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A Special Form of Ancient Honglvcai in Cizhou Kiln, Jin Dynasty

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A Special Form of Ancient Honglvcai in Cizhou Kiln, Jin Dynasty Ceramics International 43 (2017) 1371–1377 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ceramics International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint Prototype Doucai porcelain — A special form of ancient Honglvcai in Cizhou kiln, Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 AD), China crossmark ⁎ Xiaochenyang Jianga,b, Yue Chenc, Lintang Zhangd, Zhaoxia Zhangb, Qinglin Mac, , Changsui Wanga,b, Yimin Yanga,b,⁎⁎ a Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China b Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China c Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029, China d Fengfeng District Conservation Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Handan 056200, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Honglvcai (also named red and green porcelain) was prosperous in Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 AD) and had Doucai played a pivotal role in ancient ceramic development history in China, connecting with former glazed pottery Honglvcai Tang Sancai and later polychrome porcelain like Wucai and Doucai, but little scientific analysis has been Cizhou kiln system reported up until the present day. In this research, one precious sherd unearthed from Linshui (one major site Under-glaze black decoration of Cizhou kiln system) in Hebei province was adopted as specimen for compositional and micro-structural Microscopy analysis analysis. Optical microscope (OM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) in association with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed for investigation of the multi- colour decors and black outline. The extensive data reveal that although high lead content has been detected by surface analysis and the iron-rich pigment particles do locate in the middle of the whole vitrified region, the black outline in fact belongs to high temperature fired under-glaze painted decoration, rather than the deceptive low temperature fired lead based over-glaze decor or the generally believed ‘sandwich’ (glazed twice) structure. Furthermore, a corresponding criterion then has been established for differentiation among three main decorating methods, especially for the puzzling ‘sandwich’ effect scenario. Moreover, once this ongoing vexed debate over the nature of the black decoration in Cizhou kiln system has been clarified, it is then reasonable to deduce that, from idealistic and technical point of view, there is no difference between producing prototype like this sherd and real Doucai in Ming dynasty (1365–1644 AD) except for the types of under-glaze pigment. Overall, all these results together firstly provide realising scientific proofs for the origin of Doucai. 1. Introduction Due to its unique artistic design and distinguished status, the origin and development of Doucai attract lots of attention in ancient ceramic DouCai is exquisite polychrome porcelain which boomed in researches. Jiang [1] considered that the technique of combining low Chenghua reign (1465–1487 AD) in Ming dynasty (1365–1644 AD). temperature fired lead based over-glaze decors and the high tempera- The term ‘Dou’ refers to a kind of complimentary patterns consisting of ture fired decoration firstly appeared on Honglvcai, which is well- under-glaze and over-glaze decoration for a competitive aesthetic known for low temperature fired over-glaze red and green decoration effect. Technically speaking, it is well acknowledged that the typical and flourished suddenly in Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 AD). As for the Doucai ware should include both high temperature fired under-glaze relationship of Doucai and Honglvcai, it is suggested that one kind of painted cobalt blue outlines and low temperature fired infilling poly- Honglvcai also consists of high temperature fired black under-glaze and chrome decors. For instance, Fig. 1 presents a celebrated Doucai low temperature fired over-glaze red/green decoration and thus should artefact, Jigang cup, which held the world record, about 280 million be the prototype of Doucai, because it is believed the black under-glaze HKD in Sotheby's auction in 2014, of Chinese ancient porcelain with its decoration on this special type of Honglvcai stems from black and recognised cultural and economic value. white porcelain produced in contemporary Cizhou kiln system, which is ⁎ Corresponding author at: Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029, China. ⁎⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Ma), [email protected] (Y. Yang). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.095 Received 14 September 2016; Received in revised form 13 October 2016; Accepted 14 October 2016 Available online 15 October 2016 0272-8842/ © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved. X. Jiang et al. Ceramics International 43 (2017) 1371–1377 of the largest scale and highest level porcelain manufacturing centre in northern China, starting ceramic producing in late Tang (618–907 AD) dynasty and continued up to the early Ming dynasty. Unlike dogmatic and inflexible governing in official kiln, many breakthroughs regarding shaping, decorating methodology and thermal power revolution have been made by humble but wise artisans and impacted the later emerge of Jizhou and Jingdezhen kilns fundamentally. Only few Honglvcai sherds with black outline have been excavated archeologically. For this paper, one precious Honglvcai sherd (archae- ological code: 02LSH13), provided by Fengfeng District Conservation Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, had been unearthed from the strata of Jin Dynasty at Sangong site, Linshui in 2002, and further Fig. 1. The DouCai artefact, Jigang cup in which the blue outline was drawn by under- confirmed as Jin dynasty product by archaeologists from its motif and glaze decoration fired on high temperature whilst the red, yellow and green patterns over-glaze decoration fired on low temperature. (For interpretation of the references to style. color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) The photograph of the sample is presented in Fig. 3 with front and back views, where the body is sort of yellowish grey and the applied famous for black under-glaze decoration. [2] However, according to decoration colours are almost most comprehensive at that stage, optical examination, both over-glaze and under-glaze black decoration including green, yellow, red, white and black. The sherd is probably techniques had been observed in Dongshan kiln, located in Changzhi, part of the sculpture or porcelain pillow; both are representative Shanxi province but belongs to Cizhou kiln system during Jin Dynasty. artefacts of Cizhou polychrome objects. [3] Given that little scientific analysis for the black decoration on Honglvcai has been reported up to our knowledge, the nature of black 2.2. Experimental details decoration on Honglvcai is actually unclear, i.e. whether it is high or low temperature fired over-glaze or under-glaze, so it is hard to judge – Comprehensive visual, compositional and microstructural exami- whether the special Honglvcai is the prototype of Doucai. nations were employed for this valuable sherd. The first survey was More importantly, it is reported that for the black decoration on carried out non-destructively by energy dispersive XRF (Horiba XGT- black and white porcelain, the black pigment particles locate in the 7000, Japan). The instrument was performed at 30 kV and 0.062 mA in middle of glaze under SEM observation [3–6]. Such interesting vacuum with 1.2 mm spot size and 150 s acquisition time for each scenario generate three explanations: 1) high temperature fired over- point (approximately 30% dead time). The 1200 ℃ sintered National glaze [7]; 2) sandwich glaze, which means that the black decoration is Soil Certified Reference (GSS-4), Corning Glass Standards D and C initially applied on the glaze and then glazed again, thus the black were used for constituent calibration of body, calcium glaze and lead pigment locates in the middle of glaze, i.e. glazing procedure was glaze, respectively. carried out twice [5]; 3) high temperature fired under-glaze. [3] The In order to explore the further information regarding microstruc- first opinion claims that the pigments sink down from glaze surface ture and processing technologies utilised for polychrome decors during the sintering process. The second one is questioned because this application, a tiny but representative area, which contains both yellow, sandwich technique should not be feasible technically as the underlying black and their boundary, was selected for cross section specimen glaze is too thin to apply the black decoration, and would increase the preparation and initially studied by optical microscope (Keyence VHX- cost which is not suitable for commercial orientated folk kilns. Then 600E, Japan) after cutting, mounting in epoxy resin, grinding and Zhang [3] raises his opinion that it is actually under-glaze with polishing procedure. The interest piece was then coated with a thin explanation that the pigments would be pushed up by the crystal carbon deposit for systemic SEM (Zeiss MA EVO 25, Germany) growth and bubbles produced during firing. However, Meng [8] backscattered electron (BSE) mode observation and semi-quantitative challenged such perspective in terms
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