Improving the Border Agency Cooperation Among the OIC Member States for Facilitating Trade
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Improving the Border Agency Cooperation Among the OIC Member States for Facilitating Trade COMCEC Coordination Office September 2016 Improving the Border Agency Cooperation Among the OIC Member States for Facilitating Trade COMCEC Coordination Office September 2016 This report has been commissioned by the COMCEC Coordination Office to the Cross-border Research Association (CBRA). The authors of the report are: Hintsa J., Männistö T., Mohanty S., Kähäri P., Wong Chan S., Phan TTH., Salas Chaverri D., Ruyters T., Hameri AP., Tsikolenko V., and Rudzitis N. Views and opinions expressed in the report are solely those of the author(s) and do not represent the official views of the COMCEC Coordination Office or the Member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Excerpts from the report can be made as long as references are provided. All intellectual and industrial property rights for the report belong to the COMCEC Coordination Office. This report is for individual use and it shall not be used for commercial purposes. Except for purposes of individual use, this report shall not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including printing, photocopying, CD recording, or by any physical or electronic reproduction system, or translated and provided to the access of any subscriber through electronic means for commercial purposes without the permission of the COMCEC Coordination Office. For further information please contact: The COMCEC Coordination Office Necatibey Caddesi No:110/A 06100 Yücetepe Ankara/TURKEY Phone : 90 312 294 57 10 Fax : 90 312 294 57 77 Web: www.comcec.org TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. i LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Basic concepts .................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.1. Border Agency Cooperation in trade facilitation ................................................................ 10 1.1.2. Border control tasks and agencies .................................................................................... 12 1.1.3. Benefits of international Border Agency Cooperation ........................................................ 13 1.2. Conceptual framework on Border Agency Cooperation ..................................................... 15 1.2.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2. Levels of cooperation ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2.3. Areas of integration .......................................................................................................... 16 1.2.4. Objects of sharing ............................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Model of BAC 15 key activities .......................................................................................... 17 1.3.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.2. BAC activities with supply chain companies as the primary beneficiaries .......................... 19 1.3.3. BAC activities with government agencies as the primary beneficiary................................. 20 1.3.4. BAC activities with supply chain companies as well as government agencies as beneficiaries ................................................................................................................................... 21 1.4. One-Stop Border Posts ...................................................................................................... 22 2. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND GLOBAL TRENDS IN iBAC ..................... 24 2.1. International legal framework for BAC .............................................................................. 24 2.1.1. World Trade Organization, WTO ....................................................................................... 24 2.1.2. World Customs Organization, WCO ................................................................................... 25 2.1.3. United Nations treaties ..................................................................................................... 28 2.1.4. International standards on plant and animal health and protection ................................... 28 2.1.5. Bilateral and multilateral arrangements............................................................................ 29 2.2. Case Mexico – the United States ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.1. Setting the scene for iBAC ................................................................................................. 30 i 2.2.2. Tangible iBAC activities .................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Summary and discussions ................................................................................................. 34 2.3. Case Zambia – Zimbabwe .................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1. Setting the scene for iBAC ................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2. Tangible iBAC activities .................................................................................................... 36 2.3.3. Summary and discussions ................................................................................................. 41 2.4. Case Vietnam – Laos BAC .................................................................................................. 43 2.4.1. Setting the scene for iBAC ................................................................................................. 43 2.4.2. Tangible iBAC activities .................................................................................................... 44 2.4.3. Summary and discussions ................................................................................................. 47 2.5. Examples of current trends in iBAC globally ...................................................................... 48 2.5.1. Overseas iBAC .................................................................................................................. 48 2.5.2. Regional iBAC ................................................................................................................... 50 3. BAC ACTIVITIES ACROSS OIC REGIONS AND COUNTRIES ............................................. 52 3.1. BAC activities in the countries in the Arab geographic region ............................................ 53 3.1.1. Country indicators ............................................................................................................ 53 3.1.2. Regional initiatives ........................................................................................................... 54 3.1.3. Country initiatives ............................................................................................................ 56 3.2. BAC activities in the countries in the Asian Region ............................................................ 56 3.2.1. Country indicators ............................................................................................................ 56 3.2.2. Regional initiatives ........................................................................................................... 57 3.3. BAC activities in the countries in the African Region ......................................................... 63 3.3.1. Country indicators ............................................................................................................ 63 3.3.2. Regional initiatives ........................................................................................................... 65 3.3.3. Country initiatives ............................................................................................................ 67 4. INTERNATIONAL BAC CASE STUDIES IN FOUR OIC MEMBER STATES .......................... 70 4.1. Case Abu Dhabi / United Arab Emirates ............................................................................ 70 4.1.1. Setting the scene for iBAC IN Abu Dhabi ............................................................................ 70 4.1.2. Tangible iBAC activities in Abu Dhabi ............................................................................... 75 4.1.3. Summary and discussions ................................................................................................. 77 4.2. Case Uganda ....................................................................................................................