, which would create a level of security similar to other isolated DND sites. Medical requirements will be handled by ships’ personnel. The site layout is designed to isolate fuel tanks from each other so that in the unlikely event of an emergency, fires would not spread and could be contained. DND is self-insured and accepts the loss.

In regard to air services, DND has committed to using charter flights for personnel but does reserve the right to use commercial flights if it makes economic sense to do so (i.e., one or two persons). Since there are no longer any plans to have personnel stationed at the site during the summer months, the number of persons travelling to the site will be minimal.

Potable water for the construction camp will require support from the local community. It is expected that the construction contractor will use his own resources (i.e. water truck) to transport the potable water from the community of Arctic Bay to the Nanisivik site. However, if the volume of water required places a burden on the local community, water will be taken from East Twin Lake (Quasaqtoq Lake), and a water treatment system will be provided by the contractor.

Wastewater services for the construction camp will require support from the local community. It is expected that the construction contractor will use his own resources (i.e. wastewater truck) to transport the wastewater from the construction camp to the community of Arctic Bay. However, if the volume of wastewater produced places a burden on the local community, then a temporary on-site lagoon will be constructed.

With permanent buildings now removed from the scope and because the DND will only use the small site office currently on site, the need for water and wastewater services during operations is minimal. Therefore, there is no requirement for potable water on site during operations, and wastewater will be removed by ships in drums.

Solid waste disposal will not affect the community. Solid waste generated during construction will be separated, compacted, stored and where suitable, incinerated prior to transportation off- site. Recyclable or reusable material will be shipped for off-site recycling. During operation, solid waste will be 3R managed on-site in ISO shipping containers and shipped off-site to southern Canada to an approved disposal facility at the end of each season. For more details, please refer to Appendix E.

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5.3.3 Traditional Harvesting Activities

DND recognizes and understands that hunting is still one of the most important aspects of Inuit culture and lifestyle. Despite the availability of store-bought food, Inuit continue to rely on country food as a source of nutrition and clothing.

In consideration of potential impacts to Inuit harvesting, DND has taken into account information from a variety of sources, including the Nunavut Wildlife Harvest Study, 2002; consultations with the Arctic Bay Hunters and Trappers Organization; information from Stantec’s research for the PSIR submission and numerous conversations with residents of Arctic Bay. From the data reviewed, the species of valued animals harvested appear to be caribou, musk ox, polar bear, wolf, arctic fox, arctic hare, seals (ringed, bearded and to a less degree harp),walrus, narwhal, beluga, goose (snow and Brant), eider duck, ptarmigan, eggs (goose and seagull), arctic char, cod, sculpin, and clams. Figures 4.3 to 4.20 show the habitat ranges, ice crossings, and harvest areas for these species.

The 2002 Nunavut Wildlife Harvest Study provides monthly harvest estimates for species harvested by the community of Arctic Bay; these figures provide details as to which hunting activities could be occurring during construction and operation of the Nanisivik Naval Facility. The impacts to Inuit harvesting could occur from June to September during the construction phase of the facility, with the greatest effects on terrestrial species during the project’s land based activities. These include caribou, musk ox (Inuit harvesting of this species mainly occurs on Devon Island), polar bear, wolf, arctic fox, arctic hare, goose (snow and Brant), eider duck, ptarmigan, and eggs (goose and seagull).

The following factors have been considered to determine how the construction will affect the Inuit’s abilities to harvest:

 Locations where traditional harvesting has occurred

 How construction activities could impact the harvest

 Mitigation measures that could reduce the likelihood of impact.

The construction activities at the Nanisivik site are not expected to be any greater than the current mine remediation activities, which have taken place over the past several years. Nanisivik Naval Facility activities will occur within the small footprint of the site, and DND will ensure that there is no damage to wildlife habitat (including no disturbance to nests or eggs) in conducting these activities. DND will ensure that activities will cease if they interfere with migration or calving of caribou or muskox, and only once the caribou or muskox have left the area will construction resume. No harassment of wildlife will be permitted, which will include persistently worrying or chasing animals, or disturbing large groups of animals. All project staff will be trained in the many aspects of wildlife avoidance and habitat conservation, and this will include proper disposal of all food-related garbage. The Project team will respectfully distance themselves from any harvesting activities, avoiding interference with harvesters or wildlife.

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Furthermore, a detailed wildlife log will be kept on site; it will document any wildlife observations in the general vicinity of construction activities and will include notes on the location and frequency of as well as a description of how activities were modified to avoid the observed wildlife.

Impacts to Inuit harvesting could occur during the operation phase of the facility, from July through to October, with the greatest effects on marine species during the project’s water-based activities. During operations, land-based activities will only last for short durations (from several hours to a 24-hour period to facilitate refuelling). According to information provided, from July to October the marine species that are annually harvested include seals (ringed, bearded and, to a lesser degree, harp), walrus, narwhal, beluga, arctic char, cod, sculpin, and clams.

In regard to impacts that marine activities will have on harvesting activities, two questions were frequently asked during consultation:

1. How many ships will be coming to the site?

2. Will DND be breaking up the ice?

These questions were raised mainly because of the activities of the former mine operation, where ice-breakers would travel to Nanisivik in early spring breaking the ice and where at times during the year there would be many ships in the area at the same time.

The AOPS will be conducting patrols during the navigable water season only, approximately late July through to early October. In terms of actual operations at sea, most of the time AOPS vessels will not operate in the vicinity of the Nanisivik Naval Facility unless coming to refuel. Therefore, the operation will have minimal impact on marine wildlife in the area and in turn on Inuit harvesting. The AOPS activities at the Wharf will consist of four to ten refuelling events per season. While the ships will be capable of breaking ice, they will not be icebreakers and will not be employed as such. Impacts to Inuit hunters regarding boat paths on the sea ice are expected to be minimal because AOPS, unlike previous ship operations associated with the mine site, will conduct operations when the waters in the approaches and adjacent to Nanisivik Naval Facility are mostly ice free.

The effects to Inuit harvesting of arctic char, cod, sculpin, and clams should remain unchanged due to DND’s intent to not limit access to the Nanisivik site. Marine mammal (seals, walrus, narwhal, and beluga) interactions with ship activities will be mitigated as described in Section 5.2.3. Annually, during the planning of northern Arctic water exercises, routes and activities will be developed in consideration of areas of special concern to Inuit harvesters. The updates to the MARLANT Op Area Management Plan will include Canadian Arctic Waters Considerations to be developed using information from consultations with community members and local hunters in areas of importance to Inuit Harvesting. The updates will include best practices, procedures, activities and mitigation measures to protect Inuit Harvesting in Arctic waters. The Royal Canadian Navy will be respectful of any harvesting activities; areas will be avoided at times when hunting activities are taking place.

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The deployment of AOPS for operations in the Arctic will be discussed as part of an Annual Deployment Plan. The discussions will be conducted by Joint Task Force North with stakeholders prior to and during ship deployments to the North.

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6.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

The following projects were identified as past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects and/or activities that have potential to interact cumulatively with the Nanisivik Naval Facility:

 Hunting and outfitting activities from the community of Arctic Bay  Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships

Potential environmental effects of the Nanisivik Naval Facility that may overlap temporally and spatially with other projects in the region include the following:

 Wildlife disturbance and mortality  Marine mammal disturbance  Water and sediment quality

A Wildlife Mitigation and Monitoring Plan will be implemented for the Nanisivik Naval Facility. If an increase in wildlife mortality or marine mammal incidents occurs, additional mitigation measures and monitoring may be required. Because construction and operation of the Project will only occur during the navigable season (i.e., not during ice conditions), there will be no effect on winter hunting activities.

Accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons into the marine environment may result in adverse environmental effects to water and sediment quality; however, environmental effects of spills and leaks as a result of the Project will be avoided or reduced through the following measures:

 Implementation of an Environmental Management System

 Monitoring of leak detection systems

 Secondary containment and sumps to collect oily wastewater for treatment

 Emergency shut-off systems

 Spill Contingency Plan

 Emergency Response Plan

 Availability of spill response equipment

Additionally, naval vessels will deploy a spill boom prior to all refuelling operations.

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Marine transport through the Northwest Passage is expected to increase; a recent yearly (summer) average of 100 voyages by large ships has been reported (Analyse & Strategi 2011). The AOPS and the Nanisivik Naval Facility will result in a small contribution to the existing ship traffic: approximately one or two ships per year during construction and approximately six to eight ships per year during operation.

Therefore, it is not anticipated that the environmental effects of the Project will act in combination with past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects and/or activities to result in significant adverse cumulative environmental effects.

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7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 Literature Cited

AECOM. 2009a. Nanisivik Naval Facility Site Remedial Planning. Prepared for Department of National Defence and Public Works and Government Services Canada.

AECOM. 2009b. Nanisivik Mine Sealift Dock Site Environmental Baseline Study. Prepared for Public Works and Government Services Canada.

AECOM. 2009c. Nanisivik DND Dock Site Phase III Field Investigation Report. Prepared for Public Works and Government Services Canada.

Analyse & Strategi. 2011. Marine Traffic in the Arctic. A Report Commissioned by the Norwegian Mapping Authority.

BC Research. 1975a. Baseline Survey of the Marine Environment at Strathcona Sound, N.W.T. Prepared for Strathcona Mineral Services.

BC Research. 1975b. Terrestrial Environmental Studies at Strathcona Sound, N.W.T. Prepared for Strathcona Mineral Services.

Brubacher and Associates. 2002. The Nanisivik Legacy in Arctic Bay. A Socio-Economic Impact Study. Prepared for the Department of Sustainable Development, Government of Nunavut. August 2002. de Ruiter 1984 (cited in Stantec 2010 geotech report)

Explore Nunavut. undated. Arctic Bay. Available at http://www.explorenunavut.com/arcticbay.php

Frederking, R.M.W., and M. Nakawo. 1984. Ice action on Nanisivik Wharf, Winter 1979-1980. National Research Council Canada.

Gartner Lee Ltd. 2003. 2002 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Nanisivik Mine, Nunavut. Prepared for CanZinco Ltd.

Government of Canada. 2013. Canadian Rangers. http://www.army- armee.forces.gc.ca/en/canadian-rangers/index.page

Government of Nunavut. 2012. Environmental Guideline for the Burning and Incineration of Solid Waste.

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INAC (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada). 2009. Northern Land Use Guidelines: Pits and Quarries. Land Use Guidelines. Volume 7.

Jackson, G.D., and R.G. Berman. 2000. Precambrian Metamorphic and Techtonic Evolution of Northern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada, Geologic Survey of Canada, Vol. 38:399-421.

Jacques Whitford. 2006. Metal Mining Environmental Effects Monitoring Nanisivik Mine, Nunavut. Report To Canzinco Limited. Project No. NBF15058.

Jacques Whitford Environment Limited (JWEL). 2003. Final Report to Canzinco Ltd. On Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Nanisivik Mine, Nunavut. Project no. NBF14333.

NPC (Nunavut Planning Commission). 2011. Arctic Bay fact Sheet. Available at http://www.nunavut.ca/en/communities/baffin/arctic-bay

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2007. Permafrost. Available at http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/permafrost/wheredoes_e.php

Parks Canada. 2009. Sirmilik National Park. Availabel at http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn- np/nu/sirmilik/index.aspx

Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. 2008. Archaeological Investigations at Nanisivik, Nunavut. For: Gartner Lee Limited (AECOM).

Priest, H., and P.J. Usher. 2004. The Nunavut Wildlife Harvest Study. Prepared for Nunavut Wildlife Management Board.

Qikiqtani Inuit Association. 2011. Re: Request for Comments on Notice of Part 4 Screening of 09DN018 – Department of National Defence’s “Nanisivik Naval Facility” project proposal. Email sent to [email protected] dated October 13, 2011.

Schaefer, O., J. F. W. Timmermans, R. D. P. Eaton, and A. R. Matthews. 1980. General and nutritional health in two Eskimo populations at different stages of acculturation. Can. J. Pub. Health 71:397-405.

Short, S.K., J.T. Andrews, K.M. Williams, N.J. Weiner and S.A. Elias. 1994. Late Quaternary Marine and Terrestrial Environments, Northwestern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48:85-95.

SPG Hydro International Inc. 2009. Site Inspection and Condition Report Nanisivik Wharf Nunavut Technical Report. For: PWGSC

Stantec. 2009. Abandonment and Reclamation Plan, Fuel Tank Farm, Former Nanisivik Mine Site, Nunavut. Prepared for Breakwater Resources Ltd.

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Stantec. 2010. Final Report Geotechnical Investigation Nanisivik Naval Facility Project (NNF) Baffin Island, Nunavut. Prepared for Defence Construction Canada.

Stantec. 2012. Final Report Geotechnical Investigation Nanisivik Naval Facility Project (NNF) Baffin Island, Nunavut. Prepared for Defence Construction Canada.

Stenhouse, I.J. 2004. Canadian Management Plan for the Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea). Canadian Wildlife Service.

Terriplan Consultants. 2008. Socio-demographic and Economic Sector Analysis Final Report. Prepared for Nunavut Planning Commission.

WorleyParsons. 2011a. Nanisivik Naval Facility – Phase 2 Final Design Development Report. Prepared for Defence Construction Canada.

WorleyParsons. 2011b. Inuit Participation Plan Arctic Bay Baseline Report Nanisivik Naval Facility - Phase 2. Prepared for Defence Construction Canada.

WorleyParsons. 2010. Nanisivik Naval Facility – Phase 2 Final Concept Design Report. Prepared for Defence Construction Canada.

7.2 Personal Communications

McGregor, Carla. Marine Structural Engineer, WorleyParsons, Infrastructure & Environment Operations, Burnaby, British Columbia. Email received August 30, 2012.

Wright, Nicole. Electrical & Automation Manager, WorleyParsons, Infrastructure & Environment Operations, Burnaby, British Columbia. Email received October 23, 2012.

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