Turkey: Country Report – Version 2 the Situa�On in Turkey

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Turkey: Country Report – Version 2 the Situa�On in Turkey Asylum Research Centre Turkey: Country Report – Version 2 The situa�on in Turkey /shutterstock.com Seita 25 January 2017 (COI up to 6 January 2017) Cover photo © 25 January 2017 (COI up to 6 January 2017) Turkey Country Report - Update Explanatory Note Sources and databases consulted List of Acronyms CONTENTS 1. Main Developments since the attempted Coup d’état (July 2016) a. Overview of major legislative and political developments: i. Recent legislative developments incl. new amendments or decrees 1. State of Emergency 2. Emergency decrees a. Decree of 22 July 2016 (KHK/667) b. Decree of 25 July 2016 (KHK/668) c. Decree of 31 July 2016 (KHK/669) d. Decrees of 17 August 2016 (KHK/670 and 671) e. Decrees of 1 September 2016 (KHK/672, 673 and 674) f. Decrees of 29 October 2016 (KHK/675 and 676) g. Decrees of 22 November 2016 (KHK/677 and 678) h. Decrees of 6 January 2017 (KHK/679, 680 and 681) 3. Observations on the decrees by the Council of Europe Committee, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission ii. Recent political developmentsin particular regarding changes affecting government structures: 1. Central Government 2. Political parties 3. Legal and judicial institutions 4. Civil service and government ministries 5. Educational institutions, including Universities 6. Hospitals / health care structures b. Overview of changes to the security forces: i. General information on the reported changes affecting the: 1. Police 2. Armed forces/Military 3. Intelligence services 4. Border guards/forces (incl. Gendarmerie) ii. Corruption withinthe security forces c. Impacts of the attempted Coup d’état on the socio-economic situation 1 2. Rule of law / Administration of Justice a. Access to justice i. Legal representation ii. Criminal justice system and access to fair trial iii. Due process and procedural guarantees (incl. arrest and detention procedures) iv. Legal remedies b. Corruption in the judicial system 3. Human Rights issues a. Freedom of speech, expression and assembly i. Domestic legal framework (constitution and legislation) b. Freedom of religion c. Access to education d. Access to health e. Arbitrary arrest and detention f. Prison conditions g. Enforced disappearances h. Torture and other ill-treatment and abuse i. Extrajudicial and targeted killings, unlawful use of violence and harassment j. Death penalty 4. Treatment of perceived or actual members or associates of the Gulen movement and their family members since the attempted Coup d’état a. The Gulen movement – an overview b. Perceived or actual members or associates of the Gulen movement c. Business owners/company executives d. Trade Union members e. Armed forces/soldiers f. Lawyers g. Perceived or actual members or associates of the Gulen movement and their family members living abroad i. Closure of Gulen schools abroad 5. Treatment of perceived or actual opponentsto the current government under President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and their family members since the attempted Coup d’état a. Treatment of political opponents b. Treatment of journalists and other media professionals c. Treatment of civil society, human rights and political activists d. Treatment of other individuals perceived to support the attempted coup/commenting on the attempted coup 6. Change in the situation or treatment of civil servants and government officials and their family members since the attempted Coup d’état a. Police officers and intelligence officials b. Members of the judiciary c. Teachers, education ministry officials, university deans d. Clerics, preachers and religious teachers e. Staff at state ministries i. Diplomats f. Governors 2 g. Other civil servants or government officials i. Prison staff ii. Health workers iii. Staff of regulatory bodies iv. Presidential guards 7. Change in situation of or treatment of minorities since the attempted Coup d’état a. Kurds i. Overview of pre-attempted coup situation ii. Treatment of political opponents iii. Treatment of civil servants and government officials iv. Treatment of journalists and other media professionals v. Treatment of civil society, human rights and political activists vi. Torture and other ill-treatment and abuse b. Other minorities i. Overview of pre-attempted coup situation ii. Hate speech and violent attacks 8. Change in situation of or treatment of IDPs since the attempted Coup d’état 9. Change in the situation of or treatment of diverse individuals of sexual orientation and gender identity since the attempted Coup d’état 3 Explanatory Note This report is an update of ARC’s previous ‘Turkey Country Report’ of 15 December 2016 and presents country of origin information (COI) on Turkey up to 6 January 2017 on issues of relevance in refugee status determination for Turkish nationalsrelated to the attemptedCoup d’état and the introduction of the State of Emergency. The information included relates to the attempted coup and does not address non-state agent perpetrated violence (e.g. activities by IS, PKK or TAK) or the security situation and abuses in south-east Turkey. The COI presented is illustrative, but not exhaustive of the information available in the public domain, nor is it determinative of any individual human rights or asylum claim. All sources are publicly available and a direct hyperlink has been provided. A list of sources and databases consulted is also provided, to enable users to conduct further research and to conduct source assessments. For the previous ‘Turkey Country Report’ research focused on events after January 2015, particularly those which occurred between 15th July 2016 to 7th October 2016. For this update, research focused on events which occurred between 7 October 2016 and 6 January 2017, although some reports published in the new research period which covered events from the previous reporting period have been included,and all sources were accessed in January 2017. This updated reportprovides the samecontentasthe original report published on 15th December 2016 apart from correcting some typos, minor re-ordering, and deleting COIwhere it was superseded bynew events. The following additional sources have been included, post cut-off point, that provide some insights into the provisions contained in the latest emergency decrees issued on 6th January 2017 and the proposed amendments to the Constitution: o Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Turkey Dismisses More Than 6,000 Workers In Post-Coup Purge, 7 January 2017 o Anadolu Agency, Turkey issues new statutory law, 7 January 2017 o NRT, Turkey introduces new law appearing to target Gulen supporters abroad, 8 January 2017 o The Law Library of Congress, Turkey: Parliamentary Commission Approves Amendments to Constitution that Would Enhance President’s Powers, 9 January 2017 o The Law Library of Congress, Turkey: Three New Decree-Laws Issued Under State of Emergency, 11 January 2017 The source ‘TurkeyPurge’ was only discovered shortly before the publication date of the previous Turkey report and therefore a decision was taken to only refer to its existence rather than content. For this updated report, excerpts from articles published by TurkeyPurge within the set time-frame for research have been included. This document is intended to be used as a tool to help to identify relevant COI and the COI referred to in this report can be considered by decision makers in assessing asylum applications and appeals. However, this document should not be submitted in full or in isolation as evidence to refugee decision making authorities. Whilst every attempt has been made to ensure accuracy, the authors accept no responsibility for any errors included in this report. 4 Sources and databases consulted Not all of the sources listed here have been consulted for each issue addressed in the report. Additional sources to those individually listed were consulted via database searches. This non- exhaustive list is intended to assist in further case-specific research. To find out more about an organisation, view the ‘About Us’ tab of a source’s website. Databases consulted: ECOI Refworld Reliefweb Sources consulted: 76 Crimes Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) Al Arabiya Al Jazeera Al Monitor – Turkey Pulse Amnesty International Armed Conflict Location & Event Date Project (ACLED) Article 19 The Association for Human Rights and Solidarity for the Oppressed Association for the Prevention of Torture Atlas of Torture BBC News Bianet Brookings Institution Carnegie Endowment for International Peace CHR Michelsen Institute Committee to Protect Journalists Council of Europe Death Penalty Worldwide (Cornell Law School) Delegation of the European Union to Turkey Deutsche Welle Edge Media Network Education International Eldis Equal Rights Trust EurasiaNet EuroMedRights European Centre for Minority Issues European Commission – European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (Turkey) Forum 18 France 24 Fund for Peace – Fragile States Index 2016 Gay Star News Global Gayz The Guardian Hands off Cain Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research Human Rights Association Human Rights Foundation of Turkey 5 The Human Rights Institution of Turkey Human Rights Watch Hurriyet Daily News Institute for Economics & Peace – Global Peace Index 2016 Institute for War and Peace Reporting Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre International Bar Association International Commission of Jurists International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International
Recommended publications
  • Foreign Military Studies Office
    community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 8 Issue #5 OEWATCH May 2018 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT CHINA’S REACH MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA 3 Tension between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea 24 Colombia and Brazil Look for Solutions to Deal with 44 China Holds Naval Review in the South China Sea 4 Disputes over Natural Gas Exploration in the Eastern Massive Venezuelan Migration 45 China’s Carrier Aviation Unit Improves Training Mediterranean 25 Brazil’s Federal Government Open Border Policy 46 Relocation in Southern Xinjiang: China Expands the Program 6 Iran and Russia Compete for Influence in Syria Challenges Frontier States 47 Perspectives on the Future of Marawi 8 “Turkey-Russia Rapprochement” Continues 26 Colombian-Venezuelan Border Ills 48 Indonesia Brings Terrorists and Victims Together 9 Turkish Defense Companies Reach Agreements with 27 Bolivarians Gain Influence over Colombian Resources 49 Thailand and Malaysia Build Border Wall Qatar’s Armed Forces 29 Venezuelan Elections Worth Anything? 10 A New Striking Power for the Turkish Armed Forces 30 Regarding the Colombian Elections 11 Will Iran Interfere in Kashmir? 31 Archbishop of Bogotá Confesses Left CAUCASUS, CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA 12 Rouhani Speaks about the Internet 31 Peruvian President Resigns, Replaced 50 India’s Red Line for China 13 Why Did the Mayor of Tehran Resign? 32 Brazilians Send Former President to Jail 51 The Future of Indian-Russian Security Cooperation 14 Former Governor: ISIS May
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey's Kurdish Opening
    Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli SILK ROAD PAPER October 2010 Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey’s Kurdish Opening” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and ad- dresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse commu- nity of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lec- tures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public dis- cussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • Prof. Dr. Orhan AYDIN Rektör DAĞITIM Üniversitemiz Uygulamalı
    T.C. TARSUS ÜNİVERSİTESİ REKTÖRLÜĞÜ Genel Sekreterlik Sayı : E-66676008-051.01-84 02.03.2021 Konu : Kongre Duyurusu DAĞITIM Üniversitemiz Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi ev sahipliğinde, Mersin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi ve Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi işbirliği ile ortaklaşa düzenlenen 08-09 Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirilecek olan “ Uluslararası Dijital İşletme, Yönetim ve İktisat Kongresi (International Digital Business, Management And Economics Congress)’ne ilişkin afiş görseli ekte gönderilmekte olup kongre hakkındaki detaylı bilgilere icdbme2021.tarsus.edu.tr adresinden ulaşılabilecektir. Söz konusu kongrenin kurumunuz ilgili birimlerine ve akademik personeline duyurulması hususunda ; Bilgilerinizi ve gereğini arz ederim. Prof. Dr. Orhan AYDIN Rektör Ek : Afiş (2 Sayfa) Dağıtım : Abdullah Gül Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Adana Alparslan Türkeş Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Adıyaman Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Akdeniz Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Aksaray Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Amasya Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Anadolu Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Anka Teknoloji Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Ankara
    [Show full text]
  • Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies
    Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Imprisoned Journalists
    REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY REPORT ON IMPRISONED JOURNALISTS WORLD’S BIGGEST PRISON FOR JOURNALISTS: TURKEY NURETTİN DEMİR VELİ AĞBABA ÖZGÜR ÖZEL MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT (MUĞLA) MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT (MALATYA) MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT (MANİSA) REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY PRISON EXAMINATION AND WATCH COMMISSION REPORT ON IMPRISONED JOURNALISTS WORLD’S BIGGEST PRISON FOR JOURNALISTS: TURKEY NURETTİN DEMİR VELİ AĞBABA ÖZGÜR ÖZEL MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT (MUĞLA) (MALATYA) (MANİSA) CONTENTS PREFACE, Ercan İPEKÇİ, General Chairman of the Union of Journalists in Turkey ....... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 11 2. JOURNALISTS IN PRISON: OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS .................. 17 3. JOURNALISTS IN PRISON .......................................................................... 21 3.1 Journalists Put on Trial on Charges of Committing an Off ence against the State and Currently Imprisoned ................................................................................ 21 3.1.1Information on a Number of Arrested/Sentenced Journalists and Findings on the Reasons for their Arrest ........................................................................ 21 3.2 Journalists Put on Trial in Association with KCK (Union of Kurdistan Communities) and Currently Imprisoned .................................... 32 3.2.1Information on a Number of Arrested/Sentenced Journalists and Findings on the Reasons for their Arrest .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Erdogan's Islamist Foreign Policy at the Crossroads Kushal Agrawal
    MP-IDSA Issue Brief Erdogan's Islamist Foreign Policy at the Crossroads Kushal Agrawal March 17, 2021 Summary Even as he continues to work towards reviving the Ottoman glory and 'Ittihad-I Islam' ('Unity of Islam'), there are significant limitations and vulnerabilities in Erdogan pursuing his Islamist approach to statecraft abroad. The Turkish President will have to choose between a pragmatic and an Islamist foreign policy. If the Turkish economy returns to high growth rates, Erdogan's domestic position will be strengthened and he might still return to his pet Islamist adventures overseas. ERDOGAN’S ISLAMIST FOREIGN POLICY AT THE CROSSROADS In his quest to become the leader of the Muslim world, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has in the recent past vehemently opposed the European Union (EU) governments as well as West Asian and North African countries for their policy positions on Islamic issues. Erdogan, for instance, went on an offensive against French President Emmanuel Macron for the latter’s perceived Islamophobic stance in the aftermath of beheading of Samuel Paty on October 16, 2020 in Paris. On October 24, 2020, Erdogan spoke against German authorities for raiding the Mevlana mosque in Berlin, closely associated with the Turkish Milli Gorus movement. Turkey’s relations with key Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt have also been fraught, given Erdogan’s support for the Muslim Brotherhood. Since December 2020, however, Erdogan has been trying to reach out to the European Union and the West, in a possible effort to transform his pan-Islamist foreign policy outlook to a pro-Western Kemalist worldview.
    [Show full text]
  • Poetry South
    Poetry South Issue 11 2019 Poetry South Editor Kendall Dunkelberg Contributing & Angela Ball, University of Southern Mississippi Advisory Editors Carolyn Elkins, Tar River Poetry Ted Haddin, University of Alabama at Birmingham John Zheng, Mississippi Valley State University Assistant Editors Diane Finlayson Elizabeth Hines Dani Putney Lauren Rhoades Tammie Rice Poetry South is a national journal of poetry published annually by Mississippi University for Women (formerly published by Yazoo River Press). The views expressed herein, except for editorials, are those of the writers, not the editors or Mississippi University for Women. Poetry South considers submissions year round. Submissions received after the deadline of July 15 will be considered for the following year. No previously published material will be accepted. Poetry South is not responsible for unsolicited submissions and their loss. Submissions are accepted through Submittable: https://poetrysouth.submittable.com/ Subscription rates are $10 for one year, $18 for two years; the foreign rate is $15 for one year, $30 for two years. All rights revert to the authors after publication. We request Poetry South be credited with initial publication. Queries or other correspondence may be emailed to: [email protected]. Queries and subscriptions sent by mail should be addressed to: Poetry South, MFA Creative Writing, 1100 College St., W-1634, Columbus MS 39701. ISSN 1947-4075 (Print) ISSN 2476-0749 (Online) Copyright © 2019 Mississippi University for Women Indexed by EBSCOHost/Literary
    [Show full text]
  • The Functioning of Democratic Institutions in Turkey
    http://assembly.coe.int Doc. 15272 21 April 2021 The functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey Report1 Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee) Co-rapporteurs: Mr Thomas HAMMARBERG, Sweden, Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group, and Mr John HOWELL, United Kingdom, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance Summary The Monitoring Committee is deeply concerned about recent developments in Turkey which have further undermined democracy, the rule of law and human rights. Procedures seeking to lift the parliamentary immunity of a third of the parliamentarians (overwhelmingly from opposition parties), the attempt to close the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and the continued crackdown on its members put political pluralism and the functioning of democratic institutions at risk. The presidential decision of 20 March 2021 to withdraw from the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.210, the Istanbul Convention) to combat violence against women and domestic violence is a regrettable step backwards, made without any parliamentary debate, which raises the question of the modalities of denunciation of conventions in democratic societies. The committee also urges the immediate release of Selahattin Demirtaş and Osman Kavala following the final judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. In order to reverse these worrying trends, the Turkish authorities should seize the opportunity of implementing the Human Rights Action Plan and revising the legislation on elections and political parties to take meaningful steps, put an end to the judicial harassment of opposition and dissenting voices, improve freedom of expression and media and restore the independence of the judiciary, in co-operation with the Council of Europe 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Constitution for the Ottoman Empire
    COULD AND SHOULD AMERICA HAVE MADE AN OTTOMAN REPUBLIC IN 1919? PAUL D. CARRINGTON * Generations of American school children have memorized the words of Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Its evangelical spirit was echoed in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and scores of other presidential addresses. Partly on that account, numerous Americans, perhaps especially American lawyers, have since the 1780s presumed to tell other peoples how to govern themselves. In 2006, that persistent impulse was echoed once again in an address to the American Bar Association by a Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 1 The purpose of this Essay is to question the wisdom of this evangelical ambition. Sometimes cited as examples of successful political evangelism are the constitution of Japan and the Basic Law of Germany. 2 Both of those constitutions were for numerous reasons congenial to the existing local cultures and traditions. 3 The 2003 invasion of Iraq was in important respects a product of the notion that orderly democratic government can be imposed almost anywhere, an idea that seems to have had special appeal to the * Professor of Law, Duke University. This Essay draws passages from my book, SPREADING AMERICA ’S WORD : STORIES OF ITS LAWYER -M ISSIONARIES (2005). Kristin Seeger has provided very valuable assistance in assembling it. Portions of this Essay were published previously in Paul D. Carrington, Mandatory Constitutions , 1 BUCERIUS L.J. 31, 31-38 (2007), and are reprinted herein with grateful acknowledgment. 1. For a video of Justice Kennedy’s keynote address to the ABA, see Justice Kennedy Declares World Jury Still Out on Meaning of Freedom (Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations
    Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Updated November 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41368 SUMMARY R41368 Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations November 9, 2020 U.S.-Turkey tensions have raised questions about the future of bilateral relations and have led to congressional action against Turkey, including informal holds on major new Jim Zanotti arms sales (such as upgrades to F-16 aircraft) and efforts to impose sanctions. Specialist in Middle Nevertheless, both countries’ officials emphasize the importance of continued U.S.- Eastern Affairs Turkey cooperation and Turkey’s membership in NATO. Observers voice concerns about the largely authoritarian rule of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Clayton Thomas Turkey’s polarized electorate could affect Erdogan’s future leadership. His biggest Analyst in Middle Eastern challenge may be structural weaknesses in Turkey’s economy—including a sharp Affairs decline in Turkey’s currency—that have worsened since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic began. The following are key factors in the U.S.-Turkey relationship. Turkey’s strategic orientation and U.S./NATO basing. Traditionally, Turkey has relied closely on the United States and NATO for defense cooperation, European countries for trade and investment, and Russia and Iran for energy imports. A number of complicated situations in Turkey’s surrounding region—including those involving Syria, Libya, Nagorno-Karabakh (a region disputed by Armenia and Azerbaijan), and Eastern Mediterranean energy exploration—affect its relationships with the United States and other key actors, as Turkey seeks a more independent role. President Erdogan’s concerns about maintaining his parliamentary coalition with Turkish nationalists may partly explain his actions in some of the situations mentioned above.
    [Show full text]
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
    Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Populism: Trolls and Political Polarization of Twitter in Turkey
    International Journal of Communication 11(2017), 4093–4117 1932–8036/20170005 Digital Populism: Trolls and Political Polarization of Twitter in Turkey ERGİN BULUT Koç University, Turkey ERDEM YÖRÜK Koç University, Turkey University of Oxford, UK This article analyzes political trolling in Turkey through the lens of mediated populism. Twitter trolling in Turkey has diverged from its original uses (i.e., poking fun, flaming, etc.) toward government-led polarization and right-wing populism. Failing to develop an effective strategy to mobilize online masses, Turkey’s ruling Justice and Development Party (JDP/AKP) relied on the polarizing performances of a large progovernment troll army. Trolls deploy three features of JDP’s populism: serving the people, fetish of the will of the people, and demonization. Whereas trolls traditionally target and mock institutions, Turkey’s political trolls act on behalf of the establishment. They produce a digital culture of lynching and censorship. Trolls’ language also impacts pro-JDP journalists who act like trolls and attack journalists, academics, and artists critical of the government. Keywords: trolls, mediated populism, Turkey, political polarization, Twitter Turkish media has undergone a transformation during the uninterrupted tenure of the ruling Justice and Development Party (JDP) since 2002. Not supported by the mainstream media when it first came to power, JDP created its own media army and transformed the mainstream media’s ideological composition. What has, however, destabilized the entire media environment was the Gezi Park protests of summer 2013.1 Activists’ use of social media not only facilitated political organizing, but also turned the news environment upside down. Having recognized that the mainstream media was not trustworthy, oppositional groups migrated to social media for organizing and producing content.
    [Show full text]