Springer Proceedings in Physics 206 Luciano Maiani · Said Abousahl Wolfango Plastino Editors International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non- proliferation–60 Years of IAEA and EURATOM Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017 Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 206 The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific meetings, volumes published in this series will constitute a comprehensive up-to-date source of reference on a field or subfield of relevance in contemporary physics. 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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361 Luciano Maiani • Said Abousahl Wolfango Plastino Editors International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation– 60 Years of IAEA and EURATOM Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017 Editors Luciano Maiani Wolfango Plastino Department of Physics Department of Mathematics and Physics Sapienza University of Rome Roma Tre University Rome Rome Italy Italy Said Abousahl Directorate General Joint Research Centre European Commission Brussels Belgium ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) Springer Proceedings in Physics ISBN 978-3-662-57365-5 ISBN 978-3-662-57366-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57366-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938635 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Keynote Speeches by H. E. Yukiya Amano–IAEA Director General H. E. Federica Mogherini–HR/VP European Commission Preface The XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference—International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation—has been held in Rome, Italy, 9th–10th October 2017, organised by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and the European Commission—Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. The Conference was opened by a letter of appreciation and support of the President of the Italian Republic, Sergio Mattarella. The opening session has been broadcasted by RAI News to international audience and by RAI Scuola to a wide audience of high school classes. Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards (the “3S”) and Non-proliferation play a key role for the build-up and maintenance of the verification regime and the pro- gress towards a nuclear-weapon-free world. The year 2017 marked two important anniversaries: the 60 years of IAEA Atoms for Peace and the 60 years of the EURATOM Treaty. The importance of these anniversaries has been underscored in the keynote speeches by two very exceptional personalities: H. E. Yukiya Amano, IAEA Director General, in 60 Years of IAEA: Atoms for Peace and Development. H. E. Federica Mogherini, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy—Vice-President of the European Commission, in 60 Years of Euratom Treaty: Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, New Challenges and Opportunities. We are very much honoured to present their talks at the very beginning of this book. Organised in four plenary sessions with 18 plenary speeches and two panels, the XX Amaldi Conference has involved officials and scientists from international organisations—European Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Pugwash Conferences on Sciences and World Affairs—and from fifteen countries—Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, UK and USA. vii viii Preface In the spirit of Amaldi’s intuition, the Conference was proposed as a forum where eminent scientists, diplomats and policy makers could compare national perspectives and update international collaborations, while discussing how “Science beyond Boundaries” may enhance nuclear non-proliferation policies. Talks have illustrated the political, institutional and legal dimension of the nuclear “3S”, of the Non-Proliferation Regulation Systems, of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and have addressed the current challenges by attempting to identify possible solutions and future improvements. The role of international cooperation and of the scientific community actions has been considered, in connection with the effectiveness in the implementation of international controls in critical areas, on technology foresight and the ongoing evaluation of current capabilities. The XX Amaldi Conference has been characterised by the preoccupations materialised in the last two years, concerning the worsening of the international relations and the possibility to make progress, or at least not to step back, on the fronts of International Security and Arm Control and of the non-proliferation process. Under the name of “modernisation” of the armaments, a new arms race may have restarted between the superpowers. Added to this, the reciprocal accusations advanced in the USA and in Russia of violating the Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty (INF) and the uncertainties on the future of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), due to expire in February 2021. During the last Amaldi Conference, in 2015, great hopes had been raised by the Vienna talks for a non-proliferation agreement with Iran. Signed shortly after between Iran, China, France, Germany, Russia, UK, USA and the European Union, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has been tested in the following two years but it has been contested, during the last year, by the new US Administration. The issue has emerged strongly in XX Amaldi Conference, first in the keynote speeches where • IAEA DG Amano has explicitly stated that Iran has indeed complied with the obligations foreseen by JCPOA, and • The High Representative Mogherini has clearly stated the intention of the European Union to proceed supporting the agreement. The position of Iran has been reported at the Conference by Dr. A. A. Salehi, Vice-President and Head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, and the issue has reappeared in the panel on The Future of Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, with several interventions from the floor. The Conference has stressed that the global security is a fundamental target for scientists, diplomats and policy makers, and in the context offered by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, participants have been able to compare different experiences and discuss future strategies for an effective international cooperation, along the lines advocated long ago by Edoardo Amaldi. Preface ix The editors convey their sincere appreciation to all officials of the International Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research, Roma Tre University and Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), for sup- porting this Conference. Special thanks go to all authors for their effort during the preparation of the papers and to the President of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Prof. Alberto Quadrio Curzio, to the Director General, Dr. Ada Baccari, to Dr. Marco Zeppa, Dr.