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Biodiversidad Biodiversidad en gráficas 2005 Especies Silvestres DE LAS ISLAS CANARIAS Créditos EDITA Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias. FINANCIA Unión Europea, Proyecto INTERREG IIIB ATLANTICO. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias. TEXTOS Y GRÁFICOS José Luís Martín Esquivel María del Carmen Marrero Gómez Nieves Zurita Pérez Manuel Arechavaleta Hernández Isaac Izquierdo Zamora. DIBUJOS José Manuel Moreno FOTOGRAFÍAS Globicephala macrorhynchus. Autor: S. Hanquet (VCMA) | Atlantoxerus getulus. Autor: Manuel Arecha- valeta Hernández | Eretmochelys imbricada. Autor: R. Herrera (VCMA) | Linepithema humile (Internet) | Napaeus subsimplex. Autor: M. Ibáñez (VCMA). | Dysdera longa. Autor: P. Oromí (VCMA). | Acrostira euphorbiae. Autor: P. Oromí (VCMA) | Solanum verpertitio doramae. Autor: Águedo Marrero. | Otala lactea.).Autor: M. Arechavaleta. | Tursiops truncatus. Autor: Sergio Hanquet (VCMA) | Pimelia granuli- collis. Autor: P. Oromí (VCMA) | Stiliger llerai. Autor: Leopoldo Moro. | Gallotia galloti. Autor: Domingo Trujillo. | Paisajes: Autor: José Manuel Moreno. | Mniotype usurpatrix. Autor: Fermín Correa (VCMA). | Columba bolii. Autor: Domingo Trujillo. | Ilex canariensis: Autor: José Manuel Moreno. | Cystopteris viridula. Autor: Diego L. Sánchez. | Falco tinnuculus. Autor: Domingo Trujillo (VCMA). | Canarina ca- nariensis. Autor: José Manuel Moreno. | Gallotia galloti insulanagae. Autor: J. Castosa Pérez (VCMA). | Loboptera cavernicola. Autor: Isaac Izquierdo | Grapus alternans. Autor: VCMA. | Munidopsis polimor- pha. Autor: R. Herrera (VCMA). | Fortunatius mencey. Autor: Fermín Correa (VCMA). | Maiorerus randoi. Autor: Pedro Oromí (VCMA). | Fringilla teydea polatzeki. Autor: Nicolás Martín (VCMA). | Halophiloscia canariensis. Autor: Fermín Correa (VCMA). | Lotus eremiticus. Autor: Julio Rodrigo (VCMA). | Gallotia gomeraza. Autor: Águedo Marrero (vcma). | Bruchus hierrensis. Autor: Fermín Corrdea (VCMA) | Benco- mia sphaerocarpa. Autor: Águedo Marrero (VCMA) DISEÑO Y MAQUETACIÓN Publicaciones Turquesa S. L. ISBN 84-89729271 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: TF XXXX / 2005 5 Introducción Nuestro conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad taxonó- Así hemos podido percibir con mayor cla- mica terrestre comienza a ser lo sufi cientemente acep- ridad cómo muchos de sus hábitats están table como para darnos cuenta de su riqueza y, también, terriblemente fragmentados, cuando no des- de cuánto queda por descubrir. Las curvas de crecimien- truidos. Por lo menos 436 especies endémicas to acumulado del número de especies nos permiten au- insulares sólo se conocen de una porción de gurar notables hallazgos en las próximas décadas, sobre territorio inferior a 2,5 km2, y 40 de ellas vi- todo en la fauna terrestre endémica de artrópodos y en ven en menos de una cuadrícula de 500 m de la biota marina. Este último medio es el más descono- lado. Si a esta cifra sumamos las especies no cido de todos. endémicas de una isla que pudieran ser igual de raras, podemos imaginar lo fácil que debe Hacemos estas predicciones porque a estas alturas de ser que las actividades humanas más insig- la historia todavía se descubren géneros multiirradiados nifi cantes puedan llegar a extinguir especies y hay grupos como los hemípteros o los blatarios que únicas. aún no han sido objeto de un análisis sistemático pro- fundo. Lo mismo ocurre con muchos grupos menores, Como era de esperar, las especies amenaza- como los ácaros, donde casi cualquier prospección que das son numerosas, sobre todo en los grupos se haga, en cualquier lugar de las islas, probablemente que pueden desplazarse menos, como las dará lugar a la aparición de especies nuevas. plantas, que tienen el desafortunado mérito de copar los primeros puestos de la lista de las La biodiversidad crece año a año, no sólo porque el co- más amenazadas de Canarias. El animal más nocimiento mejora al formidable ritmo de una especie o amenazado es el lagarto gigante de la Gome- subespecie nueva cada seis días, por termino medio, sino ra. De la mayoría de estas especies de plantas también porque cada 17 días de promedio un nuevo apenas se conocen dos docenas de ejemplares exótico se asilvestra en la naturaleza. También es posi- en la naturaleza y su extinción puede acaecer ble que, en aplicación de una conocida regla sobre pro- en cualquier momento. porción de especies introducidas e invasores (tens rule), cada siete meses uno de estos exóticos se transforme en un invasor capaz de originar una nueva plaga. Empezamos a tener también una idea bas- tante acertada de dónde se distribuyen las especies, los avances cartográfi cos, que han permitido disponer de una nueva visión del territorio desde el cielo, han facilitado la labor de colocar las especies en el mapa. 7 Biodiversidad taxonómica terrestre Ortópteros 1% 4% Otros % Tisanópteros 4% 54 Artrópodos 83% Insectos Lepidópteros 11 % La fauna domina sobre la fl ora y los hongos, y es Hemípteros 13% también el grupo con la mayor proporción de for- mas endémicas. La mayoría de las especies de la fauna son artrópodos, cuya endemicidad media 17% Dípteros Himenópteros 17% es del 38,5%. Dentro de este grupo destacan los insectos, sobre todo coleópteros y dípteros. Casi 12% Arácnidos una de cada dos especies de cualquier grupo que Colémbolos 1% 1,63% Otros cojamos al azar en Canarias, será un insecto, y uno Isópodos 1% 9 de cada tres insectos que cojamos al azar será un Líquenes 10 % 8 escarabajo. Total especies 54% Artrópodos 7 Una de cada cuatro especies es endémica y los Especies endémicas 6 Hongos 13% moluscos son el fi lo con mayor proporción de ende- 5 mismos, un 82%. Los reptiles constituyen el grupo 4 mayoritario, en lo que a órdenes taxonómicos se 39% Briófi tos 4% 3 refi ere. Todas las especies de reptiles de Canarias, a 2 excepción de una, se consideran endémicas. % Plantas vasculares 15% 2 Moluscos 1 % 21 % Además de las especies endémicas hay 99 géneros 1% Otros Invert. 6 x 1.000 0 FAUNA FLORA HONGOS de la fauna y 22 géneros de la fl ora exclusivos de 1% Vertebrados Canarias. Por ahora no se ha encontrado ninguna familia endémica. Sin considerar microorganismos como protozoos, moneras procariotas y protoctistas Biodiversidad BANCO DE DATOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE CANARIAS 9 Fuente de datos: Izquierdo, Martín, Zurita & Arechavaleta (eds.). 2004 en gráficas Biodiversidad taxonómica marina En el medio marino hay una disparidad 74’29 % Gasterópodos de formas anatómicas muy superior a la del medio terrestre, por lo que no es de extrañar que haya muchos más grupos 2% Equinodermos Quetognatos 1% jerárquicos superiores (fi los) que los que 30% Moluscos se conocen en tierra. Algunos de estos Nidarios 4 % % grupos son enteramente exclusivos del Briozoos 3% Otros 0 % Bivalvos mar. Braquiópodos 0% 20’13 Sólo se han registrado 164 especies en- 1% Platelmintos démicas, lo cual sin duda se debe a que 4% Poríferos 3’19% Cefalópodos Solenogastros 0’07 % la uniformidad en sus parámetros ecoló- Quitones 1’23% Escafópodos 1’09 % gicos de este medio no lo hace propenso % a generar formas locales exclusivas. 1 Urocordados La trascendencia de la luz, como factor Artrópodos 28% limitante para el desarrollo de muchas especies, condiciona que éstas se distri- buyan mayormente a poca profundidad. 18% Vertebrados La inmensa mayoría vive entre los 5 y los –50 m. Anélidos 8% Sin considerar microorganismos como protozoos, moneras procariotas y protoctistas Biodiversidad BANCO DE DATOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE CANARIAS 11 Fuente de datos: Moro, Martín, Garrido & Izquierdo, 2003 en gráficas Especies terrestres por isla ie endémica por cada 2 km2 7.789 Las islas con mayor diversidad de hábi- tats y mas extensión son las que poseen mayor cantidad de especies, y las islas que, además de estos parámetros, tienen mayor antigüedad y una historia geoló- gica más compleja, son las que poseen mayor número de formas endémicas. 4.858 4.823 Especies nativas La isla con mayor cantidad de especies 4.042 Endémicas Canarias es Tenerife y la que cuenta con la mayor proporción de endemismos canarios e in- Endémicas insulares sulares es Gran Canaria (27,4% y 14,4%, respectivamente). En Tenerife están, ade- 2.439 más, 74 de los 99 géneros endémicos de 2.309 2.123 la fauna invertebrada de Canarias, y 17 2.031 de los 22 géneros endémicos de la fl ora. 1.320 Las especies se distribuyen desde la 1.056 1.063 misma orilla del mar hasta las cumbres 823 659 694 541 495 más elevadas. Aunque las zonas de ma- 244 268 yor diversidad son las medianías, donde 110 128 104 se asienta el monteverde húmedo de la laurisilva. EL HIERRO LA PALMA LA GOMERA TENERIFE GRAN CANARIA FUERTEVENTURA LANZAROTE Biodiversidad BANCO DE DATOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE CANARIAS 13 Fuente de datos: Izquierdo, Martín, Zurita & Arechavaleta (eds.), 2004 en gráficas Un punto caliente de biodiversidad es un área donde se concentra gran Punto Caliente de cantidad de especies que, además, se encuentra sometido a importantes amenazas antropogénicas Biodiversidad % 51,9 % • En 1988 Norman Myers creó el concepto 46,5 La Gomera de “punto caliente de biodiversidad” para referirse a las zonas de alta biodiver- El Hierro sidad y fuertes presiones que amenazan su conservación. • La región bioclimática mediterránea es uno de los 25 puntos calientes que se % reconocen en la actualidad. Esta región % 16 26 cuenta con 25.000 especies de fl ora, la mitad de las cuales son endémicas. % Madeira La Palma 8,9 % % • Las islas atlánticas son los territorios con 8 4,7 % mayor cantidad de especies endémicas % % 15,9 % 15 % 5,1 % % Lanzarote por unidad
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